Linear canonical transformation

The LCT can be represented in several ways; most easily,[1] it can be parameterized by a 2×2 matrix with determinant 1, i.e., an element of the special linear group SL₂(C). Then for any such matrix ${\displaystyle \left({\begin{smallmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{smallmatrix}}\right),}$ with ad − bc = 1, the corresponding integral transform from a function ${\displaystyle x(t)}$ to ${\displaystyle X(u)}$ is defined as

${\displaystyle X_{(a,b,c,d)}(u)={\sqrt {\frac {1}{ib}}}\cdot e^{i\pi {\frac {d}{b}}u^{2}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-i2\pi {\frac {1}{b}}ut}e^{i\pi {\frac {a}{b}}t^{2}}x(t)\;dt\,,}$	when b ≠ 0,
${\displaystyle X_{(a,0,c,d)}(u)={\sqrt {d}}\cdot e^{i\pi cdu^{2}}x(du)\,,}$	when b = 0.

Many classical transforms are special cases of the linear canonical transform:

• Scaling, ${\displaystyle x(u)\mapsto {\sqrt {\sigma }}x(\sigma u)}$, corresponds to scaling the time and frequency dimensions inversely (as time goes faster, frequencies are higher and the time dimension shrinks):

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1/\sigma &0\\0&\sigma \end{bmatrix}}}$

• The Fourier transform corresponds to rotation by 90°, represented by the matrix:

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0&1\\-1&0\end{bmatrix}}.}$

• The fractional Fourier transform corresponds to rotation by an arbitrary angle; they are the elliptic elements of SL₂(R), represented by the matrices:

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\cos \theta &\sin \theta \\-\sin \theta &\cos \theta \end{bmatrix}}.}$

• The Fresnel transform corresponds to shearing, and are a family of parabolic elements, represented by the matrices:

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&\lambda z\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}.}$

where z is distance and λ is wave length.

• The Laplace transform corresponds to rotation by 90° into the complex domain, and can be represented by the matrix:

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0&i\\i&0\end{bmatrix}}.}$

• The Fractional Laplace transform corresponds to rotation by an arbitrary angle into the complex domain, and can be represented by the matrix:[2]

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}i\cos \theta &i\sin \theta \\i\sin \theta &-i\cos \theta \end{bmatrix}}.}$

Composition of LCTs corresponds to multiplication of the corresponding matrices; this is also known as the "additivity property of the WDF".

In detail, if the LCT is denoted by O_F^(a,b,c,d), i.e.

${\displaystyle X_{(a,b,c,d)}(u)=O_{F}^{(a,b,c,d)}[x(t)]\,}$

then

${\displaystyle O_{F}^{(a2,b2,c2,d2)}\left\{O_{F}^{(a1,b1,c1,d1)}[x(t)]\right\}=O_{F}^{(a3,b3,c3,d3)}[x(t)]\,,}$

where

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a3&b3\\c3&d3\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}a2&b2\\c2&d2\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}a1&b1\\c1&d1\end{bmatrix}}.}$

If ${\displaystyle W_{X(a,b,c,d)}(u,v)}$is the ${\displaystyle X_{(a,b,c,d)}(u)}$, where ${\displaystyle X_{(a,b,c,d)}(u)}$is the LCT of ${\displaystyle x(t)}$, then

${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}W_{X(a,b,c,d)}(u,v)=W_{x}(du-bv,-cu+av)\\W_{X(a,b,c,d)}(au+bv,cu+dv)=W_{x}(u,v)\end{cases}}}$

LCT is equal to the twisting operation for the WDF and the Cohen's class distribution also has the twisting operation.

We can freely use the LCT to transform the parallelogram whose center is at (0,0) to another parallelogram which has the same area and the same center

From this picture we know that the point (-1,2) transform to the point (0,1) and the point (1,2) transform to the point (4,3). As the result, we can write down the equations below

${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}-a+2b=0\\-c+2d=1\end{cases}}\,and\,{\begin{cases}a+2b=4\\c+2d=3\end{cases}}}$

we can solve the equations and get (a,b,c,d) is equal to (2,1,1,1)

From the following picture, we summarize the LCT with other transform or properties

Paraxial optical systems implemented entirely with thin lenses and propagation through free space and/or graded index (GRIN) media, are quadratic phase systems (QPS); these were known before Moshinsky and Quesne (1974) called attention to their significance in connection with canonical transformations in quantum mechanics. The effect of any arbitrary QPS on an input wavefield can be described using the linear canonical transform, a particular case of which was developed by Segal (1963) and Bargmann (1961) in order to formalize Fock's (1928) boson calculus.[3]

In Quantum mechanics, linear canonical transformations can be identified with the linear transformations which mix the Momentum operator with the Position operator and leave invariant the Canonical commutation relations.

Canonical transforms are used to analyze differential equations. These include diffusion, the Schrödinger free particle, the linear potential (free-fall), and the attractive and repulsive oscillator equations. It also includes a few others such as the Fokker–Planck equation. Although this class is far from universal, the ease with which solutions and properties are found makes canonical transforms an attractive tool for problems such as these.[4]

Wave propagation through air, a lens, and between satellite dishes are discussed here. All of the computations can be reduced to 2×2 matrix algebra. This is the spirit of LCT.

Electromagnetic wave propagation

Assuming the system looks like as depicted in the figure, the wave travels from plane x_i, y_i to the plane of x and y. The Fresnel transform is used to describe electromagnetic wave propagation in air:

${\displaystyle U_{0}(x,y)=-{\frac {j}{\lambda }}{\frac {e^{jkz}}{z}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{j{\frac {k}{2z}}[(x-x_{i})^{2}+(y-y_{i})^{2}]}U_{i}(x_{i},y_{i})\;dx_{i}\;dy_{i},}$

with

k = 2 π / λ	: wave number;
λ	: wavelength;
z	: distance of propagation;
j	: imaginary unit.

This is equivalent to LCT (shearing), when

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&\lambda z\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}.}$

When the travel distance (z) is larger, the shearing effect is larger.

Spherical lens

With the lens as depicted in the figure, and the refractive index denoted as n, the result is:[5]

${\displaystyle U_{0}(x,y)=e^{jkn\Delta }e^{-j{\frac {k}{2f}}[x^{2}+y^{2}]}U_{i}(x,y)}$

with f the focal length and Δ the thickness of the lens.

The distortion passing through the lens is similar to LCT, when

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\{\frac {-1}{\lambda f}}&1\end{bmatrix}}.}$

This is also a shearing effect: when the focal length is smaller, the shearing effect is larger.

Spherical Mirror

The spherical mirror—e.g., a satellite dish—can be described as a LCT, with

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\{\frac {-1}{\lambda R}}&1\end{bmatrix}}.}$

This is very similar to lens, except focal length is replaced by the radius of the dish. Therefore, if the radius is smaller, the shearing effect is larger.

Joint Free space and Spherical lens

The relation between the input and output we can use LCT to represent

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&\lambda z_{2}\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&-1/\lambda f\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&\lambda z_{1}\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1-z_{2}/f&\lambda (z_{1}+z_{2})-\lambda z_{1}z_{2}/f\\-1/\lambda f&1-z_{1}/f\end{bmatrix}}}$

(1) If z1 = z2 = 2f, it is reverse real image

(2) If z1 = z2 = f, it is Fourier transform+scaling

(3) if z1=z2, it is fractional Fourier transform+scaling

In this part, we show the basic properties of LCT

Operator	Matrix of transform
${\displaystyle L(T)}$	${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}}$
${\displaystyle L(T_{1})L(T_{2})}$	${\displaystyle T_{2}T_{1}}$
${\displaystyle L^{-1}(T)=L(T^{-1})}$	${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}d^{t}&-b^{t}\\-c^{t}&a^{t}\end{bmatrix}}}$
${\displaystyle L({\widehat {T}})=L^{*}(T^{-1})}$	${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}d^{t}&b^{t}\\c^{t}&a^{t}\end{bmatrix}}}$
${\displaystyle F}$	${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}0&I\\-I&0\end{bmatrix}}}$
${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}FL(T)F^{-1}=L^{*}(T^{t-1})\\F^{-1}L(T)F=L^{*}(T^{t-1})\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}d&-c\\-b&a\end{bmatrix}}}$

With the two-dimension column vector r defined as r =${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix}}}$, we show some basic properties (result) for the specific input below

Input	Output	Remark
${\displaystyle f_{i}(r)}$	${\displaystyle f_{o}(r)=L(T){\displaystyle f_{i}(r)},\,where\,T={\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}}$
${\displaystyle \sum _{n}a_{n}f_{n}(r)}$	${\displaystyle \sum _{n}a_{n}Lf_{n}(r)}$	Linearity
${\displaystyle f_{i}(r),h_{i}(r)}$	${\displaystyle \int f_{i}(r)h_{i}^{*}(r)dr=\int f_{o}(r)h_{o}^{*}(r)dr}$	parseval's theorem
${\displaystyle f_{i}^{*}(r)}$	${\displaystyle [L(T^{-1})f_{i}(r)]^{*}\,where\,T^{-1}={\begin{bmatrix}d^{t}&-b^{t}\\-c^{t}&a^{t}\end{bmatrix}}}$	complex conjugate
${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} ^{n}f_{i}(r)}$	${\displaystyle (d^{t}\mathrm {M} -b^{t}D)^{n}f_{o}(r)\,\,\,\,\mathrm {M} =r}$	multiplication
${\displaystyle D^{n}f_{i}(r)}$	${\displaystyle (-c^{t}\mathrm {M} -a^{t}D)^{n}f_{o}(r)\,\,\,\,D=(i2\pi )^{-1}\nabla ^{t}}$	derivation
${\displaystyle f_{i}(r)exp(j2\pi k^{t}r)}$	${\displaystyle f_{o}(r-bk)exp(j2\pi k^{t}d^{t}r)exp(-i\pi k^{t}b^{t}dk)}$	modulation
${\displaystyle f_{i}(r-k)}$	${\displaystyle f_{o}(r)exp(j2\pi k^{t}c^{t}r)exp(-i\pi k^{t}c^{t}ak)}$	shift
${\displaystyle |detW|^{-1/2}f_{i}(W^{-1}r)}$	${\displaystyle L({\tilde {T}})f_{i}(r)\,\,where\,\,{\tilde {T}}=T{\begin{bmatrix}W&0\\0&W^{t-1}\end{bmatrix}}}$	scaling
${\displaystyle f_{i}(-r)}$	${\displaystyle L(-T)f_{i}(r)=f_{o}(-r)}$	scaling
1	${\displaystyle (det(A))^{-1/2}exp(i\pi r^{t}CA^{-1}r)}$
${\displaystyle exp(j\pi r^{t}L_{i}r)}$	${\displaystyle [det(A+iL_{i})]^{-1/2}exp(-\pi r^{t}L_{o}r),\,where\,iL_{o}=(C+iDL_{i})(A+iBL_{i})^{-1}}$
${\displaystyle exp(j2\pi k^{t}r)}$	${\displaystyle (det(A))^{-1/2}exp(i\pi r^{t}CA^{-1}r)*exp(-i\pi k^{t}A^{-1}BK)exp(i2\pi k^{t}CA^{-1}r)}$

The system considered is depicted in the figure to the right: two dishes – one being the emitter and the other one the receiver – and a signal travelling between them over a distance D. First, for dish A (emitter), the LCT matrix looks like this:

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\{\frac {-1}{\lambda R_{A}}}&1\end{bmatrix}}.}$

Then, for dish B (receiver), the LCT matrix similarly becomes:

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\{\frac {-1}{\lambda R_{B}}}&1\end{bmatrix}}.}$

Last, for the propagation of the signal in air, the LCT matrix is:

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&\lambda D\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}.}$

Putting all three components together, the LCT of the system is:

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\{\frac {-1}{\lambda R_{B}}}&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&\lambda D\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\{\frac {-1}{\lambda R_{A}}}&1\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1-{\frac {D}{R_{A}}}&-\lambda D\\{\frac {1}{\lambda }}(R_{A}^{-1}+R_{B}^{-1}-R_{A}^{-1}R_{B}^{-1}D)&1-{\frac {D}{R_{B}}}\end{bmatrix}}\,.}$

It has been shown that it may be possible to establish a relation between some properties of the elementary Fermion in the Standard Model of Particle physics and Spin representation of linear canonical transformations. [6] In this approach, the Electric charge, Weak hypercharge and Weak isospin of the particles are expressed as linear combinations of some operators defined from the generators of the Clifford algebra associated with the spin representation of linear canonical transformations.

• Segal–Shale–Weil distribution, a metaplectic group of operators related to the chirplet transform

Other time–frequency transforms

• Fractional Fourier transform
• Continuous Fourier transform
• Chirplet transform

Applications

• Focus recovery based on the linear canonical transform
• Ray transfer matrix analysis

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