Weak hypercharge

In the Standard Model of electroweak interactions of particle physics, the weak hypercharge is a quantum number relating the electric charge and the third component of weak isospin. It is frequently denoted $Y W$ and corresponds to the gauge symmetry U(1).[1][2]

It is conserved (only terms that are overall weak-hypercharge neutral are allowed in the Lagrangian). However, one of the interactions is with the Higgs field. Since the Higgs field vacuum expectation value is nonzero, particles interact with this field all the time even in vacuum. This changes their weak hypercharge (and weak isospin $T 3$ ). Only a specific combination of them, Q = T₃ + 1/2 Y_W (electric charge), is conserved.

Mathematically, weak hypercharge appears similar to the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula for the hypercharge of strong interactions (which is not conserved in weak interactions and is zero for leptons).

Weak hypercharge was first introduced by Sheldon Lee Glashow in 1961.[3][4][5]

Definition

Weinberg angle

θ W

, and relation between coupling constants g, g′, and e. Adapted from T. D. Lee's book Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory (1981).

Weak hypercharge is the generator of the U(1) component of the electroweak gauge group, SU(2)×U(1) and its associated quantum field B mixes with the W³ electroweak quantum field to produce the observed
Z
gauge boson and the photon of quantum electrodynamics.

The Weak hypercharge satisfies the relation

\qquad Q=T_{3}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}Y_{\rm {W}}~,

where $Q$ is the electric charge (in elementary charge units) and $T$ ₃ is the third component of weak isospin (the SU(2) component).

Rearranging, the weak hypercharge can be explicitly defined as:

\qquad Y_{\rm {W}}=2(Q-T_{3})

Fermion family	Left-chiral fermions				Right-chiral fermions
Fermion family		Electric charge Q	Weak isospin T₃	Weak hyper- charge Y_W		Electric charge Q	Weak isospin T₃	Weak hyper- charge Y_W
Leptons	ν _e, ν _μ, ν _τ	0	+1/2	−1	No interaction, if existent			0
Leptons	e⁻ , μ⁻ , τ⁻	−1	−1/2	−1	e⁻ _R, μ⁻ _R, τ⁻ _R	−1	0	−2
Quarks	u , c , t	+2/3	+1/2	+1/3	u _R, c _R, t _R	+2/3	0	+4/3
Quarks	d, s, b	−1/3	−1/2	+1/3	d _R, s _R, b _R	−1/3	0	−2/3

where "left"- and "right"-handed here are left and right chirality, respectively (distinct from helicity).

Mediated interaction	Boson	Electric charge Q	Weak isospin T₃	Weak hypercharge Y_W
Weak	W^±	±1	±1	0
Weak	Z⁰	0	0	0
Electromagnetic	γ	0	0	0
Higgs	H⁰	0	−1/2	+1

The pattern of weak isospin, T₃, and weak hypercharge, Y_W, of the known elementary particles, showing electric charge, Q, along the Weinberg angle. The neutral Higgs field (circled) breaks the electroweak symmetry and interacts with other particles to give them mass. Three components of the Higgs field become part of the massive W and Z bosons.

The sum of −isospin and +charge is zero for each of the gauge bosons; consequently, all the electroweak gauge bosons have $Y_{\text{W}}=0$ .

Hypercharge assignments in the Standard Model are determined up to a twofold ambiguity by requiring cancellation of all anomalies.

Alternative scale

For convenience, weak hypercharge is often represented at half-scale, so that

\qquad Y_{\rm {W}}=Q-T_{3}\,,

which is equal to just the average electric charge of the particles in the isospin multiplet.[6]

Baryon and lepton number

Weak hypercharge is related to baryon number minus lepton number via:

{\tfrac {1}{2}}X+Y_{\rm {W}}={\tfrac {5}{2}}(B-L)\,

where X is a conserved quantum number in GUT. Since weak hypercharge is always conserved this implies that baryon number minus lepton number is also always conserved, within the Standard Model and most extensions.

Neutron decay

n
→
p
+
e⁻
+
ν
_e

Hence neutron decay conserves baryon number B and lepton number L separately, so also the difference B − L is conserved.

Proton decay

Proton decay is a prediction of many grand unification theories.

p⁺
→
e⁺
+
π⁰
→
e⁺
+ 2
γ

Hence proton decay conserves B − L, even though it violates both lepton number and baryon number conservation.

References

J. F. Donoghue; E. Golowich; B. R. Holstein (1994). Dynamics of the standard model. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52. ISBN 0-521-47652-6.
T. P. Cheng; L. F. Li (2006). Gauge theory of elementary particle physics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-851961-3.
Glashow, Sheldon L. (February 1961). "Partial-symmetries of weak interactions". Nuclear Physics. 22 (4): 579–588. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(61)90469-2.
Hoddeson, Lillian; Brown, Laurie; Riordan, Michael; Dresden, Max, eds. (1997-11-13). The Rise of the Standard Model: A History of Particle Physics from 1964 to 1979 (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 14. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511471094. ISBN 978-0-521-57082-4.
Quigg, Chris (2015-10-19). "Electroweak Symmetry Breaking in Historical Perspective". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 65 (1): 25–42. doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102313-025537. ISSN 0163-8998.
Peskin, Michael E. & Schroeder, Daniel V. (1995). An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-50397-5.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ; Anderson, M. R. (2003). The mathematical theory of cosmic strings. CRC Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-7503-0160-0.

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[1] J. F. Donoghue; E. Golowich; B. R. Holstein (1994). Dynamics of the standard model. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52. ISBN 0-521-47652-6.

[2] T. P. Cheng; L. F. Li (2006). Gauge theory of elementary particle physics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-851961-3.

[3] Glashow, Sheldon L. (February 1961). "Partial-symmetries of weak interactions". Nuclear Physics. 22 (4): 579–588. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(61)90469-2.

[4] Hoddeson, Lillian; Brown, Laurie; Riordan, Michael; Dresden, Max, eds. (1997-11-13). The Rise of the Standard Model: A History of Particle Physics from 1964 to 1979 (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 14. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511471094. ISBN 978-0-521-57082-4.

[5] Quigg, Chris (2015-10-19). "Electroweak Symmetry Breaking in Historical Perspective". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 65 (1): 25–42. doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102313-025537. ISSN 0163-8998.

[6] Peskin, Michael E. & Schroeder, Daniel V. (1995). An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-50397-5.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ; Anderson, M. R. (2003). The mathematical theory of cosmic strings. CRC Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-7503-0160-0.

Flavour in particle physics
Flavour quantum numbers
Isospin: I or I₃ Charm: C Strangeness: S Topness: T Bottomness: B′
Related quantum numbers
Baryon number: B Lepton number: L Weak isospin: T or T₃ Electric charge: Q X-charge: X
Combinations
Hypercharge: Y Y = (B + S + C + B′ + T) Y = 2 (Q − I₃) Weak hypercharge: Y_W Y_W = 2 (Q − T₃) X + 2Y_W = 5 (B − L)
Flavour mixing
CKM matrix PMNS matrix Flavour complementarity