List of HVDC projects

This is a list of notable high-voltage direct-current power transmission projects.

HVDC projects for long-distance transmission have two (or rarely, more) converter stations and a transmission line interconnecting them. Generally overhead lines are used for interconnection, but an important class of HVDC projects use submarine power cables. A back-to-back station has no transmission line and connects two AC grids at different frequencies or phase counts. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves, thyristors, and IGBT power transistors.

Legend

Line type:

Line status:

  Existing
  Under construction
  Planned
  Decommissioned

Transmission lines

Africa

Name
Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2
Total Length (Cable/Pole)
(km)

Volt (kV)
Power (MW)
Year
Type
Remarks
Ref
Cahora BassaMozambique - Songo
15°36′41″S 32°44′59″E
South Africa - Apollo
25°55′11″S 28°16′34″E
1420
(0/1420)
53319201979ThyrFirst HVDC with Project upto 500kV
ABB refurb 2013-2014
[1][2][3]
Inga-ShabaCongo, The Democratic Republic of the - Kolwezi
10°39′27″S 25°27′08″E
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the - Inga
05°31′27″S 13°36′39″E
1700
(0/1700)
5005601982ThyrUpgraded in 2014
Supplier: ABB, GE
[1][4][5][6]
Caprivi LinkNamibia - Gerus
20°18′53″S 16°27′9″E
Namibia - Zambezi
17°30′6″S 24°13′20″E
950
(0/950)
3503002010IGBTSupplier: ABB[1][7]
Ethiopia–Kenya HVDC InterconnectorEthiopia - Wolayta
6°54′27″N 37°43′19″E
Kenya - Suswa
1°03′44″S 36°21′35″E
1045
(0/1045)
50020002019Thyr

Australia and Oceania

Name
Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2
Total Length (Cable/Pole)
(km)
Volt (kV)
Power (MW)
Year
Type
Remarks
Ref
HVDC Inter-Island 1New Zealand - Benmore
44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E
New Zealand - Haywards
41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E
611
(40/571)
2706001965MercBuilt as 250 kV 600 MW link
Paralleled to operate at 270 kV as positive pole with HVDC Inter-Island 2 in 1992.
Partially decommissioned in 2007, fully decommissioned in August 2012.
Supplier: ABB
[1]
HVDC Inter-Island 2New Zealand - Benmore
44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E
New Zealand - Haywards
41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E
611
(40/571)
3507001992ThyrNegative pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 3 (previously HVDC Inter-Island 1)
Restricted to 500 MW due to cable rating.
Supplier: ABB
[1]
Terranora interconnector (Directlink)Australia - Mullumbimby
28°34′15″S 153°27′8″E
Australia - Bungalora
28°15′20″S 153°28′20″E
59
(59/0)
801802000IGBTLand cable
Supplier: ABB
[1]
MurraylinkAustralia - Red Cliffs
34°17′31″S 142°14′19″E
Australia - Berri
34°14′17″S 140°36′01″E
176
(176/0)
1502002002IGBTUnderground XLPE cable
Supplier: ABB
[1]
BasslinkAustralia - LoyYang, Vic
38°15′45″S 146°36′29″E
Australia - GeorgeTown, Tas
41°6′53″S 146°53′31″E
370 (298/72)4005002006ThyrOne of the longest HVDC cable in operation
Supplier: Siemens
[1][8][9]
HVDC Inter-Island 3New Zealand - Benmore
44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E
New Zealand - Haywards
41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E
611
(40/571)
3507352013ThyrPositive pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 2
Supplier: Siemens
[10]

Asia

Name Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2
Total Length (Cable/Pole)
(km)

Volt (kV)
Power (MW)
Year
Type
Remarks
Ref
Hokkaido - HonshuJapan - Hakodate
41°55′55″N 140°39′47″E
Japan - Kamikita
40°48′06″N 141°11′52″E
193
(44/149)
2503001979ThyrSupplier: ABB, Hitachi, Toshiba[1]
Zhou ShanChina - Ningbo
29°55′25″N 121°46′51″E
China - Gao Tongge
30°02′13″N 122°04′03″E
54
(12/42)
100501982Thyr[1]
Gezhouba - ShanghaiChina - Gezhouba
30°43′44″N 111°14′39″E
China - Nan Qiao
30°57′22″N 121°24′48″E
1046
(0/1046)
50012001989ThyrPower line shares pylons of HVDC Hubei - Shanghai in most part of its track

Supplier: ABB, Siemens

HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric

[11]
Sileru-BarsoorIndia - Sileru
17°52′01″N 81°39′21″E
India - Barsoor
19°8′20″N 81°23′47″E
196
(0/196)
2001001989ThyrSupplier: BHEL[1]
EkibastuzTambovKazakhstan - Ekibastuz
51°48′57″N 75°18′58″E
Russia - Tambov
52°46′25″N 41°19′17″E
2414
(0/2414)
7506000-ThyrConstruction sites abandoned around 1990 owing to collapse of Soviet Union, line was never completed
Rihand-DelhiIndia - Rihand
24°01′13″N 82°47′21″E
India - Dadri
28°35′36″N 77°36′16″E
814
(0/814)
50015001990ThyrSupplier: ABB, BHEL[12]
Haenam-ChejuSouth Korea - Haenam
34°22′03″N 126°35′34″E
South Korea - Jeju
33°32′06″N 126°35′44″E
101
(101/0)
1803001996ThyrSupplier: Alstom[1]
Leyte - LuzonPhilippines - Ormoc, Leyte
11°5′19″N 124°38′21″E
Philippines - Naga, Camarines Sur
13°36′40″N 123°14′19″E
451
(21/430)
3504401998ThyrSupplier: ABB, Marubeni

HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric

[1]
Chandrapur-PadgheIndia - Chandrapur
20°0′36″N 79°17′06″E
India - Padghe
19°21′26″N 73°11′18″E
752
(0/752)
50015001999ThyrSupplier: ABB[13]
Kii ChannelJapan - Anan
33°49′40″N 134°38′14″E
Japan - Kihoku
34°12′50″N 135°30′07″E
100
(50/50)
25014002000ThyrSupplier: Hitachi, Toshiba, Mitsubishi[1]
Tian-GuangChina - Tianshengqiao
24°54′56″N 105°05′47″E
China - Beijiao
23°18′58″N 113°15′05″E
960
(0/960)
50018002001ThyrSupplier: Siemens

HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric

[1]
Thailand-MalaysiaThailand - Khlong Ngae
6°42′56″N 100°27′8″E
Malaysia - Gurun
5°48′45″N 100°32′6″E
110
(0/110)
3003002001ThyrSupplier: Siemens[1]
ShengsiChina - Shengsi
30°42′06″N 122°26′22″E
China - Anabasis Sizu
30°51′56″N 121°50′25″E
66.2
(63.21/2.99)
50602002Thyr[14]
Talcher-KolarIndia - Talcher, Odisha
21°06′01″N 85°03′49″E
India - Kolar, Karnataka
13°10′39″N 78°7′0″E
1450
(0/1450)
50025002003ThyrSupplier: Siemens[1]
Three Gorges - ChangzhouChina - Longquan
30°47′6″N 111°31′48″E
China - Zhengping
31°36′42″N 119°59′27″E
890
(0/890)
50030002003ThyrFrom north bank of Three Gorges to Zhengping, 200 km from Shanghai in the East grid
Supplier: ABB, Siemens. Sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Hubei-Shanghai
[1][15][16]
Guizhou - Guangdong IChina - Anshun, Guizhou
26°16′23″N 105°48′21″E
China - Zhaoqing, Guangdong
22°54′57″N 112°29′11″E
980
(0/980)
50030002004ThyrSupplier: Siemens[1]
Three Gorges - GuangdongChina - Jingzhou
30°27′26″N 112°08′18″E
China - Huizhou
23°16′15″N 114°12′5″E
940
(0/940)
50030002004ThyrSupplier: ABB[1][17]
Three Gorges - ShanghaiChina - Yidu
30°31′45″N 111°22′35″E
China - Shanghai
31°14′13″N 121°11′13″E
1060
(0/1060)
50030002006ThyrSupplier: ABB[1][18]
Guizhou - Guangdong IIChina - Xingren
25°27′56″N 105°15′14″E
China - Shenzhen
22°45′1″N 113°59′28″E
1200
(0/1200)
50030002007ThyrSupplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Yunnan - Guangdong[1]
Ballia - BhiwadiIndia - Ballia
26°04′16″N 83°42′48″E
India - Bhiwadi
28°11′0″N 76°48′58″E
800
(0/800)
50025002010ThyrSupplier: Siemens[1]
Baoji - DeyangChina - Baoji
34°34′47″N 107°19′49″E
China - Denyang
31°19′22″N 104°34′51″E
574
(0/574)
50030002010Thyr???
Hulunbeir - LiaoningChina - Hulunbeir
48°31′04″N 119°43′30″E
China - Shenyang
41°07′25″N 122°46′44″E
920
(0/920)
50030002010ThyrSupplier: ABB[1][19]
Xiangjiaba-ShanghaiChina - Fulong
28°32′47″N 104°25′04″E
China - Fengxia
30°55′32″N 121°46′16″E
1980
(0/1980)
80064002010ThyrSupplier: ABB[1][20]
Yunnan - GuangdongChina - Yunnan province
25°11′24″N 102°11′30″E
China - Zengcheng
23°15′19″N 113°40′44″E
1418
(0/1418)
80050002010ThyrSupplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Guizhou - Guangdong II[1]
Hubei - ShanghaiChina - Jingmen
30°49′21″N 112°07′15″E
China - Fenjing
30°52′00″N 121°00′58″E
970
(0/970)
50030002011ThyrPower line shares pylons of HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai in most part of its track, sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Shanghai-Changzhou???
Nanhui Wind Farm IntegrationChinaChina8.4
(8.4/0)
30182011IGBTSupplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd[21]
Ningdong - ShandongChina - Yinchuan
38°06′56″N 106°30′55″E
China - Qingdao
36°18′41″N 119°52′53″E
1335
(0/1335)
66040002011ThyrSupplier:Alstom; C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd[1]
Qinghai - TibetChina - Geermu
36°21′20″N 95°11′05″E
China - Lhasa
29°52′39″N 91°11′44″E
1038
(0/1038)
40015002011ThyrPowerline reaches altitudes up to 5300 m above sea level
Supplier: CET, SGCC
[1]
Mundra - HaryanaIndia - Mundra
22°49′46″N 69°33′22″E
India - Mohindergarh 28°21′40″N 76°12′56″E960
(0/960)
50025002012ThyrSupplier: Siemens[1]
Dalian City InfeedChina - Dalian NorthChina - Dalian South43
(43/0)
32010002013IGBT[22]
Jinping - SunanChina - Jinping
27°50′11″N 102°08′30″E
China - Suzhou
31°03′44″N 120°37′20″E
2090
(0/2090)
80072002013ThyrSupplier: ABB, C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd

ACC Provided by NR Electric in Jinping Converter Station

[23]
Nanao Multi-terminal VSC HVDCChina - Sucheng
23°26′40″N 116°48′50″E
China - Jinniu
23°26′14″N 117°01′36″E; China - Qingao
23°25′46″N 117°07′45″E
32
(10/32)
±160200/100/502013IEGT/IGBTSEPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid) is technically responsible for the entire project. Multiple suppliers are involved: three different VSC HVDC valve suppliers, two different HVDC land/sea cable suppliers and three different control & protection system/equipment suppliers.[24][25]
Nuozhadu - GuangdongChina - Nuozhadu
22°39′20″N 100°40′00″E
China - Jiangmen
22°42′33″N 112°52′12″E
141380064002013Thyr???
Xiluodo - GuangdongChina - Zhaotong
28°07′21″N 104°22′27″E
China - Conghua
23°34′00″N 113°27′03″E
1286
(0/1286)
50064002013Thyr???
Hami - ZhengzhouChina-Hami
42°35′20″N 93°27′46″E
China-Zhengzhou
34°48′46″N 114°03′24″E
219280080002014ThyrSupplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd

HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric

???
Jindo - JejuSouth Korea - Jindo
34°23′08″N 126°11′14″E
South Korea - Jeju
33°27′17″N 126°28′25″E
105
(105/0)
2504002014ThyrSupplier: Alstom (converter stations), LS Cable and System (cables).[1][26][27]
Xiluodo - West ZhejiangChina - Xiluodu
28°27′37″N 104°20′20″E
China - Jinghua
28°53′46″N 119°43′00″E
168080080002014ThyrSupplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd???
Zhoushan Multi-terminal DC InterconnectionChina - Zhoushan
30°09′07″N 121°59′29″E
China - Qushan
30°25′26″N 122°16′48″E ; China - Daishan
30°19′37″N 122°11′35″E ; China - Yangshan
30°36′26″N 122°07′40″E ; China - Sijiao
30°41′45″N 122°25′50″E
134
(134/0)
±2004002014IGBTSupplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd

HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric

[28]
Humeng - ShandongChinaChina80064002015Thyr???
Irkutsk - BeijingRussia - IrkutskChina - Beijing80064002015Thyr???
Champa-KurukshetraIndia - ChampaIndia - Kurukshetra1365
(0/1365)
8002 x 30002016Thyr2 Bipoles. Supplier: Alstom[29]
Goupitan - GuangdongChinaChina30002016Thyr???
Jinsha River II - East ChinaChinaChina80064002016Thyr???
North-East AgraIndia - Agra
27°05′01″N 78°04′22″E
India - Biswanath
26°44′23″N 93°13′09″E
1728
(0/1728)
80060002016ThyrWill supply electricity to serve 90 million people
Bipole Ultra high voltage, multiterminal (intermediate converter station at Alipurdauar)
Supplier: ABB
[30]
Inner Mongolia - LinyiChina - Shizhustan
38°46′40″N 106°52′00″E
China - Linyi
35°33′07″N 118°37′07″E
80064002017Thyr???
Jiuquan- XiangtanChina - Qiaowan
40°36′03″N 96°43′22″E
China - Xiangtan
27°38′55″N 112°47′25″E
80064002017ThyrSupplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd

HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric

???
North Shanxi - NanjingChina - North Shanxi
39°39′35″N 112°27′45″E
China - Nanjing
32°54′47″N 118°35′33″E
2017Thyr???
Northwest Yunnan - GuangdongChina - Xinsong
26°24′55″N 99°49′12″E
China - Dongfang
22°44′17″N 113°52′07″E
195380050002018Thyr???
Xilin Hot - TaizhouChina - Xilin Hot
44°14′40″N 116°30′22″E
China - Taizhou
33°07′25″N 119°58′05″E
800100002017Thyr???
Xinjiang - AnhuiChina - Wuicaiwan
44°39′00″N 89°07′25″E
China - Anhui
31°00′20″N 118°34′20″E
33241100120002019Thyr???
Yinchuan - ZhujiChina - Yinchuan
37°43′45″N 106°32′22″E
China - Zhuji
29°56′25″N 120°13′12″E
80064002017ThyrHVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric ???
Dianxibei - GuangdongChina-LijiangChina-Zhengzhen1928/080050002017ThyrSupplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd???
Jinsha River II - FujianChinaChina80064002018Thyr???
Humeng - LiaoningChinaChina80064002018Thyr???
Rudong Offshore Wind ConnectorChina - Jiangsu RudongChina - Jiangsu Rudong Platform100
(100/0)
40011002022IGBTSuppliers: XJ and RXHK for vavle, ZTT Cable
Sheyang Offshore Wind ConnectorChina - Jiangsu SheyangChina - Jiangsu Sheyang Platform83
(83/0)
25011002022IGBT
Zhangbei DC Grid ProjectChina - BeijingChina - Zhangbei
China - Fengning
China - Kangbao
495
(0/495)
5003000/3000/1500/15002021IGBTFour terminal DC Grid

Suppliers: NR Electric, others

[31]
Matiari to Lahore Transmission Line ProjectPakistan - Matiari , Sindh.Pakistan - Lahore, Punjabe.4066040002021IGBT±660 KW Bipole HCDC with Converter/ Grounding Electrode Stations [32]
Wudongde multi-terminal UHVDC demonstration projectChina - YunnanChina - Guangxi
China - Guangdong
1489
(0/1489)
8008000/3000/50002021Thyr/IGBTThree terminal Hybrid DC system, Yunnan (Thyrister), Guangdong and Guangxi (IGBT)
Raigarh-PugalurIndia - Raigarh
21°51′21″N 83°21′01″E
India - Pugalur
10°49′33″N 77°32′13″E
1830
80060002019ThyrSupplier: ABB[33]
New HVDC Hokkaido-HonshuJapan - Imabetsu
41°08′01″N 140°30′46″E
Japan - Hokuto
41°54′57″N 140°35′07″E
122
(24/98)
2503002019IGBTsuppliers: Toshiba[34] [35]

Europe

Name
Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2
Total Length (Cable/Pole)
(km)

Volt (kV)
Power (MW)
Year
Type
Remarks
Ref
Miesbach-Munich Power TransmissionGermany - MiesbachGermany - Munich58
(0/58)
20.00251882Single machineDemonstration facility

Dismantled

Gorzente River - Genoa DC transmission schemeItaly - Gorzente RiverItaly - Genoa?6?1889ThuryUpgraded later to a voltage of 14 kV, power of 2.5 MW and a length of 120 km

Dismantled

La Chaux-de-Fonds DC transmission schemeSwitzerland - ?Switzerland - ??14?1897ThuryDismantled
St. Maurice - Lausanne DC transmission schemeSwitzerland - St. MauriceSwitzerland - Lausanne?223.71899ThuryDismantled
Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission schemeFrance - LyonFrance - Moutiers200
(10/190)
75301906ThuryDismantled in 1936
Wilesden-Ironbridge DC transmission schemeUK - WilesdenUK - Ironbridge?100?1910ThuryDismantled
Chambéry DC transmission schemeFrance - ?France - ??150?1925ThuryDismantled in 1937
HVDC Zurich-WettingenSwitzerland - Wettingen 47°27′25″N 8°19′15″ESwitzerland - Zurich20
(0/20)
500.51939MercExperimental facility built by BBC

Dismantled

HVDC Charlottenburg-MoabitGermany - Berlin-MoabitGermany - Berlin-Charlottenburg4.6
(0/4.6)
100141942MercExperimental facility built by Siemens

Dismantled in 1945

Lehrte-Misburg HVDCGermany - Lehrte 52°22′54″N 9°55′03″EGermany - Hannover/Misburg?80161944MercExperimental facility

Dismantled

Elbe-ProjectGermany - Vockerode 51°50′40″N 12°21′50″EGermany - Berlin, Marienfelde 52°25′49″N 13°22′42″E115
(115/0)
200601945MercNever placed in service

Dismantled

HVDC Trollhättan-MellerudSweden - TrollhättanSweden - Mellerud50
(0/50)
456.51946MercExperimental facility built by ASEA

Dismantled

Moscow–KashiraRussia - Moscow 55°39′32″N 37°38′16″ERussia - Kashira100
(100/0)
200301951MercBuilt of parts of HVDC Elbe-Project

Shut down

[1]
Gotland 1Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″ESweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E98
(98/0)
200201954MercWorld's first commercial HVDC link. Expanded by ABB in 1970, decommissioned in 1986[1][36]
Cross-ChannelFrance - Echingen 50°41′48″N 1°38′21″EUK - Lydd 50°54′54″N 0°56′50″E64
(64/0)
1001601961MercShut down in 1984[1]
Volgograd-DonbassRussia - Volzhskaya 48°49′34″N 44°40′20″EUkraine - Mikhailovskaya 48°39′13″N 38°33′56″E475
(0/475)
4007501965Merc/ThyrShut down in 2014[1]
Konti-Skan 1Denmark - Vester Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″ESweden - Stenkullen 57°48′15″N 12°19′13″E176
(87/89)
2502501965MercReplaced in August 2006 by modern converters using thyristors[1]
SACOI 1Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E)France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E483
(365/118)
2002001965MercReplaced in 1986 by Thyr, multiterminal scheme[1]
KingsnorthUK - Kingsnorth 51°25′11″N 0°35′46″EUK - London-Beddington 51°22′23″N 0°7′38″W85
(85/0)
2663201975MercBipolar scheme

Supplier: English Electric Shut down in 1987

[37]
KingsnorthUK - KingsnorthUK - London-Willesden 51°32′03″N 0°15′29″W111
(111/0)
2663201975MercOpposite pole of Kingsnorth - Beddington. Cable wholly underground except for Thames crossing - crossed on upstream side of Putney District line railway bridge
Skagerrak 1 + 2Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″ENorway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E230
(130/100)
2505001977Thyr  Supplier: STK(Nexans) Control system upgrade by ABB in 2007[38][39][40]
Gotland 2Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″ESweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E99.5
(92.9/6.6)
1501301983ThyrSupplier: ABB
Interconnexion France Angleterre (new)France - Les Mandarins 50°54′11″N 1°47′5″EUK - Sellindge 51°6′21″N 0°58′32″E72
(72/0)
27020001986Thyr2 bipolar systems

Supplier: Alstom

[1][41]
Gotland 3Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″ESweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E98
(98/0)
1501301987ThyrSupplier: ABB
Konti-Skan 2Denmark - Vester, Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″ESweden - Lindome 57°36′24″N 12°6′40″E147
(87/60)
2853001988ThyrSupplier: ABB
Fenno-SkanFinland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″ESweden - Dannebo 60°24′14″N 18°08′10″E233
(200/33)
4005001989ThyrSupplier: ABB
SACOI 2Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E)France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E422
(118/304)
2003001992ThyrMultiterminal scheme

Supplier: Alstom

Skagerrak 3Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″ENorway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E230
(130/100)
3504401993ThyrSupplier: Nexans ABB[38]
Baltic CableGermany - Lübeck- Herrenwyk 53°53′46″N 10°48′9″ESweden - Kruseberg 55°30′1″N 13°8′45″E262
(250/12)
4506001994ThyrSupplier: ABB
KontekDenmark - Bjæverskov 55°27′1″N 12°0′27″EGermany - Bentwisch 54°6′3″N 12°13′1″E170
(170/0)
4006001996ThyrSupplier: ABB
Hellsjön-GrängesbergSweden - Hellsjön 60°02′50″N 15°08′52″ESweden - Grängesberg 60°03′53″N 14°59′39″E10
(0/10)
18031997IGBTExperimental HVDC

Supplier: ABB

Visby-NasSweden - Nas 57°05′58″N 18°14′27″ESweden - Visby 57°37′29″N 18°21′18″E70
(70/0)
80501999Thyr 
SwePolPoland - Wierzbięcin 54°30′8″N 16°53′28″ESweden - Stärnö 56°9′11″N 14°50′29″E245
(245/0)
4506002000ThyrSupplier: ABB[42]
TjæreborgDenmark - Tjæreborg/Enge 55°26′52″N 8°35′34″EDenmark - Tjæreborg/Substation 55°28′07″N 8°33′36″E4.3
(4.3/0)
972000IGBTInterconnection to wind power generating stations
Italy-GreeceGreece - Arachthos 39°11′00″N 20°57′48″EItaly - Galatina 40°9′53″N 18°7′49″E310
(200/110)
4005002001Thyr 
MoyleUK - Auchencrosh 55°04′10″N 4°58′50″WUK - N. Ireland- Ballycronan More 54°50′34″N 5°46′11″W63.5
(63.5/0)
2505002001ThyrSupplier: Siemens, Nexans[43]
HVDC TrollNorway - Kollsnes 60°33′01″N 4°50′26″ENorway - Offshore platform Troll A 60°40′00″N 3°40′00″E70
(70/0)
60802004IGBTPower supply for offshore gas compressor

Supplier: ABB

[44]
EstlinkFinland - Espoo 60°12′14″N 24°33′06″EEstonia - Harku 59°23′5″N 24°33′37″E105
(105/0)
1503502006IGBTSupplier: ABB[44]
NorNedNetherlands - Eemshaven 53°26′4″N 6°51′57″ENorway - Feda 58°16′58″N 6°51′55″E580
(580/0)
4507002008ThyrSupplier: ABB, Nexans[44]
BritNedUK - Grain 51°26′24″N 0°43′0″ENetherlands - Maasvlakte 51°57′27″N 4°01′17″E245
(245/0)
45010002010ThyrOperational since April 2011. Supplier: Siemens[44][45]

[46][47]

StoreBæltDenmark - Fraugde 55°22′01″N 10°30′25″EDenmark - Herslev 55°31′53″N 11°19′01″E56
(56/0)
4006002010ThyrOperational since August 2010. Supplier: Siemens[44]
CometaSpain - Morvedre 39°38′28″N 0°14′7″WSpain - Santa Ponsa 39°32′2″N 2°30′21″E247
(247/0)
2504002011ThyrExpected completion 2011

Supplier: Siemens (converter stations); Prysmian/Nexans (cables)

[44]
Fenno-Skan 2Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″ESweden - Finnbole 60°25′30″N 17°3′42″E303
(200/103)
5008002011Thyr 
SAPEIItaly - Latina 41°25′47″N 12°48′25″EItaly - Fiume Santo 40°50′29″N 8°18′21″E435
(435/0)
50010002011ThyrThe largest HVDC link in the Mediterranean Sea. Supplier: ABB[44][48][49]
Valhall HVDCNorway - Lista 58°04′37″N 6°46′29″ENorway - Valhall, Offshore platform292
(292/0)
150782011IGBTSupplier: ABB, Nexans  [50][51]
BorWin1Germany - DieleGermany - BorWin Alpha platform200
(200/0)
±1504002012IGBTSupplier: ABB[52][53][54]
East West InterconnectorIreland - Woodland 53°28′16″N 6°34′3″WUK - Shotton, Wales 53°13′38″N 3°4′22″W 130
(130/0)
±2005002012IGBTSupplier: ABB[55]
Fenno-Skan 1 UpgradeFinland - RaumaSweden - Finnböle233
(200/33)
4005002013ThyrUpgrade

Supplier:ABB

[56][57][58]
Estlink 2Finland - Anttila 60°22′36″N 25°22′01″EEstonia - Püssi 59°22′13″N 27°04′05″E171
(157/14)
4506502014ThyrSupplier: Siemens, Nexans
ÅL-linkFinland - Naantali (sv:Nådendal) 60°27′49″N 22°03′49″EÅland - Ytterby158
(158/0)
801002015IGBTSupplier: ABB[59][60][61]
BorWin2Germany - Diele 53°7′30″N 7°18′29″EGermany - BorWin Beta platform 54°21′18″N 6°01′30″E200
(200/0)
±3008002015IGBTSupplier: Siemens[62]
DolWin1Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″EGermany - DolWin Alpha platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E165
(165/0)
±3208002015IGBTSupplier:ABB[63]
HelWin1Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″EGermany - HelWin Alpha platform 54°27′07″N 7°44′20″E130
(130/0)
±2505762015IGBTSupplier: Siemens[64]
HelWin2Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″EGermany - HelWin Beta platform 54°27′11″N 7°44′20″E130
(130/0)
±3206902015IGBTSupplier: Siemens
INELFEFrance - Baixas 42°43′56″N 2°48′14″ESpain - Santa Llogaia 42°13′59″N 2°56′39″E64
(64/0)
±32020002015IGBTSupplier: Siemens, Cables: Prysmian. €700m, 8 km tunnel near HSR[65]

[66][67][68]

LitPol Link HVDC is B2BLithuania - AlytusPoland - Elk160
(0/160)
7050020152[69]ThyrSupplier: ABB[70][71][72]
NordBaltSweden - Nybro 56°46′4″N 15°51′15″ELithuania - Klaipėda 55°40′54″N 21°15′24″E450
(450/0)
3007002015IGBTSupplier: ABB[73]
Skagerrak 4Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″ENorway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E244
(244/0)
5007002015IGBTSuppliers: Nexans, ABB[74]
SylWin1Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″EGermany - SylWin Alpha platform 55°03′47″N 7°14′28″E205
(205/0)
±3208642015IGBTSupplier: Siemens[75]
Troll A 3&4Norway - KollsnesNorway - Troll A 3&4 platform70
(70/0)
661002015IGBTSupplier: ABB[76][77][78][79][80][81]
DolWin2Germany - Heede 52°58′52″N 7°15′26″EGermany - DolWin Beta platform 53°58′41″N 6°55′23″E135
(135/0)
±3209002016IGBTSupplier: ABB[82]
SydVästlänkenSweden - Barkeryd 57°44′52″N 14°39′19″ESweden - Hurva 55°49′59″N 13°36′08″E260
(197/63)
±3002x7202016IGBTSupplier: Alstom
DolWin3Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″EGermany - DolWin Gamma platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E160
(160/0)
±3209002017IGBTSupplier: Alstom[83]
HVDC MON.ITA ProjectItaly-Cepagatti 42°23′41″N 14°07′30″EMontenegro - Lastva Grbaljska 42°19′03″N 18°47′41″E415
(415/0)
±50010002017ThyrSupplier: Toshiba (converter stations); Nexans (cables).[84][85][86]
Western HVDC LinkUK - Hunterston 55°43′16″N 4°53′7″W UK - Flintshire Bridge 53°13′54″N 3°1′58″W422
(422/0)
60022002017-18ThyrSupplier: Prysmian Group, Siemens
First subsea 600kV link
[87][88]
Caithness - Moray Link3UK - SpittalUK - Blackhillock16032012002018IGBTSupplier: ABB[89][90]
BorWin3Germany - DieleGermany - BorWin Gamma platform200
(200/0)
±3209002019IGBTSupplier: Siemens
COBRAcableDenmark - Endrup via Fanø 55°31′49″N 8°42′13″ENederlands - Eemshaven 53°26′07″N 6°52′02″E325±32070020194IGBTSuppliers: Siemens, Prysmian, Cost € 449m[91][92][93][94][95]
ElecLinkFrance - Les MandarinsUK - Sellindge7032010002022IGBTIn the Channel Tunnel
Cost €580m
[96][97]
Johan Svedrup Phase 1Norway - HaugsnesetNorway - Johan Svedrup platform200
(200/0)
±801002019IGBTSupplier: ABB, NKT[98]
DolWin5Germany - Emden/OstGermany - DolWin Epsilon platform130
(130/0)
±3209002024IGBTSupplier: ABB, Aibel, Prysmian[99]
DolWin6Germany - Emden/OstGermany - DolWin Zetaplatform90
(90/0)
±3209002023IGBTSupplier: Siemens, Prysmian[100]
France-Italy via Fréjus Road TunnelFrance, Grand-ÎleItaly, Piossasco190±3202x6002019IGBTSupplier: Alstom (converter stations); Prysmian (cables).[101][102][103][104]
Nemo LinkBelgium - near BrugesUK - Richborough Energy Park140
(140/0)
40010002019IGBT Converter stations: Siemens , cables: J-power systems[105] [106][107]
ALEGrOBelgium - ViséGermany - Aachen100
(100/0)
32010002019-205IGBT Converter stations: Siemens [108][109]
IFA-2France - Tourbe, NormandieUK - Chilling, Hampshire20432010002021IGBTSupplier: ABB[110][111][112][113]
NORD.LINKNorway - Tonstad 58°40′07″N 6°45′16″EGermany - Wilster 53°55′18″N 9°20′41″E623
(570/53)
52514002020IGBTSupplier: ABB[114][115][116]
NSN LinkNorway - KvilldalUK - Blyth730
(730/0)
51514002021IGBT Supplier: ABB, Prysmian Group, Nexans, MACH 3 Control & Protection [117][118][119][120]
Johan Svedrup Phase 2Norway - HaugsnesetNorway - Johan Svedrup platform200
(200/0)
±802002022IGBTSupplier: Siemens, NKT[121]
FAB LinkFrance - Menuel on Cherbourg PeninsulaUK - Exeter via Alderney210
(210/0)
32014002025IGBT[122][123]
Shetland HVDC ConnectionUK - Upper KergordUK - near Staxigoe[124]260
(260/0)
32060020246IGBT[125][126]
Western Isles HVDCUK - Arnish Point near StornowayUK - Beauly15632060020217[127]
EuroAsia InterconnectorIsrael via Cyprus and CreteGreece - Attica152050020002022[128][129]
NorthConnectNorway - SimadalenUK - Peterhead65052514002022IGBT[130][131]
Viking LinkDenmark - RevsingUK - Bicker Fen74052514002023IGBTSuppliers: Siemens, Prysmian and NKT[132][133]
EuroAfrica InterconnectorEgypt via Cyprus and CreteGreece - Attica170750020002021[134][135][136][137]
Eastern HVDC LinkUK - PeterheadUK - Hawthorn30540020002024[138]
Celtic Interconnector Ireland France 575 500 700 2025 [139]
IcelinkIcelandUK110010002030[140]
Dogger Bank A InterconnectorUK - Creyke BeckUK - Dogger Bank A platform207
(207/0)
32012002024IGBTSuppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable[141][142]
Dogger Bank B InterconnectorUK - Creyke BeckUK - Dogger Bank B platform207
(207/0)
32012002024IGBTSuppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable[143][144]
SüdOstLink Germany – Wolmirstedt Germany – Landshut 500 525 2000 2025 [145]
AQUIND InterconnectorFrance - BarnabosUK - Lovedean24232020002021Submarine CableSuppliers: National Grid plc (substation in the UK); Réseau de Transport d'Électricité (RTE) (substation in France)

2 As of 9 December 2015, LitPol Link started trial operations.[146]
3 Caithness Moray HVDC serves a number of renewable energy sources in the north of Scotland - see map[127]
4 Contracts due to be placed in 2016.
5 Elia says construction expected to start in late 2017. 6 Date is that quoted to support the Shetland Wind Farm that SSE is a part investor in.[147]
7 Decision on project expected in 2017 following consultation - see SSE PD reference.

North America

Name
Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2
Total Length (Cable/Pole)
(km)

Volt (kV)
Power (MW)
Year
Type
Remarks
Ref
HVDC Mechanicville–SchenectadyUSA - Mechanicville,NY
42°54′45″N 73°40′49″W
USA - Schenectady, NY37
(0/37)
1251932MercExperimental, frequency conversion 40 to 60 Hz

Dismantled after WW II

[148]
Vancouver Island 1Canada - Delta, BC
49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W
Canada - North Cowichan, BC
48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W
75
(42/33)
2603121968MercSupplier: ASEA[1]
Pacific DC IntertieUSA - Celilo, OR
45°35′39″N 121°6′51″W
USA - Sylmar, CA 34°18′39″N 118°29′21″W,
34°18′42″N 118°28′53″W
1362
(0/1362)
±50031001970ThyrTransmission voltage ±400 kV until 1984
Maximum transmission power 1440 MW until 1982
From 1982 to 1984 1600 MW
From 1984 to 1989 2000 MW
Merc replaced by Thyr in 2004
Original supplier: ASEA, GE
In 1989 upgraded by ABB
In 2004 upgraded by ABB and Siemens
[1][149][150]
Nelson River Bipole 1Canada - Gillam, Manitoba
56°21′41″N 94°36′48″W
Canada - Rosser, Manitoba
49°59′39″N 97°25′39″W
895
(0/895)
463.518541971ThyrUsed the largest mercury arc rectifiers ever built
Original supplier: English Electric.
In 1992/1993, Pole 1 upgraded to Thyr by Alstom.
In 2004, Pole 2 upgraded to Thyr by Siemens.
[1][151]
Vancouver Island 2Canada - Delta, BC
49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W
Canada - North Cowichan, BC
48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W
75
(33/42)
2803701977ThyrSupplier: GE[1]
Square ButteUSA - Center, ND (Young)
47°4′18″N 101°11′45″W
USA - Adolph, MN (Arrowhead)
46°46′25″N 92°17′39″W
749
(0/749)
2505001977ThyrSupplier: GE In 2004 Control system upgrade by ABB[1][152][153]
Nelson River Bipole 2Canada - Sundance, Manitoba
56°30′14″N 94°8′24″W
Canada - Rosser, Manitoba
49°59′39″N 97°25′49″W
940
(0/940)
50020001978-1985ThyrSupplier: Siemens[1][151]
CUUSA - Underwood, ND
(Coal Creek)
47°22′24″N 101°9′23″W
USA - Rockford, MN
(Dickinson)
45°6′40″N 93°48′36″W
687
(0/687)
40010001979ThyrSupplier: ABB In 2004, control system upgrade by ABB[1][154]
Path 27USA - Intermountain, UT
39°30′2″N 112°34′51″W
USA - Adelanto, CA
34°33′4″N 117°26′14″W
785
(0/785)
±50019201986Thyr 
Quebec - New England TransmissionCanada - Radisson, QC
OpenStreetMap
53°43′33″N 77°44′17″W
Canada - Nicolet, QC
46°04′47″N 72°14′58″W;
USA - Ayer, MA
42°34′13″N 71°31′27″W
1105
(5/1100)
45022501991Thyr3 terminals
Converter stations near Windsor, QC and Monroe, NH were decommissioned in 2007.

Supplier: ABB

[1]
Cross Sound CableUSA - New Haven, CT
41°17′12″N 72°54′8″W
USA - Shoreham, Long Island, NY
40°57′33″N 72°52′3″W
40
(40/0)
1503302002IGBTBuried underwater cable
Supplier: ABB
[155]
Neptune CableUSA - Long Island (Hicksville) NY
40°45′38″N 73°33′4″W
USA -Sayreville, NJ
40°28′25.38″N 74°21′11.1″W
105
(105/0)
5006602007ThyrSupplier: Siemens[156]
Trans Bay CableUSA - Pittsburg, CA
38°01′51″N 121°53′48″W
USA - San Francisco, CA
37°45′17″N 122°23′09″W
85
(85/0)
2004002010IGBTFirst HVDC system using Modular Multi-Level Converter

Supplier: Siemens, Pirelli

[157][158][159]
Eastern Alberta Transmission LineCanada – Newell, AB 50°30′41″N 112°01′02″WCanada – Heathfield, AB 53°51′28″N 113°13′52″W485 (0/485)50010002015/2016ThyrSupplier: Siemens[160]
Western Alberta Transmission LineCanada – Genesee, AB 53°21′13″N 114°18′33″WCanada – Langdon, AB 50°57′37″N 113°43′11″W350 (0/350)50010002015ThyrSupplier: Siemens[160][161]
Nelson River Bipole 3Canada - Keewatinohk, Manitoba
56°39′25″N 93°51′14″W
Canada - Riel, Manitoba
49°51′59″N 96°56′24″W
1324
(0/1324)
50020002018ThyrSupplier: Siemens[1][151]
Labrador-Island LinkCanada - Muskrat Falls, NLCanada - Soldiers Pond, NL1135
(35/1100)
3509002017ThyrDrilling for cable landfall began in 2014.
Supplier: Alstom Grid
[162][163]
Maritime LinkCanada - Bottom Brook, NL 48°31′52″N 58°15′39″WCanada - Woodbine, NS
45°59′30″N 60°16′26″W
360
(170/190)
2005002017IGBTRight-of-way clearing began in 2014.
Supplier: ABB
[164][165][166][167]
Plains & Eastern Clean LineUSA - Texas County, OKUSA - Shelby County, TN1207
(0/1207)
6004000~2018ThyrApproved March 2016[168][169][170]
New England Clean Power LineUSA - Alburgh, VTUSA - Ludlow, VT248
(248/0)
32010002020[171][172]
Îles-de-la-Madeleine Cable ConnectionCanada - Percé, QCCanada - Cap-aux-Meules, QC225 (225/0)?802025?Buried undersea and underground[173]
Juan de Fuca Cable ProjectUSA - Port Angeles, WA 48°06′10″N 123°25′00″WCanada - Victoria, BC 48°29′26″N 123°27′30″W35
(35/0)
150550?IGBTBuried undersea (30.5 km) and underground (2.5 km at each end)
Supplier: ABB
[174][175]
Rock Island Clean LineUSA - O'Brien County, IAUSA - Grundy County, IL805
(0/805)
6003500?ThyrSupplier: Siemens[176]
TransWest ExpressUSA – Sinclair, WYUSA – Boulder City, NV1165
(0/1165)
6003000?Final EIS expected in April 2015.[177][178][179]
Grain Belt Express USA - Ford County, KS USA - Sullivan County, IN 750

(0/750)

600 3500 ?

South America

Name
Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2
Total Length (Cable/Pole)
(km)

Volt (kV)
Power (MW)
Year
Type
Remarks
Ref
Itaipu 1Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná
25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W
Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo
23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W
785
(0/785)
60031501984ThyrSupplier: ABB [1]
Itaipu 2Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná
25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W
Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo
23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W
805
(0/805)
60031501987ThyrSupplier: ABB [1]
Rio MadeiraBrazil, Porto Velho
08°54′53″S 63°57′27″W
Brazil, Araraquara
21°49′59″S 48°20′52″W
2375
(0/2375)
60071002013ThyrThe longest transmission link in the world
Suppliers: ABB, Alstom
[180]
Xingu-EstreitoBrazil - Anapu, ParáBrazil - Ibiraci, Minas Gerais2077 (0/2077)80040002017Thyr

Back to back

Name
Location
Volt (kV)
Power (MW)
Year
Type
Remarks
Ref
Carnegie Steel Company B2BUSA - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania???Mercbuilt for an interconnection between 60 Hz-utility system and a 25 Hz System, dismantled[181]
Sakuma B2BJapan - Sakuma
35°04′57″N 137°47′56″E
1253001965Mercreplaced in 1993 by new converter using light-triggered thyristors
Eel River B2BCanada - Eel River, NB
48°01′05″N 66°26′39″W
803201972Thyrlife extension project 2014 [182][183]
David A. Hamil B2BUSA - Stegall, Nebraska
41°49′15″N 103°56′32″W
±501001977ThyrSupplier: GE 
Shin Shinano B2BJapan - Shin Shinano
36°08′14″N 137°52′58″E
1256001977ThyrSupplier: Toshiba, Hitachi
Acaray B2BParaguay - Ciudad de Este
25°27′26″S 54°37′26″W
25.6501981Thyr 
Vyborg B2BRussia - Vyborg
60°40′49″N 28°55′7″E
±8510651982Thyrextended up to 1420 MW in 2001
Dürnrohr B2BAustria - Dürnrohr
48°19′46″N 15°52′48″E
1455501983Thyrshut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Artesia, New Mexico (Eddy County HVDC B2B) B2BUSA - Artesia, NM
32°48′51.7″N 104°14′29.6″W
822001983Thyr 
Chateauguay B2BCanada – Châteauguay, QC
45°15′11″N 73°52′11″W
14010001984Thyr Control system upgrade by ABB in 2009[184][185]
Oklaunion B2BUSA - Oklaunion, TX
34°5′6″N 99°11′1″W
822001984ThyrABB replacement in 2014[186][187]

 

Blackwater, New Mexico B2BUSA - Blackwater, NM
34°18′3″N 103°10′27″W
572001984Thyr Valve cooling and control systems upgrade by ABB in 2009[188][189]
Madawaska, Quebec B2BCanada - Dégelis, QC
47°30′31″N 68°31′25″W
1403501985Thyr 
Miles City, Montana B2BUSA - Miles City, MT
46°24′31″N 105°47′36″W
822001985Thyr 
Highgate, VT B2BUSA - Highgate, VT
44°56′17″N 73°3′15″W
562001985ThyrRefurbishment by ABB in 2012,[190] 
Uruguaiana B2BBrazil - Uruguaiana
29°48′22″S 57°0′17″W
17.9 53.91986Thyr 
Broken Hill B2BAustralia - Broken Hill
31°59′10″S 141°25′9″E
8.33401986Thyr 
Virginia Smith B2BUSA - Sidney, NE
41°9′51″N 102°59′15″W
502001988Thyr [191]
Vindhyachal B2BIndia - Vindhyachal
24°05′38″N 82°40′44″E
1765001989Thyr 
McNeill B2BCanada - Mc Neill, AB
50°35′56″N 110°01′25″W
421501989ThyrSupplier: Alstom
Wolmirstedt B2BGermany - Wolmirstedt
52°16′21″N 11°38′10″E
160600(1992)Thyrconstruction work was stopped after reunification, static inverter hall is today part of a recycling yard
Etzenricht B2BGermany - Etzenricht
49°37′52″N 12°6′56″E
1606001993Thyrshut down in October 1995, dismantled in 2009
Vienna-Southeast B2BAustria - Vienna
48°7′22″N 16°25′6″E
1426001993Thyrshut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Chandrapur B2BIndia - Chandrapur
20°5′21″N 79°8′36″E
2052x5001998ThyrSupplier: Alstom
Welsh HVDC Converter Station B2BUSA - Titus County, TX
33°03′30.3″N 94°50′36.54″W
1626001998Thyr 
Garabi HVDCBrazil - Garabi
28°15′19″S 55°40′18″W
±7022001999ThyrBrazil-Argentina Interconnection. Supplier: ABB In 2002, the second phase 'Garabi 2' was supplied by ABB .[192]
Vizag 1India - Visakhapatnam Gazuwaka
17°38′33″N 83°7′57″E
2055001999ThyrSupplier: Alstom
Minami-Fukumitsu B2BJapan - Minami - Fukumitsu
36°29′46″N 136°54′57″E
1253001999Thyr 
Rivera B2BUruguay - Rivera
30°56′29″S 55°33′34″W
22702000ThyrSupplier: Alstom
Eagle Pass, Texas B2BUSA - Eagle Pass, TX
28°42′58.8″N 100°29′26.88″W
15.9362000IGBT 
Sasaram B2BIndia - Sasaram
25°07′42″N 83°42′29″E
2055002003ThyrSupplier: Alstom
Rapid City DC Tie B2BUSA - Rapid City, SD
44°00′37″N 103°9′54″W
132002003Thyr[193][194]
Vizag 2India - Visakhapatnam
17°38′26″N 83°8′10″E
1765002005Thyr  Installed at Gazuwaka. Supplier:ABB. This is similar in specs to Vizag I and connects the Eastern and Southern grids.[195]
Lingbao B2BChina - Lingbao
34°32′56″N 110°50′49″E
1683602005Thyr Supplier: NR(Protection&Control), Extension project 2010:  Supplier: ABB;C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd[196][197]
Lamar Co., Colorado B2BUSA - Lamar, CO
38°12′25.08″N 102°31′43.92″W
63.62102005ThyrSupplier: Siemens; Combination of B2B HVDC & Grid Power Flow Controller (GPFC)[198]
Higashi-Shimuzu B2BJapan - Shimuzu
35°03′24″N 138°29′58″E
1253002006Thyr 
Sharyland B2BUSA - Mission, TX
26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W
211502007Thyr 
Al Fadhili B2BSaudi Arabia - Al Fadhili
26°53′52″N 49°20′47″E
2223x6002008ThyrUsed mainly for Dynamic Reserve Power Sharing rather than economic energy transfer. Supplier: Alstom[199]
Outaouais B2BCanada - Buckingham, QC
45°36′01″N 75°26′47″W
3152x6252009Thyr  Expected completion 2009. Supplier:ABB[44]
Heihe B2BChina - Heihe
50°15′19″N 127°25′37″E
±1257502011Thyr Supplier: NR(Protection&Control)[200]
Gaoling B2BChina - Gaoling
40°10′49″N 120°00′22″E
±50015002008Thyr
Shandong - East B2BChina12002011Thyr
Melo B2BUruguay - Melo
32°25′02″S 54°05′34″W
±795002011ThyrSupplier:Alstom
North - Central B2BChina10002012Thyr
Rio Madeira B2BBrazil – Porto Velho
8°54′46″S 63°57′27″W
1006002013ThyrSupplier: ABB[201][202][203][204][205]
Ridgefield B2B ( Hudson Project)USA - Ridgefield, NJ
40°49′56″N 74°00′44″W
1856602013ThyrSupplier: Siemens[206]
Bheramara B2BBangladesh – Bheramara 24°04′03″N 89°0′04″E1585002013Thyr
Akhaltsikhe B2BGeorgia - Akhaltsikhe
41°42′26″N 43°06′35″E
967002013ThyrSupplier: Siemens[207]
Mackinac B2BUSA - Saint Ignace, MI
45°51′31″N 84°44′18″W
702002014IGBTSupplier: ABB[208]
Railroad DC TieUSA - Mission, TX
26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W
211502014Thyr 
Alytus B2BLithuania - Alytus
54°26′19″N 23°58′02″E
±705002015Thyr[209]
Mogocha B2BRussia - Mogocha
53°43′30″N 119°47′22″E
±322x1002017IGBT [210]
Yu - E B2BChina-ChongQing, China-Hubei±4204x12502017VSC-HVDCSupplier: XJ Group Corporation(2x1250MW), C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd(1x1250MW), Rongxin Power Electronic Co.,Ltd. (1x1250MW)
Khani B2BRussia - Khani
56°55′09″N 119°59′24″E
±322x1002019IGBT [210]
Bentwisch B2BGermany - Bentwisch
54°06′04″N 12°12′56″E
±1404102019IGBT 
Tres Amigas SuperStationUSA - Clovis, NM?5000?IGBT

Maps

Europe

  Existing
  Under construction
  Options under consideration
Medium to large HVDC interconnections in western Europe as of 2008.
  1. Shetland HVDC Connection
  2. Caithness Moray HVDC
  3. Western Isles HVDC
  4. NorthConnect
  5. NSN Norway Kvilldal UK Blyth, 1.4 GW under construction
  6. Eastern HVDC Link
  7. Moyle: Auchencrosh, UK Ballycronan More, Northern Ireland, UK
  8. Western HVDC Link
  9. East–West Interconnector: Leinster, Ireland Shotton, Wales, UK
  10. Celtic Interconnector
  11. FAB Link
  12. IFA-2
  13. HVDC Cross-Channel: Les Mandarins, France Sellindge, UK
  14. Nemo Link
  15. BritNed: UK Netherlands
  16. ALEGrO
  17. Viking Link
  18. HVDC DolWin1, HVDC DolWin2, HVDC DolWin3
  19. HVDC SylWin1
  20. HVDC HelWin1, HVDC HelWin2
  21. HVDC BorWin1, HVDC BorWin2, HVDC BorWin3
  22. NorNed: Feda, Norway Eemshaven, Netherlands
  23. NORD.LINK: Germany Norway
  24. Skagerrak 1, 2, 3, and 4: Tjele, Denmark Kristiansand, Norway
  25. Konti-Skan 1 and 2: VesterHassing, Denmark Stenkullen, Sweden
  26. StoreBælt: Fyn, Denmark Zealand, Denmark
  27. Baltic Cable: Lübeck- Herrenwyk, Germany Kruseberg, Sweden
  28. Kontek: Bjæverskov, Denmark Bentwisch, Germany
  29. SydVästlänken
  30. SwePol: Stärnö, Sweden Wierzbięcin (Słupsk), Poland
  31. LitPol Link
  32. NordBalt
  33. HVDC Visby–Näs
  34. Gotland: Västervik, Sweden Ygne, Sweden
  35. Fenno-Skan: Rauma, Finland Dannebo, Sweden, Fenno-Skan 2
  36. ÅL-link
  37. Estlink: Harku, Estonia Espoo, Finland
  38. Estlink 2
  39. Cometa: Valencia, Spain Mallorca, Spain
  40. INELFE
  41. HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia: "SACOI" Codrongianos, Sardinia, Italy Lucciana, Corsica, France Suvereto, Italy (mainland)
  42. SAPEI, Sardinia Italian mainland
  43. HVDC MON.ITA Project
  44. HVDC Italy-Greece: Arachthos, Greece Galatina, Italy
  45. EuroAsia Interconnector
  46. EuroAfrica Interconnector

See also

References

  1. HVDC Projects List, March 2012 - Existing or Under Construction (PDF), Ece.uidaho.edu, accessed in February 2014
  2. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  3. "ABB wins $50 million HVDC order in Mozambique". Abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  4. "References - ABB". Abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  5. "ABB wins $107 million power order in Africa". Abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  6. "Winne.com - Report on Congo DRC, Paving the reconstruction". Winne.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  7. "ABB commissions Caprivi link". 1 January 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  8. "Basslink". Basslink.com.au. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  9. Joerg Dorn; Dietmar Retzmann; Cristen Schimpf; Dag Soerangr (2007-11-06). "HVDC Solutions for System Interconnection and Advanced Grid Access" (PDF). EPRI HVDC conference 2007-09-13 to 14. Siemens: 44. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  10. "HVDC Inter-Island Link Project - Transpower". Transpower New Zealand. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  11. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  12. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  13. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  14. "HVDC in China" (PDF). Dsius.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  15. "ROLE OF THREE GORGES - CHANGZHOU HVDC IN INTERCONNECTING CENTRAL AND EAST CHINA" (PDF). ABB Asea Brown Boveri. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
  16. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  17. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  18. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  19. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  20. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  21. "China-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd". 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  22. "China-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd". 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  23. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  24. world's first multi-terminal VSC HVDC transmission project Archived 2014-03-01 at the Wayback Machine, accessed in February 2014
  25. world's first multi-terminal VSC HVDC transmission project , accessed in February 2014 Archived February 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  26. , Alstom Press Release, 7 July 2014.
  27. "Error - LS Cable". m.lscns.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  28. Zhoushan Multi-terminal DC Interconnection, accessed in February 2014 Archived April 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  29. "Champa ±800 kV UHVDC" (PDF). Alstom.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  30. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  31. "Case Study Zhangbei DC Grid" (PDF).
  32. {{cite web|url= http://cpec.gov.pk/project-details/17 |title= Matiari To Lahore ±660kV HVDC Transmission Line Project}
  33. "India to Build Longest 800kV UHVDC Transmission Line". 11 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  34. "The New Hokkaido-Honshu HVDC Link" (PDF).
  35. "New Hokkaido-Honshu VSC HVDC Commissioned, Interconnecting Hokkaido and the Main Island of Honshu". 28 March 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  36. "The Gotland HVDC link". abb.com.
  37. Kingsnorth Power Station brochure on the DC system (Kingsnorth to London HVDC power reinforcement scheme - dated 1975)
  38. "Skagerrak". abb.com.
  39. "New lease on life for northern European power link". abb.com.
  40. "ABB wins $180 million order for Norway-Denmark power transmission link". abb.com.
  41. "National Grid info on IFA". Interconnections - France. National Grid plc. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  42. "SwePol Link". abb.com.
  43. "Mutual Energy". Mutual Energy. Mutual Energy. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  44. Working Group on HVDC and FACTS Bibliography and Records (2008-07-07). "HVDC PROJECTS LISTING" (PDF). IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  45. "BritNed cable live today" (Press release). BritNed. 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  46. "BritNed organisation". BritNed. BritNed. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  47. "National Grid on BritNed". Interconnectors - Netherlands. National Grid plc. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  48. "SAPEI". abb.com.
  49. "ABB wins $180 million order for undersea power link in Italy". abb.com.
  50. "ABB press release". ABB power link to Valhall. ABB. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  51. "Valhall HVDC by ABB". ABB refs Valhall. ABB. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  52. "BorWin1". abb.com.
  53. "ABB wins power order worth more than $400 million for world's largest offshore wind farm". abb.com.
  54. BorWin1 - Transmission project. YouTube. 7 July 2010.
  55. "Overview of EirGrid Connection" (PDF). Paper presented at UPEC 2013. ABB. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  56. "ABB Fenno-Skan - ABB HVDC Reference Projects in Europe (HVDC References)". abb.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-20.
  57. "ABB to upgrade transmission control for Scandinavian power interconnector". abb.com.
  58. "New Fenno-Skan 2 HVDC pole with an upgrade of the existing Fenno-Skan 1 pole". Search-ext.abb.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  59. "Åland". abb.com.
  60. "ABB wins $130-million HVDC order for subsea power transmission link in Finland". abb.com.
  61. "Åland Link project management" (PDF). pöyry case summary. Pöyry SwedPower AB. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  62. "Wir bringen die Windenergie vom Meer an Land - TenneT TSO GmbH". tennettso.de.
  63. "DolWin1". abb.com.
  64. "Wir bringen die Windenergie vom Meer an Land - TenneT TSO GmbH". Tennettso.de. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  65. "2014 INELFE, France-Spain" (PDF) (Press release). Siemens. 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
  66. "REE on INELFE". Spain-France underground interconnection. Red Eléctrica da España. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  67. "INEFE ready for testing". HVDC link between France and Spain. Siemens. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  68. "Crossing Mountains to Connect Two Countries". TD world. 8 June 2017. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  69. "Russia's Power Grip Over Baltics Ending With Billion-Euro Cables". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  70. "LITPOL Link". litpol-link.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
  71. "ABB wins $110 million power order to interconnect Lithuania and Poland". abb.com.
  72. "LitPol Link". Abb.com.
  73. "NordBalt". Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  74. "ABB press release". ABB sets world record. ABB. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  75. "Wir bringen die Windenergie vom Meer an Land - TenneT TSO GmbH". tennettso.de.
  76. "ABB wins $270 million order from Statoil for world's largest offshore gas platform". abb.com.
  77. "Inauguration event of ABB technologies at the Troll A platform in Norway". abb.com.
  78. "The Troll area". statoil.com. Archived from the original on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
  79. "ABB signs US$ 230 million in contracts with Statoil". abb.com.
  80. "ABB HVDC Light - Electrical/Integrated Project Solutions (Offshore Production)". abb.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
  81. "Very high voltage synchronous motors". abb.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
  82. "DolWin2". Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  83. "Offshore wind energy: TenneT awards "DolWin3"project to Alstom, marking next step in Germany's energy turnaround". alstom.com.
  84. "Nexans wins major subsea cable contract for Terna's new HVDC power interconnection between Italy and Montenegro". 30 October 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  85. "Toshiba wins EPC Contract for HVDC power conversion system". Toshiba Press Release. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  86. "HVDC MON.ITA Project" (PDF). Terna Crna Gora. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  87. "Q&A". Western HVDC. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  88. "NG ETYS 2015". Electricity 10 year statement. National Grid plc. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  89. "Caithness Moray HVDC". Caithness Moray. SSE Power Distribution. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  90. "ABB information". Caithness Moray HVDC Link. ABB. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  91. "Energienet in English". Cable to NL - COBRACable. Energienet.DK. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  92. "COBRAcable". TenneT. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  93. "Works starts in Eemshaven on COBRAcable – a 'green' subsea electricity highway between the Netherlands and Denmark". TenneT. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  94. "Offshore wind : Cobra cable" (PDF). Alstom.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  95. "ElecLink". Eleclink. ElecLink. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  96. "Foundation laid for UK-France link". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  97. https://www.equinor.com/en/news/2018-10-09-johan-sverdrup-powered-shore.html
  98. https://www.tennet.eu/our-grid/offshore-projects-germany/dolwin5/
  99. https://www.tennet.eu/our-grid/offshore-projects-germany/dolwin6/
  100. "Alstom will supply converter stations to Italy-France interconnector - Enerdata". Enerdata.net. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  101. New strategic interconnection Italy-France for Terna R. I. and RTE, Prysmian Press Release, 26 March 2015.
  102. "RTE on France Italy link". Savoie-Piémont: 190 km. RTE France. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  103. "Terna on Italy France link". Italy - France, the invisible line. Terna. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  104. "Nemo Link news June '15". Nemo Link news June '15. Nemo Link. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  105. "Nemo Link". Nemo Link. Nemo Link. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  106. "Siemens re Nemo Link". Siemens wins major HVDC order to connect British and Belgian power grid. Siemens. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  107. "ALEGrO Project". ALEGrO Project. Elia. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  108. "Siemens Energy supplies HVDC technology for electricity link between Germany and Belgium". www.windtech-international.com. 10 November 2020. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  109. "IFA2 - National Grid". France - National Grid. National Grid plc. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  110. "IFA2 - RTE info". Interconnection France Angleterre (in French). RTE. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  111. "IFA2 Brochure" (PDF). IFA2 brochure d'information. RTE. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  112. "IFA2: low-carbon electricity now flowing through second UK-France interconnector". National Grid. National Grid. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  113. "NORDLINK - Statnett". NORDLINK - Projects -Statnett. Statnett. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  114. "NORDLINK - TenneT". NordLink. TenneT. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  115. "NORDLINK ABB". ABB Press Release re order. ABB. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  116. "Heading for British clarification of interconnector framework conditions". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  117. "Cable to the UK". Statnett. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  118. "€1.5 billion contracts awarded to build the world's longest interconnector". statnett. Archived from the original on 2015-08-17. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
  119. "What is NSN Link? | NSN Link". nsninterconnector.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
  120. https://www.equinor.com/en/news/2018-10-09-johan-sverdrup-powered-shore.html
  121. "FAB Link". Fab Link. FAB Link. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  122. "Alderney Renewable Energy". FAB - Alderney Renewable Energy. ARE. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  123. "Caithness". Caithness HVDC. SSE PD. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  124. "Shetland HVDC Link". Shetland. SSE Power Distribution. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  125. "Shetland HVDC -4C". Shetland HVDC Interconnector. 4Coffshore. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  126. "SSE PD in Scotland". Western Isles. SSE Power Distribution. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  127. "EuroAsia Interconnector Project". EuroAsia Interconnector. EuroAsia Interconnector. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  128. "EU PCI 2013 - see Cyprus" (PDF). EU Projects of Common Interest. European Commission. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  129. "NorthConnect Project". NorthConnect. NorthConnect, Norway. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  130. "Ofgem clears Scotland-Norway power cable". Bbc.com. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  131. "Viking Link". Viking Link. Viking Link. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  132. The EuroAfrica Interconnector
  133. Electricity Cable Aims to Link Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Bloomberg, February 8, 2017
  134. EuroAfrica 2,000MW cable boosts Egypt-Cyprus ties, Financial Mirror February 8, 2017
  135. EEHC, Euro Africa Company sign MoU to conduct a feasibility study to link Egypt, Cyprus, Greece, Daily News Egypt,February 6, 2017
  136. "Eastern HVDC Link Interconnector". 4coffshore.com. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  137. "The Project". www.eirgridgroup.com. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  138. https://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/interconnector-icelink-icid48.html
  139. https://www.4coffshore.com/news/abb-and-aibel-net-dogger-bank-bounty-nid14371.html
  140. https://www.nkt.com/news-press-releases/nkt-confirms-order-for-dogger-bank-offshore-wind-farms-creyke-beck-a-b
  141. https://www.4coffshore.com/news/abb-and-aibel-net-dogger-bank-bounty-nid14371.html
  142. https://www.nkt.com/news-press-releases/nkt-confirms-order-for-dogger-bank-offshore-wind-farms-creyke-beck-a-b
  143. "SuedOstLink: First award of contract for plastic-insulated underground cable for 525 kilovolts". www.50hertz.com. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  144. "News on trial operations of LitPol Link". LitPol Link News. LitPol-link.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  145. "Shetland Windfarm". Viking Energy - Timeline. Viking Energy. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  146. James A. Besha, The historic Mechanicville Hydroelectric Station part 2, IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS MAGAZINE Mar/Apr 2007, page 8
  147. "ABB Rededicates Sylmar Converter Station". Abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  148. "Pacific Intertie". Abb.com.
  149. Siemens HVDC Reference List, Energy.siemens.com, accessed in February 2014.
  150. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  151. "Square Butte annual report 2004" (PDF). Web.archive.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  152. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  153. Fairley, Peter (April 2005). "TransÉnergie: Playing Two Power Games". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
  154. "What is Neptune RTS?". Archived from the original on May 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  155. Westerweller T., Friedrich, K., Armonies, U., Orini, A., Parquet, D., Wehn, S., Trans Bay cable – world's first HVDC system using multilevel voltage-sourced converter, CIGRÉ session, Paris, 2010, paper reference B4-101
  156. "IEEE PES; HVDC Systems and Trans-Bay Cable" (PDF). 16 March 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  157. "HDVC Plus Technology provided by Siemens". 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  158. "AESO 2013 Long-term Transmission Plan" (PDF). Alberta Electric System Operator. January 2014. pp. 77–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-02.
  159. Bachusky, Johnnie (2015-01-27). "Billion dollar transmission line is complete". Mountain View Gazette. Olds, AB. Archived from the original on 2015-02-02. Retrieved 2015-02-02.
  160. Roberts, Stephen (July 7, 2014). "Muskrat Falls work well underway in Forteau". Northern Pen. St. Anthony: Transcontinental Media G.P. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
  161. "Awarded Contracts: Muskrat Falls Generation and Labrador-Island Link". Nalcor Energy. Retrieved 2014-07-26. CD0501 Supply and Install Converter Stations and Transition Compounds 19-Jun-2014
  162. "ABB awarded $400 million order for Maritime Link power project in Canada" (Press release). Zurich, Switzerland: ABB. July 9, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
  163. "Maritime Link Infrastructure". Emera Newfoundland and Labrador. 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
  164. "4.1.3". Maritime Link Environmental Assessment Report (PDF) (Report). Emera Newfoundland and Labrador. January 10, 2013. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
  165. "Maritime Link construction underway in western Newfoundland". CBC News. 2014-11-27. Retrieved 2014-11-27.
  166. "Plains & Eastern Clean Line". Plainsandeasterncleanline.com. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  167. Cardwell, Diane (25 March 2016). "Wind Power Transmission Project in Plains Earns U.S. Approval". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  168. "TDI New England Files State Permit Application for the New England Clean Power Link". Transmission & Distribution World. New York, NY: Penton. 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
  169. "NECPL Submarine Cable Installation" (PDF). New England Clean Power Link: Project Development Portal. TDI New England. 2014-10-09. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
  170. "Cable connection to the main Hydro-Québec grid through Gaspésie". hydroquebec.com. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  171. Presidential Permit: Sea Breeze Pacific Regional Transmission System, Inc. (PDF), United States Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, June 11, 2008, PP-299
  172. HVDC Light technical background (PDF), Sea Breeze Olympic Converter LP, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-06, retrieved 2015-08-17 via Bonneville Power Administration
  173. "Rock Island Clean Line". Rockislandcleanline.com. 23 March 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  174. "BLM/Western publish fifth EIS update newsletter" (Press release). Transwest Express LLC. 2014-11-26. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
  175. "Delivering Wyoming wind energy to the West". TransWest Express Transmission Project. TransWest Express LLC. 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
  176. "Global Transmission Report : TransWest Express Project, US". 6 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  177. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  178. Archived May 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  179. "Eel River". abb.com.
  180. "News" (PDF). Nbpower.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  181. "Châteauguay". abb.com.
  182. "ABB to upgrade transmission control for vital North American power interconnector". abb.com.
  183. "ABB Oklaunion - ABB HVDC Reference Projects in North America (HVDC References)". abb.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-20. Retrieved 2015-04-20.
  184. "ABB awarded $60 million HVDC order to support grid reliability in Texas". abb.com.
  185. "Blackwater". abb.com.
  186. "ABB to upgrade control and valve cooling system for HVDC station in New Mexico". abb.com.
  187. "Highgate". abb.com.
  188. "HVDC Transformers- details". Siemens. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  189. "Brazil-Argentina HVDC Interconnection". abb.com.
  190. Archived November 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  191. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  192. "THE SECOND 1 x 500 MW HVDC BACK-TO-BACK INTERCONNECTION AT VIZAG" (PDF). 2005-09-29. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  193. "Lingbao II". abb.com.
  194. "ABB wins orders worth $8-million to upgrade HVDC station in China". abb.com.
  195. "APPLICATION OF THE GRID POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (GPFC) IN A BACK TO BACK PROJECT- details" (PDF). Siemens. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
  196. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2009-03-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  197. "Rio Madeira". abb.com.
  198. "ABB wins $540-million order in Brazil for world's longest power transmission link". abb.com.
  199. "Designing Madeira Transmission System - Transmission content from TDWorld". tdworld.com.
  200. A remarkable journey - Transportation of the world's largest HVDC transformers. YouTube. 20 June 2012.
  201. "The Rio Madeira HVDC System – Design aspects of Bipole 1 and the connector to Acre-Rondônia". Search-ext.abb.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  202. Kohnstam, Peter (April 22, 2013). "High Voltage Direct Current Transmission" (PDF). Energy.gov.
  203. "Siemens HVDC technology to transmit eco-friendly electric power from Georgia to Turkey : Press release" (PDF). Alstom.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  204. "Mackinac". abb.com.
  205. "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  206. "HVDC Advances in the Russia - Substations content from TDWorld". Tdworld.com.

Sources

  • Vijay K. Sood. HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications Of Static Converters In Power Systems. Springer-Verlag. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4020-7890-3.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.