Transmission tower

A transmission tower or power tower (alternatively electricity pylon or variations) is a tall structure, usually a steel lattice tower, used to support an overhead power line.

Transmission tower
A transmission tower
TypeStructure, lattice tower and overhead power line
First production20th century

In electrical grids, they are generally used to carry high-voltage transmission lines that transport bulk electric power from generating stations to electrical substations; utility poles are used to support lower-voltage subtransmission and distribution lines that transport power from substations to electric customers. They come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Typical height ranges from 15 to 55 m (49 to 180 ft),[1] though the tallest are the 380 m (1,247 ft) towers of a 2,656 m (8,714 ft) span between the islands Jintang and Cezi. The longest span of any hydroelectric crossing ever built belongs to the powerline crossing of Ameralik fjord with a length of 5,376 m (17,638 ft). In addition to steel, other materials may be used, including concrete and wood.

There are four major categories of transmission towers:[1] suspension, terminal, tension, and transposition. Some transmission towers combine these basic functions. Transmission towers and their overhead power lines are often considered to be a form of visual pollution. Methods to reduce the visual effect include undergrounding.

Naming

Transmission tower in Toronto, ON
A line worker on a tower

"Transmission tower" is the name for the structure used in the industry in the United States and some other English-speaking countries. The term "pylon" comes from the basic shape of the structure, an obelisk-like structure which tapers toward the top, and the name is mostly used in the United Kingdom and parts of Europe in everyday colloquial speech. This term is used infrequently in most regions of the United States, as the word "pylon" is commonly used for many other things, mostly for traffic cones. The use of "pylon" is more common in the Midwest, including areas such as Cincinnati and Chicago. The term "Cyril" is an alternative name and is used in England.

High voltage AC transmission towers

Single-circuit three-phase transmission line

Three-phase electric power systems are used for high voltage (66- or 69-kV and above) and extra-high voltage (110- or 115-kV and above; most often 138- or 230-kV and above in contemporary systems) AC transmission lines. In some European countries, e.g. Germany, Spain or Czech Republic, smaller lattice towers are used for medium voltage (above 10 kV) transmission lines too. The towers must be designed to carry three (or multiples of three) conductors. The towers are usually steel lattices or trusses (wooden structures are used in Canada, Germany, and Scandinavia in some cases) and the insulators are either glass or porcelain discs or composite insulators using silicone rubber or EPDM rubber material assembled in strings or long rods whose lengths are dependent on the line voltage and environmental conditions.

Typically, one or two ground wires, also called "guard" wires, are placed on top to intercept lightning and harmlessly divert it to ground.

Towers for high- and extra-high voltage are usually designed to carry two or more electric circuits (with very rare exceptions, only one circuit for 500-kV and higher). If a line is constructed using towers designed to carry several circuits, it is not necessary to install all the circuits at the time of construction. Indeed, for economic reasons, some transmission lines are designed for three (or four) circuits, but only two (or three) circuits are initially installed.

Some high voltage circuits are often erected on the same tower as 110 kV lines. Paralleling circuits of 380 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV-lines on the same towers is common. Sometimes, especially with 110 kV circuits, a parallel circuit carries traction lines for railway electrification.

High voltage DC transmission towers

HVDC distance tower near the terminus of the Nelson River Bipole adjacent to Dorsey Converter Station near Rosser, Manitoba, Canada — August 2005

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines are either monopolar or bipolar systems. With bipolar systems, a conductor arrangement with one conductor on each side of the tower is used. On some schemes, the ground conductor is used as electrode line or ground return. In this case, it had to be installed with insulators equipped with surge arrestors on the pylons in order to prevent electrochemical corrosion of the pylons. For single-pole HVDC transmission with ground return, towers with only one conductor can be used. In many cases, however, the towers are designed for later conversion to a two-pole system. In these cases, often conductors on both sides of the tower are installed for mechanical reasons. Until the second pole is needed, it is either used as electrode line or joined in parallel with the pole in use. In the latter case, the line from the converter station to the earthing (grounding) electrode is built as underground cable, as overhead line on a separate right of way or by using the ground conductors.

Electrode line towers are used in some HVDC schemes to carry the power line from the converter station to the grounding electrode. They are similar to structures used for lines with voltages of 10–30 kV, but normally carry only one or two conductors.

AC transmission towers may be converted to full or mixed HVDC use, to increase power transmission levels at a lower cost than building a new transmission line.[2][3]

Railway traction line towers

Tension tower with phase transposition of a powerline for single-phase AC traction current (110 kV, 16.67 Hz) near Bartholomä, Germany

Towers used for single-phase AC railway traction lines are similar in construction to those towers used for 110 kV three-phase lines. Steel tube or concrete poles are also often used for these lines. However, railway traction current systems are two-pole AC systems, so traction lines are designed for two conductors (or multiples of two, usually four, eight, or twelve). These are usually arranged on one level, whereby each circuit occupies one half of the cross arm. For four traction circuits, the arrangement of the conductors is in two levels and for six electric circuits, the arrangement of the conductors is in three levels.

Towers for different types of currents

Pylon in Sweden about 1918.

AC circuits of different frequency and phase-count, or AC and DC circuits, may be installed on the same tower. Usually all circuits of such lines have voltages of 50 kV and more. However, there are some lines of this type for lower voltages. For example, towers used by both railway traction power circuits and the general three-phase AC grid.

Two very short sections of line carry both AC and DC power circuits. One set of such towers is near the terminal of HVDC Volgograd-Donbass on Volga Hydroelectric Power Station. The other are two towers south of Stenkullen, which carry one circuit of HVDC Konti-Skan and one circuit of the three-phase AC line Stenkullen-Holmbakullen.

Towers carrying AC circuits and DC electrode lines exist in a section of the powerline between Adalph Static Inverter Plant and Brookston the pylons carry the electrode line of HVDC Square Butte.

The electrode line of HVDC CU at the converter station at Coal Creek Station uses on a short section the towers of two AC lines as support.

The overhead section of the electrode line of Pacific DC Intertie from Sylmar Converter Station to the grounding electrode in the Pacific Ocean near Will Rogers State Beach is also installed on AC pylons. It runs from Sylmar East Converter Station to Southern California Edison Malibu Substation, where the overhead line section ends.

In Germany, Austria and Switzerland some transmission towers carry both public AC grid circuits and railway traction power in order to better use rights of way.

Tower designs

Shape

Guyed "Delta" transmission tower (a combination of guyed "V" and "Y") in Nevada.

Different shapes of transmission towers are typical for different countries. The shape also depends on voltage and number of circuits.

One circuit

Delta pylons are the most common design for single circuit lines, because of their stability. They have a V-shaped body with a horizontal arm on the top, which forms an inverted Delta. Larger Delta towers usually use two guard cables.

Portal pylons are widely used in Ireland, Scandinavia and Canada. They stand on two legs with one cross arm, which gives them a H-shape. Up to 110 kV they often were made from wood, but higher voltage lines use steel pylons.

Smaller single circuit pylons may have two small cross arms on one side and one on the other.

Two circuits

One level pylons only have one cross arm carrying 3 cables on each side. Sometimes they have an additional cross arm for the protection cables. They are frequently used close to airports due to their reduced height.

Typical T-shaped 110 kV tower from the former GDR.

Danube pylons or Donaumasten got their name from a line built in 1927 next to the Danube river. They are the most common design in central European countries like Germany or Poland. They have two cross arms, the upper arm carries one and the lower arm carries two cables on each side. Sometimes they have an additional cross arm for the protection cables.

Ton shaped towers are the most common design, they have 3 horizontal levels with one cable very close to the pylon on each side. In the United Kingdom the second level is often (but not always) wider than the other ones while in the United States all cross arms have the same width.

A close up of the wires attached to the pylon, showing the various parts annotated.

Four circuits

Christmas-tree-shaped towers for 4 or even 6 circuits are common in Germany and have 3 cross arms where the highest arm has each one cable, the second has two cables and the third has three cables on each side. The cables on the third arm usually carry circuits for lower high voltage.

Support structures

Danube pole for 110 kV in Germany, built in the 1930s

Towers may be self-supporting and capable of resisting all forces due to conductor loads, unbalanced conductors, wind and ice in any direction. Such towers often have approximately square bases and usually four points of contact with the ground.

A semi-flexible tower is designed so that it can use overhead grounding wires to transfer mechanical load to adjacent structures, if a phase conductor breaks and the structure is subject to unbalanced loads. This type is useful at extra-high voltages, where phase conductors are bundled (two or more wires per phase). It is unlikely for all of them to break at once, barring a catastrophic crash or storm.

A guyed mast has a very small footprint and relies on guy wires in tension to support the structure and any unbalanced tension load from the conductors. A guyed tower can be made in a V shape, which saves weight and cost.[4]

Tubular steel

Steel tube tower next to older lattice tower near Wagga Wagga, Australia

Poles made of tubular steel generally are assembled at the factory and placed on the right-of-way afterward. Because of its durability and ease of manufacturing and installation, many utilities in recent years prefer the use of monopolar steel or concrete towers over lattice steel for new power lines and tower replacements.

In Germany steel tube pylons are also established predominantly for medium voltage lines, in addition, for high voltage transmission lines or two electric circuits for operating voltages by up to 110 kV. Steel tube pylons are also frequently used for 380 kV lines in France, and for 500 kV lines in the United States.

Lattice

A lattice tower is a framework construction made of steel or aluminium sections. Lattice towers are used for power lines of all voltages, and are the most common type for high-voltage transmission lines. Lattice towers are usually made of galvanized steel. Aluminium is used for reduced weight, such as in mountainous areas where structures are placed by helicopter. Aluminium is also used in environments that would be corrosive to steel. The extra material cost of aluminium towers will be offset by lower installation cost. Design of aluminium lattice towers is similar to that for steel, but must take into account aluminium's lower Young's modulus.

A lattice tower is usually assembled at the location where it is to be erected. This makes very tall towers possible, up to 100 m (328 ft) (and in special cases even higher, as in the Elbe crossing 1 and Elbe crossing 2). Assembly of lattice steel towers can be done using a crane. Lattice steel towers are generally made of angle-profiled steel beams (L- or T-beams). For very tall towers, trusses are often used.

Wood

Wood and metal crossbar
Wooden lattice transmission tower in inle Lake (Myanmar).
Simple wooden transmission tower in Mongolia

Wood is a material which is limited in use in high-voltage transmission. Because of the limited height of available trees, the maximum height of wooden pylons is limited to approximately 30 m (98 ft). Wood is rarely used for lattice framework. Instead, they are used to build multi-pole structures, such as H-frame and K-frame structures. The voltages they carry are also limited, such as in other regions, where wood structures only carry voltages up to approximately 30 kV.

In countries such as Canada or the United States, wooden towers carry voltages up to 345 kV; these can be less costly than steel structures and take advantage of the surge voltage insulating properties of wood.[4] As of 2012, 345 kV lines on wood towers are still in use in the US and some are still being constructed on this technology.[5][6] Wood can also be used for temporary structures while constructing a permanent replacement.

Concrete

A reinforced concrete pole in Germany

Concrete pylons are used in Germany normally only for lines with operating voltages below 30 kV. In exceptional cases, concrete pylons are used also for 110 kV lines, as well as for the public grid or for the railway traction current grid. In Switzerland, concrete pylons with heights of up to 59.5 metres (world's tallest pylon of prefabricated concrete at Littau) are used for 380 kV overhead lines. Concrete poles are also used in Canada and the United States.

Concrete pylons, which are not prefabricated, are also used for constructions taller than 60 metres. One example is a 66 m (217 ft) tall pylon of a 380 kV powerline near Reuter West Power Plant in Berlin. Such pylons look like industrial chimneys. In China some pylons for lines crossing rivers were built of concrete. The tallest of these pylons belong to the Yangtze Powerline crossing at Nanjing with a height of 257 m (843 ft).

Special designs

Sometimes (in particular on steel lattice towers for the highest voltage levels) transmitting plants are installed, and antennas mounted on the top above or below the overhead ground wire. Usually these installations are for mobile phone services or the operating radio of the power supply firm, but occasionally also for other radio services, like directional radio. Thus transmitting antennas for low-power FM radio and television transmitters were already installed on pylons. On the Elbe Crossing 1 tower, there is a radar facility belonging to the Hamburg water and navigation office.

For crossing broad valleys, a large distance between the conductors must be maintained to avoid short-circuits caused by conductor cables colliding during storms. To achieve this, sometimes a separate mast or tower is used for each conductor. For crossing wide rivers and straits with flat coastlines, very tall towers must be built due to the necessity of a large height clearance for navigation. Such towers and the conductors they carry must be equipped with flight safety lamps and reflectors.

Two well-known wide river crossings are the Elbe Crossing 1 and Elbe Crossing 2. The latter has the tallest overhead line masts in Europe, at 227 m (745 ft) tall. In Spain, the overhead line crossing pylons in the Spanish bay of Cádiz have a particularly interesting construction. The main crossing towers are 158 m (518 ft) tall with one crossarm atop a frustum framework construction. The longest overhead line spans are the crossing of the Norwegian Sognefjord (4,597 m (15,082 ft) between two masts) and the Ameralik Span in Greenland (5,376 m (17,638 ft)). In Germany, the overhead line of the EnBW AG crossing of the Eyachtal has the longest span in the country at 1,444 m (4,738 ft).

In order to drop overhead lines into steep, deep valleys, inclined towers are occasionally used. These are utilized at the Hoover Dam, located in the United States, to descend the cliff walls of the Black Canyon of the Colorado. In Switzerland, a pylon inclined around 20 degrees to the vertical is located near Sargans, St. Gallens. Highly sloping masts are used on two 380 kV pylons in Switzerland, the top 32 meters of one of them being bent by 18 degrees to the vertical.

Power station chimneys are sometimes equipped with crossbars for fixing conductors of the outgoing lines. Because of possible problems with corrosion by flue gases, such constructions are very rare.

A new type of pylon, called Wintrack pylons, will be used in the Netherlands starting in 2010. The pylons were designed as a minimalist structure by Dutch architects Zwarts and Jansma. The use of physical laws for the design made a reduction of the magnetic field possible. Also, the visual impact on the surrounding landscape is reduced.[7]

Two clown-shaped pylons appear in Hungary, on both sides of the M5 motorway, near Újhartyán.[8]

The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, U.S., and American Electric Power paired to conceive, design, and install goal post-shaped towers located on both sides of Interstate 77 near the hall as part of a power infrastructure upgrade.[9]

The Mickey Pylon is a Mickey Mouse shaped transmission tower on the side of Interstate 4, near Walt Disney World in Orlando, FL.

Assembly

Cable riggers atop a pylon engaged in adding a fiber optic data cable wound around the top tower stay cable. The cable (SkyWrap) is wound on by a traveling machine, which rotates a cable drum around the support cable as it goes. This travels under its own power from tower to tower, where it is dismantled and hoisted across to the opposite side. In the picture, the motor unit has been moved across but the cable drum is still on the arrival side.

Before transmission towers are even erected, prototype towers are tested at tower testing stations. There are a variety of ways they can then be assembled and erected:

Temporary guyed pylon next to a commenced new tower
  • They can be assembled horizontally on the ground and erected by push-pull cable. This method is rarely used because of the large assembly area needed.
  • They can be assembled vertically (in their final upright position). Very tall towers, such as the Yangtze River Crossing, were assembled in this way.
  • A jin-pole crane can be used to assemble lattice towers.[10] This is also used for utility poles.
  • Helicopters can serve as aerial cranes for their assembly in areas with limited accessibility. Towers can also be assembled elsewhere and flown to their place on the transmission right-of-way.[11] Helicopters may also be used for transporting disassembled towers for scrapping.[12]

Markers

A typical tower identification tag

The International Civil Aviation Organization issues recommendations on markers for towers and the conductors suspended between them. Certain jurisdictions will make these recommendations mandatory, for example that certain power lines must have overhead wire markers placed at intervals, and that warning lights be placed on any sufficiently high towers,[13] this is particularly true of transmission towers which are in close vicinity to airports.

Electricity pylons often have an identification tag marked with the name of the line (either the terminal points of the line or the internal designation of the power company) and the tower number. This makes identifying the location of a fault to the power company that owns the tower easier.

Transmission towers, much like other steel lattice towers including broadcasting or cellphone towers, are marked with signs which discourage public access due to the danger of the high voltage. Often this is accomplished with a sign warning of the high voltage. At other times, the entire access point to the transmission corridor is marked with a sign.

Tower functions

Three-phase alternating current transmission towers over water, near Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia

Tower structures can be classified by the way in which they support the line conductors.[14] Suspension structures support the conductor vertically using suspension insulators. Strain structures resist net tension in the conductors and the conductors attach to the structure through strain insulators. Dead-end structures support the full weight of the conductor and also all the tension in it, and also use strain insulators.

Structures are classified as tangent suspension, angle suspension, tangent strain, angle strain, tangent dead-end and angle dead-end.[4] Where the conductors are in a straight line, a tangent tower is used. Angle towers are used where a line must change direction.

Cross arms and conductor arrangement

Generally three conductors are required per AC 3-phase circuit, although single-phase and DC circuits are also carried on towers. Conductors may be arranged in one plane, or by use of several cross-arms may be arranged in a roughly symmetrical, triangulated pattern to balance the impedances of all three phases. If more than one circuit is required to be carried and the width of the line right-of-way does not permit multiple towers to be used, two or three circuits can be carried on the same tower using several levels of cross-arms. Often multiple circuits are the same voltage, but mixed voltages can be found on some structures.

Other features

Insulators

A high voltage insulator in the UK. Arcing horns are also in place.

Insulators electrically isolate the live side of the transmission cables from the tower structure and earth. They are either glass or porcelain discs or composite insulators using silicone rubber or EPDM rubber material. They are assembled in strings or long rods whose lengths are dependent on the line voltage and environmental conditions. By using disks the shortest surface electrical path between the ends is maximised which reduces the chance of a leakage in moist conditions.

Stockbridge dampers

Stockbridge damper bolted to line close to the point of attachment to the tower. It prevents mechanical vibration building up in the line.

Stockbridge dampers are added to the transmission lines a meter or two from the tower. They consist of a short length of cable clamped in place parallel to the line itself and weighted at each end. The size and dimensions are carefully designed to damp any buildup of mechanical oscillation of the lines that could be induced by mechanical vibration most likely that caused by wind. Without them its possible for a standing wave to become established that grows in magnitude and destroys the line or the tower.

Arcing horns

Arcing horns. Designs may vary.

Arcing horns are sometimes added to the ends of the insulators in areas where voltage surges may occur. These may be caused by either lightning strikes or in switching operations. They protect power line insulators from damage due to arcing. They can be seen as rounded metal pipework at either end of the insulator and provide a path to earth in extreme circumstances without damaging the insulator.

Physical security

Towers will have a level of physical security to prevent members of the public or climbing animals from ascending them. This may take the form of a security fence or climbing baffles added to the supporting legs. Some countries require that lattice steel towers be equipped with a barbed wire barrier approximately 3 m (9.8 ft) above ground in order to deter unauthorized climbing. Such barriers can often be found on towers close to roads or other areas with easy public access, even where there is not a legal requirement. In the United Kingdom, all such towers are fitted with barbed wire.

Notable electricity transmission towers

The following electricity transmission towers are notable due to their enormous height, unusual design, unusual construction site or their use in artworks.

TowerYearCountryTownPinnacleRemarks
Jintang-Cezi Overhead Powerline Link2018-2019ChinaJintang Island380 m2656 metres long span between Jintang and Cezi island
Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie2009–2010ChinaDamao Island370 mWorld's highest power pylons[15] built by State Grid[16]
Jiangyin Yangtze River Crossing2003ChinaJiangyin346.5 m
Amazonas Crossing of Tucuruí transmission line2013Brazilnear Almeirim295 m[17]Tallest electricity pylons in South America
Yangtze River power line crossing of Shanghai-Huainan Powerline2013ChinaGaogouzhen269.75 m
Nanjing Yangtze River Crossing1992ChinaNanjing257 mTallest reinforced concrete pylons in the world
Pylons of Pearl River Crossing1987ChinaPearl River253 m + 240 m
Orinoco River Crossing1990VenezuelaCaroní240 m
Hooghly River CrossingIndiaDiamond Harbour236 m
Pylons of Messina 1957 Italy Messina 232 m (224 m without basement) Not used as pylons any more
HVDC Yangtze River Crossing Wuhu2003ChinaWuhu229 mTallest electricity pylons used for HVDC
Elbe Crossing 2 1976–1978 Germany Stade 227 m Tallest electricity pylons still in use in Europe
Chushi Powerline Crossing1962JapanTakehara226 mTallest electricity pylons in Japan
Daqi-Channel-Crossing1997JapanTakehara223 m
Overhead line crossing Suez Canal 1998 Egypt 221 m
Huainan Luohe Powerline Crossing1989ChinaHuainan202.5 mPylons of reinforced concrete
Yangzi River Crossing of HVDC Xianjiaba – Shanghai2009China???202 m[18]
Balakovo 500 kV Wolga Crossing, Tower East1983–1984RussiaBalakovo197 mTallest electricity pylon in Russia and ex-USSR
LingBei-Channel-Crossing1993JapanReihoku195 m
Doel Schelde Powerline Crossing 22019BelgiumAntwerpen192 mSecond crossing of Schelde River
400 kV Thames Crossing1965UKWest Thurrock190 m
Elbe Crossing 11958–1962GermanyStade189 m
Antwerp Deurganck dok crossing2000BelgiumAntwerpen178 mCrossing for a container quay
Línea de Transmisión Carapongo – Carabayllo 2015 Perú Lima 176 m Crossing of Rimac River
Tracy Saint Lawrence River Powerline Crossing?CanadaTracy174.6 mTallest electricity pylon in Canada
Doel Schelde Powerline Crossing 1[19]1974BelgiumAntwerpen170 mGroup of 2 towers with 1 pylon situated in the middle of Schelde River
Sunshine Mississippi Powerline Crossing1967United StatesSt. Gabriel, Louisiana164.6 mTallest electricity pylons in the United States ,
Lekkerkerk Crossing 11970NetherlandsLekkerkerk163 mTallest crossing in the Netherlands
Bosporus overhead line crossing III1999TurkeyIstanbul160 m
Balakovo 500 kV Wolga Crossing, Tower West1983–1984RussiaBalakovo159 m
Pylons of Cadiz1957–1960SpainCadiz158 m
Maracaibo Bay Powerline Crossing?VenezuelaMaracaibo150 mTowers on caissons
Meredosia-Ipava Illinois River Crossing2017United StatesBeardstown149.35 m
Aust Severn Powerline Crossing1959UKAust148.75 m
132 kV Thames Crossing1932UKWest Thurrock148.4 mDemolished in 1987
Karmsundet Powerline Crossing?NorwayKarmsundet143.5 m
Limfjorden Overhead powerline crossing 2?DenmarkRaerup141.7 m
Saint Lawrence River HVDC Quebec-New England Overhead Powerline Crossing1989CanadaDeschambault-Grondines140 mDismantled in 1992
Pylons of Voerde1926GermanyVoerde138 m
Köhlbrand Powerline Crossing?GermanyHamburg138 m
Bremen-Farge Weser Powerline Crossing?GermanyBremen135 m
Pylons of Ghesm Crossing1984IranStrait of Ghesm130 mOne pylon standing on a caisson in the sea
Shukhov tower on the Oka River1929RussiaDzerzhinsk128 mHyperboloid structure, 2 towers, one of them demolished
Tarchomin pylon of Tarchomin-Łomianki Vistula Powerline Crossing?PolandTarchomin127 m
Skolwin pylon of Skolwin-Inoujscie Odra Powerline Crossing?PolandSkolwin126 m
Enerhodar Dnipro Powerline Crossing 21977UkraineEnerhodar126 m
Inoujscie pylon of Skolwin-Inoujscie Odra Powerline Crossing?PolandInoujscie125 m
Bosporus overhead line crossing II1983TurkeyIstanbul124 m
Tista River Crossing1985IndiaJalpaiguri120 mPile Foundation
Duisburg-Wanheim Powerline Rhine Crossing?GermanyDuisburg122 m
Łomianki pylon of Tarchomin-Łomianki Vistula Powerline Crossing?PolandŁomianki121 m
Little Belt Overhead powerline crossing 2?DenmarkMiddelfart125.3 m / 119.2 m
Little Belt Overhead powerline crossing 2?DenmarkMiddelfart119.5 m / 113.1 m
Pylons of Duisburg-Rheinhausen1926GermanyDuisburg-Rheinhausen118.8 m
Bullenhausen Elbe Powerline Crossing?GermanyBullenhausen117 m
Lubaniew-Bobrowniki Vistula Powerline Crossing?PolandLubaniew/Bobrowniki117 m
Świerże Górne-Rybaków Vistula Powerline Crossing?PolandŚwierże Górne/Rybaków116 m
Ostrówek-Tursko Vistula Powerline Crossing?PolandOstrówek/Tursko115 m
Bosporus overhead line crossing I1957TurkeyIstanbul113 m
Riga Hydroelectric Power Plant Crossing Pylon1974LatviaSalaspils112 m
Bremen-Industriehafen Weser Powerline Crossing?GermanyBremen111 mTwo parallel running powerlines, one used for a single phase AC powerline of Deutsche Bahn AG
Probostwo Dolne pylon of Nowy Bógpomóz-Probostwo Dolne Vistula Powerline Crossing?PolandNowy Bógpomóz/Probostwo Dolne111 m
Daugava Powerline Crossing1975LatviaRiga110 m
Nowy Bógpomóz pylon of Nowy Bógpomóz-Probostwo Dolne Vistula Powerline Crossing?PolandNowy Bógpomóz109 m
Regów Golab Vistula Powerline Crossing?PolandRegów/Golab108 m
Ameren UE Tower?United StatesSt. Louis, Missouri106 mRadio tower with crossbars for powerline conductors
Orsoy Rhine Crossing?GermanyOrsoy105 m
Kerinchi Pylon1999MalaysiaKerinchi103 mTallest strainer pylon in the world, not part of a powerline crossing of a waterway
Limfjorden Overhead powerline crossing 1?DenmarkRaerup101.2 m
Enerhodar Dnipro Powerline Crossing 21977UkraineEnerhodar100 mPylons standing on caissons
Reisholz Rhine Powerline Crossing1917GermanyDüsseldorf?Under the legs of the pylon on the east shore of Rhine there runs the rail to nearby Holthausen substation
Sone River Crossing1983IndiaSone Bhadra (Uttar Pradesh)96 mPylons standing on Well Foundation
Strelasund Powerline Crossing?GermanySundhagen85 mPylons standing on caissons
380 kV Ems Overhead Powerline Crossing?GermanyMark (south of Weener)84 m
Pylon in the artificial lake of Santa Maria1959SwitzerlandLake of Santa Maria75 mPylon in an artificial lake
Facility 4101, Tower 931975GermanyHürth74.84 mcarried until 2010 an observation deck
Zaporizhzhia Pylon Triple?UkraineZaporizhzhia74.5 mTwo triple pylons used for a powerline crossing from Khortytsia Island to the east shore of Dneipr
Aggersund Crossing of Cross-Skagerrak1977DenmarkAggersund70 mTallest pylons used for HVDC-transmission in Europe
Eyachtal Span1992GermanyHöfen70 mLongest span of Germany (1444 metres)
Leaning pylon of Mingjian?TaiwanMingjian?Earthquake memorial
Carquinez Strait Powerline Crossing1901United StatesBenicia68 m + 20 mWorld's first powerline crossing of a larger waterway
Pylon 310 of powerline Innertkirchen-Littau-Mettlen1990SwitzerlandLittau59,5 mTallest pylon of prefabricated concrete
Anlage 2610, Mast 69?GermanyBochum47 mPylon of 220 kV powerline decorated with balls in Ruhr-Park mall.
Colossus of Eislingen1980GermanyEislingen/Fils47 mPylon standing over a small river
Pylon 24 of powerline Watari-Kashiwabara?JapanUchihara, Ibaraki45 mPylon standing over a public road with two lanes
Mickey Pylon1996USACelebration, Florida32 mMickey mouse shaped pylon
Source[20]2004FranceAmnéville les Thermes34 m / 28 m4 pylons forming an artwork
Huddersfield Narrow Canal Pylon1967UKStalybridge, Greater Manchester?Pylon standing over a waterway shipable by small boats

See also

References

  1. "Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution" (PDF). International Finance Corporation. 2007-04-30. p. 21. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  2. "Convert from AC to HVDC for higher power transmission". ABB Review: 64–69. 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  3. Liza Reed; Granger Morgan; Parth Vaishnav; Daniel Erian Armanios (9 July 2019). "Converting existing transmission corridors to HVDC is an overlooked option for increasing transmission capacity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (28): 13879–13884. doi:10.1073/pnas.1905656116. PMC 6628792. PMID 31221754.
  4. Donald Fink and Wayne Beaty (ed.) Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers 11th Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 1978, ISBN 0-07-020974-X, pp. 14-102 and 14-103
  5. http://www.spta.org/pdf/Reisdorff%20Lam%20%209-11.pdf
  6. Olive Development. "Winterport, Maine".
  7. "New High Voltage Pylons for the Netherlands". 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
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