List of Kazakh khans

Starting from the formation of the Kazakhs in the mid-15th century, the Kazakhs khans led both the unified Kazakh Khanate and later the three main Kazakh divisions. Khan is a title for a ruler used by nomadic and semi-nomadic groups throughout Central Asia.

The Kazakhs were originally members of the nomadic Uzbek tribes who, under the leadership of Abu'l-Khayr Khan, migrated from the northwestern part of the Dasht-i Qipchaq south towards Ma Wara'un-Nahr in the 1430s and 1440s and attacked parts of the Timurid Empire.[1] Two tribal leaders, Kerei and Janibek, who were themselves descendants of Urus Khan and by extension Genghis Khan, decided to leave the service of Abu'l-Khayr Khan. Those who followed Kerei and Janibek become known as the Uzbek-Kazakhs, Kazakh being a Turkic word which roughly translates as "vagabond" or "freebooter".[1] Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in 1468, and for the next three decades many of his followers began recognizing the authority of the Uzbek-Kazakh khans - Kerei, Janibek, and Kerei's son Burundyq.[2] By 1500, however, a new leader known as Muhammad Shaybani Khan united many of the Uzbeks under his control and pushed further south into modern-day Uzbekistan, while the Uzbek-Kazakhs, who by this time were known simply as Kazakhs, remained in the steppe.[2] The Uzbeks continued to be ruled by Muhammad Shaybani Khan and his descendants, while the Kazakhs were ruled by the descendants of Kerei and Janibek.

Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century.

After the death of Tauke Khan in 1718 the Kazakh Khanate ceased to exist as a unified entity. Instead, the three different jüz, or hordes, of the Kazakhs became independent units, each with their own khan.[3] Throughout the 18th century the Russians continued to expand into the steppe region. As part of diplomatic relations, the Kazakh khans, especially from the Junior jüz in the west, would declare allegiance to Russia and the tsar, though these declarations had no actual impact beyond words.[4] By the turn of the 19th century, however, the Russians began to exert authority over the Kazakhs and the position of khan. The Russians chose to not appoint a new khan for the Middle jüz after 1819 and abolished the position of khan in the Junior jüz after Shergazy Khan's death in 1824.

The Russians also effected the creation of a new line of khans, the "Inner Horde" or "Bokei jüz". This jüz was made up of members of the Junior jüz who were allowed in 1801 to use pastures west of the Ural river in Russian territory. The position of khan in the Bokei jüz lasted until 1845, when it was also abolished by the Russians.[5]

In the 1840s a man named Kenesary, a descendant of Ablay Khan, launched a rebellion against Russian rule, which by this time extended across most of modern-day Kazakhstan. He was recognized by most Kazakh leaders as Kenesary Khan, and is considered in Kazakh histories today to be an official khan, though he was never recognized by the Russian authorities as such. Though the Russians pursued Kenesary for years across the steppe, he had broad support among the Kazakhs and as a result was able to eluded capture until 1847, when he was executed in northern Kyrgyzstan.[5]

The following list shows the known khans of the Kazakhs from 1456 to 1847.

Kazakh Khans before the split into the three jüzs:
NameRuling periodName in Kazakh
Kerei1456–1473Керей
Janibek1473–1480Жәнібек
Burunduk1480–1511Бұрындық (Мұрындық)
Kasym1511–1518Қасым
Mamash1518–1523Мамаш
Taiyr1523–1533Тайыр
Buidash1533–1534Бұйдаш
Qojamqut1534–1535Қожамқұт
Togym1535–1537Тоғым
Haqnazar1538–1580Хақназар
Shygai1580–1582Шығай
Tauekel1582–1598Тәуекел
Esim1598–1628Есім
Jangir1628–1652Жәңгір
Batyr1652–1680Батыр
Tauke1680–1715Тәуке
Qaiyp1715–1718Қайып
Bolat1718–1729Болат
Abilmambet1729–1771Әбілмәмбет
Abylai1771–1781Абылай
Kenesary1841–1847Кенесары
Stamp of Kazakhstan devoted to Abul Khair Khan
Junior jüz khans:
NameRuling periodName in Kazakh
Abul Khair1718–1748Әбілқайыр
Nuraly1748–1786Нұралы
Eraly1791–1794Ералы
Esim1795–1797Есім
Aishuaq1797–1805Айшуақ
Shergazy1805–1824Шерғазы


Khans of Bokei:
NameRuling periodName in Kazakh
Bokei1801–1815Бөкей
Shygai1815–1823Шығай
Zhangir1823–1845Жәңгір
Stamp from Kazakhstan featuring Ablai Khan
Middle jüz khans:
NameRuling periodName in Kazakh
Sameke1719–1734Сәмеке
Abilmambet1734–1771Әбілмәмбет
Ablai Khan1771–1781Абылай Хан
Uali1781–1819Уәли
Gubaidolla1819–1822Ғұбайдолла
The last official khan during the Russian Empire:
NameRuling periodName in Kazakh
Kenesary1841–1847Кенесары
Central Asian Rebellion of 1916 (ru:Среднеазиатское восстание 1916 года):
NameRuling periodName in Kazakh
Abdighappar Janbosynuly (ru:Абдулгафар Жанбосынов)1916–1917Әбдіғаппар Жанбосынұлы

Notes

  1. Bregel, p. 44.
  2. Bregel, p. 50.
  3. Bregel, p. 58.
  4. Bregel, p. 60.
  5. Bregel, p. 62.

References

  • Bregel, Yuri. A Historical Atlas of Central Asia Handbook of Oriental Studies: Part 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. (Leiden: Brill) 2003.
  • Zholdaspaev, S. and D. Babaev. 7 klass - Istoriia srednevekogo Kazakhstana. (Almaty: Atamura) 2003.
  • Kasymbaev, Zh. K. 8 klass - Istoriia Kazakhstana (XVIII vek-1914). (Almaty: Mektep) 2004.
  • Test materials for History of Kazakhstan
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