List of companies founded by Harvard University alumni

This is a list of companies founded by Harvard University alumni, including attendees who enrolled in degree programs at Harvard University but did not eventually graduate. Companies founded by alumni of Radcliffe College ("Harvard Annex", 1879-1999) are not included in this list.[1] This list is not exhaustive, as it only includes notable companies of which the founding and development history is well recorded by reliable sources. In particular, subsidiaries are listed with their owners in parentheses.

Harvard is a highly successful university in attracting funding for start-up companies, and its alumni have created a large number of companies.[2][3][4] According to PitchBook, from 2006 to 2017, Harvard produced 844 company founders as alumni or current students, creating 750 companies, fourth most among all universities in the world.[5][6]

In this list, founders of a company which merged with other companies to form a new company are counted as founders of the new company. However, founders of a company which later dissolved into several successor companies are not counted as founders of those successor companies; this same rule applies to spin-off companies. Finally, a defunct company is a company that had stopped functioning completely (e.g., bankrupt) without dissolving, merging or being acquired.

Top companies by revenues

Fortune Global 500 (2017)

This list shows companies in Fortune Global 500 founded or co-founded by Harvard alumni. The cut-off revenue for 2017 Fortune Global 500 companies is $21,609M in 2016.[7]

Company Region Fortune Global 500

(2017)[8]

 Revenue in US$ millions

(2016)[8]

 Type Category Year founded Comments
1 CVS United States 14 177,526 Public Health care 1963
2 Cardinal Health United States 35 121,546 Public Pharmaceuticals 1971
3 Microsoft United States 69 85,320 Public Computer software 1975
4 Citigroup* United States 74 82,386 Public Banking 1812 (Citibank/Citicorp)
5 Morgan Stanley* United States 267 37,949 Public Finance 1935 (the original Morgan Stanley)
6 Gilead Sciences United States 358 30,392 Public Biotech 1987
7 TSMC Taiwan 369 29,388 Public Semiconductor 1987
8 Facebook United States 393 27,638 Public Social networking 2004

*: Merger of different companies, at least one of which was founded by Harvard alumni.

Fortune 1000 (2017)

This list shows companies in Fortune 1000 (only for companies within the U.S.) founded or co-founded by Harvard alumni. The cut-off revenue for 2017 Fortune 1000 companies was $1,791M in 2016.[9]

Company Fortune 1000

(2017)[10]

 Revenue in US$ millions

(2016)[10]

 Type Category Year founded Comments
1 CVS 7 177,526 Public Health care 1963
2 Cardinal Health 15 121,546 Public Pharmaceuticals 1971
3 Microsoft 28 85,320 Public Computer software 1975
4 Citigroup* 30 82,386 Public Banking 1812 (Citibank/Citicorp)
5 Morgan Stanley* 76 37,949 Public Finance 1935 (the original Morgan Stanley)
6 Gilead Sciences 92 30,392 Public Biotech 1987
7 Facebook 98 27,638 Public Social networking 2004
8 Thermo Fisher Scientific* 154 18,274 Public Technology 1956 (Thermo Electron)
 – Fidelity Investments** 173† 15,900 Private Financial services 1946 † Equivalently[11]
9 Textron 200 13,788 Public Conglomerate 1923
10 Cognizant 204 13,487 Public IT services 1994
11 Biogen* 248 11,449 Public Biotechnology 1978
12 BlackRock 255 11,155 Public Investment management 1988
13 Baker Hughes* 285 9,841 Public Oil and gas 1908 (Hughes Tool Company)
 – Bloomberg L.P.** 298† 9,400 Private Technology 1981 † Equivalently[11]
14 Blackstone Group 503 5,126 Public Financial services 1985
 – Boston Consulting Group** 510† 5,000 Private Consulting 1963 † Equivalently[11]
15 Intuit 527 4,831 Public Software 1983
16 Electronic Arts 556 4,396 Public Video game 1982
17 Cabot Corporation 829 2,411 Public Chemicals 1882
18 Carlyle Group 869 2,274 Public Private equity 1987
19 Fitbit 898 2,170 Public Electronics 2007

*: Merger of different companies, at least one of which was founded by Harvard alumni.

**: Fidelity Investments, Bloomberg L.P., and Boston Consulting Group are not listed in Fortune 1000. Their revenues are provided by Forbes.

Former Fortune-listed companies

For each company, only the latest rankings (up to three years) are shown in this list.

Company Fortune Global 500 Fortune 1000 Type Category Year founded
1 Viacom Inc. 196 (2005) 176 (2004) 171 (2003)[12] 69 (2005) 64 (2004) 66 (2003)[13] Dissolved Mass media 1971
2 Sun Microsystems - - - 204 (2010) 187 (2009) 184 (2008)[14] Acquired Technology 1982
3 Polaroid - - - 742 (2001) 694 (2000) 705 (1999)[15] Acquired Photography 1937
4 3Com - - - 827 (2003) 596 (2002) 294 (2000)[16] Acquired Technology 1979

Timeline

Index

This index also contains companies listed in section "Notable defunct & dissolved".

Year Companies founded
2014 Jet.com
2013 Sherpa Capital
2011 Stitch Fix
2010 Birchbox
2009 Quora
2008 Airbnb Cloudera Clover Food Lab
2007 Fitbit Zynga
2006 Khan Academy
2004 3G Capital Facebook Pershing Square Capital Management Yelp
2003 The Children's Investment Fund Management
2001 OkCupid
2000 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation StubHub TripAdvisor
1999 Bluemercury Collabnet CQS SparkNotes
1998 Oxygen Media
1997 athenahealth Lone Pine Capital
1996 LinkExchange Polaris Partners Valve PlanetAll
1995 Evercore Partners
1994 Cognizant
1991 3DO York Capital Management
1990 Citadel LLC
1988 BlackRock
1987 Carlyle Group Gilead Sciences TSMC
1986 Access Industries Staples
1985 Blackstone Group Computervision Free Software Foundation
1984 Bain Capital Boston Beer Hellman & Friedman
1983 Intuit Monitor Group Thinking Machines Corporation
1982 Baupost Group Electronic Arts Sun Microsystems
1981 Bloomberg L.P. Carsey-Werner
1980 Broderbund
1979 3Com Software Arts Burr, Egan, Deleage & Co.
1978 Biogen

(Biogen)

 O'Reilly Media Personal Software/Visicorp

(Paladin Software)
1977 Elliott Management Corporation
1975 Bridgewater Associates Microsoft
1972 Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers
1971 Cardinal Health Viacom Inc.
1969 National Lampoon
1963 Boston Consulting Group CVS
1958 Boston Whaler
1957 Harvard Student Agencies
1956 Thermo Electron

(Thermo Fisher Scientific)
1951 WGBH Educational Foundation
1948 BBN Technologies New York City Ballet
1946 Fidelity Investments
1937 Polaroid
1935 Morgan Stanley

(Morgan Stanley)
1931 Carl M. Loeb & Co.

(Loeb, Rhoades & Co.)
1925 Fairchild Aircraft
1923 Textron
1914 The New Republic
1908 Hughes Tool Company

(Baker Hughes)
1897 Cabot, Cabot & Forbes
1886 Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge
1882 Cabot Corporation
1874 Shepley Bulfinch
1857 The Atlantic
1830 Boston Society of Natural History
1813 Boston Manufacturing Company
1812 Citibank/Citicorp

(Citigroup)
1792 Locks and Canals on the Merrimack River

2000–present
Company Type Stock Category Year founded Total founders Founder/co-founder from Harvard
3G Capital Private Investment 2004 5[17]
  1. Co-founder Alex Behring (M.B.A)[17]
  2. Co-founder Jorge Paulo Lemann (B.A)[17]
Airbnb Private Travel 2008 3[18]
  1. Co-founder Nathan Blecharczyk (B.A)[19]
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Non-profit Foundation 2000 2[20]
  1. Co-founder Bill Gates (undergraduate attendee)[21]
Birchbox Priviate Cosmetics 2010 2[22]
  1. Hayley Barna (M.B.A)[22]
  2. Katia Beauchamp (M.B.A)[22]
Cloudera Public NYSE: CLDR Software 2008 4[23]
  1. Co-founder Jeff Hammerbacher (B.A)[24]
Clover Food Lab Private Restaurant 2008 1[25][26]
  1. Ayr Muir (M.B.A)[26]
Facebook Public NASDAQ: FB Social networking 2004 4[27]
  1. Mark Zuckerberg (undergraduate attendee)[27]
  2. Chris Hughes (B.A)[27]
  3. Dustin Moskovitz (undergraduate attendee)[27]
  4. Eduardo Saverin (B.A)[27]
Fitbit Public NYSE: FIT Electronics 2007 2[28]
  1. Co-founder James Park (undergraduate attendee)[29]
Jet.com (NYSE: WMT) E-commerce 2014 3[30]
  1. Co-founder Nathan Faust (M.B.A)[31]
Khan Academy Private Education 2006 1[32]
  1. Sal Khan (M.B.A)[33]
OkCupid (NASDAQ:IAC) Dating service 2001[34] 4[35]
  1. Chris Coyne (B.A)[36]
  2. Christian Rudder (B.A)[37]
  3. Sam Yagan (B.A)[38]
  4. Max Krohn (B.A)[39]
Pershing Square Capital Management Private Investment 2004 1[40]
  1. Bill Ackman (B.A, M.B.A)[40]
Quora Private Online Q&A 2009 2[41]
  1. Co-founder Charlie Cheever (B.A)[42]
Sherpa Capital Private Finance 2013 2[43]
  1. Co-founder Scott Stanford (B.A, M.B.A)[44]
Stitch Fix Public NASDAQ: SFIX Retail/styling 2011 2[45]
  1. Co-founder Katrina Lake (M.B.A)[45]
StubHub (NASDAQ: EBAY) Ticket exchange 2000 2[46]
  1. Co-founder Eric Baker (B.A)[47]
The Children's Investment Fund Management Private Hedge fund 2003 1[48]
  1. Chris Hohn (M.B.A)[49]
TripAdvisor Public NASDAQ: TRIP Web service 2000 2[50]
  1. Co-founder Stephen Kaufer (B.A)[50]
Yelp Public NYSE: YELP Web services 2004 2[51]
  1. Co-founder Jeremy Stoppelman (M.B.A Attendee)[52]
Zynga Public NASDAQ: ZNGA Social video game 2007 5[53]
  1. Co-founder Mark Pincus (M.B.A)[54]

1980–99
Company Type Stock Category Year founded Total founders Founder/co-founder from Harvard
Access Industries Private Conglomerate 1986 1[55]
  1. Len Blavatnik(M.B.A)[56]
Alta Communications Private Private equity 1996 2[57]
  1. Co-founder Craig Burr (B.A, M.B.A)[58]
athenahealth Public NASDAQ: ATHN Health care 1997 2[59]
  1. Todd Park (B.A)[60]
  2. Jonathan S. Bush (M.B.A)[61]
Bain Capital Private Investment 1984 3[62]
  1. Co-founder Mitt Romney (J.D, M.B.A)[63]
Baupost Group Private Investment management 1982 1[64]
  1. Seth Klarman (M.B.A)[65]
BlackRock Public NYSE: BLK Investment management 1988 8[66]
  1. Co-founder Robert S. Kapito (M.B.A)[67]
Blackstone Group Public NYSE: BX Financial services 1985 2[68]
  1. Co-founder Stephen A. Schwarzman (M.B.A)[69]
Bloomberg L.P. Private Technology 1981 4[70]
  1. Co-founder Michael Bloomberg (M.B.A)[71]
Bluemercury (NYSE: M) Cosmetics 1999 2[72]
  1. Co-founder Marla Malcolm Beck (M.B.A, M.P.A)[72]
Boston Beer Public NYSE: SAM Beer 1984 2[73]
  1. Co-founder Jim Koch (B.A, M.B.A, J.D)[74]
Broderbund (NASDAQ:HMHC) Software 1980 2[75]
  1. Doug Carlston (B.A, J.D)[76]
  2. Gary Carlston (B.A)[75]
Carlyle Group Public NASDAQ: CG Private equity 1987 3[77]
  1. Co-founder Daniel A. D'Aniello (M.B.A)[78]
Carsey-Werner Private Media production 1981 2[79]
  1. Co-founder Tom Werner (B.A)[80]
Citadel LLC Private Hedge fund 1991 1[81]
  1. Kenneth C. Griffin (B.A)[82]
Collabnet Private Cloud computing 1999 2[83]
  1. Co-founder Tim O'Reilly (B.A)[84]
Computervision (NASDAQ:PTC) Software 1985 2[85]
  1. Co-founder Philippe Villers (B.A)[86]
Cognizant Public NASDAQ: CTSH IT services 1994 3[87]
  1. Co-founder Kumar Mahadeva (M.B.A)[88]
CQS Private Investment management 1999 1[89]
  1. Michael Hintze (M.B.A)[90]
Electronic Arts Public NASDAQ: EA Video game 1982 1[91]
  1. Trip Hawkins (B.A)[92]
Evercore Partners Public NYSE: EVR Investment banking 1995 3[93]
  1. Co-founder David Offensend (M.B.A)[94]
Free Software Foundation Non-profit Computer software 1985 1[95]
  1. Richard Stallman (B.A)[95]
Gilead Sciences Public NASDAQ: GILD Biotech 1987 1[96]
  1. Michael L. Riordan (M.B.A)[96]
Hellman & Friedman Private Private equity 1984 2[97]
  1. Warren Hellman (M.B.A)[97]
  2. Tully Friedman (J.D)[98]
Intuit Public NASDAQ: INTU Software 1983 2[99]
  1. Co-founder Scott Cook (M.B.A)[100]
LinkExchange (NASDAQ:MSFT) Advertising 1996 2[101]
  1. Tony Hsieh (B.S)[102][103]
  2. Sanjay Madan (B.S)[101]
Lone Pine Capital Private Hedge fund 1997 1[104]
  1. Stephen Mandel, Jr (M.B.A)[105]
Monitor Group (Deloitte) Strategy consulting 1983 6[106]
  1. Michael Porter (M.B.A, PhD)[107]
  2. Joseph B. Fuller (B.A)[108]
  3. Mark B. Fuller (B.A, M.B.A, J.D)[109]
  4. Mark T. Thomas (M.B.A)[110]
  5. Michael A. Bell (M.B.A)[111]
  6. Thomas Craig (M.B.A)[60]
Oxygen Media (NASDAQ: CMCSA) TV channel 1998 5[112]
  1. Co-founder Tom Werner (B.A)[113]
Polaris Partners Private Venture capital 1996 3[114]
  1. Co-founder Terry McGuire (M.B.A)[115]
SparkNotes (NYSE:BKS) Publisher 1999 4[116][117]
  1. Chris Coyne (B.A)[118]
  2. Christian Rudder (B.A)[119]
  3. Sam Yagan (B.A)[120]
  4. Max Krohn (B.A)[121]
Staples Private Office supplies 1986 2[122]
  1. Thomas G. Stemberg (B.S, M.B.A)[123]
  2. Leo Kahn (B.A)[124]
Sun Microsystems (NYSE: ORCL) Technology 1982 4[125]
  1. Co-founder Scott McNealy (B.A)[126]
TSMC Public NYSE: TSM Semiconductor 1987 1[127]
  1. Morris Chang (undergraduate attendee)[127]
Valve Private Video game 1996 2[128]
  1. Co-founder Gabe Newell (undergraduate attendee)[128]
York Capital Management Private Investment management 1991 1[129]
  1. Jamie Dinan (M.B.A)[129]

1960–79
Company Type Stock Category Year founded Total founders Founder/co-founder from Harvard
3Com (NYSE:HPE) Technology 1979 4[130]
  1. Co-founder Bruce Borden (B.A)[131]
Biogen (OB)

—> Biogen

 —> Public (merged) NASDAQ: BIIB Biotechnology 1978 (OB) 5 (OB)[132]
  1. Co-founder Walter Gilbert (B.S, M.S)[133]
Boston Consulting Group Private Consulting 1963 1[134]
  1. Bruce Henderson (M.B.A)[135]
Bridgewater Associates Priviate Hedge fund 1975 1[136]
  1. Ray Dalio (M.B.A)[137]
Cardinal Health Public NYSE: CAH Pharmaceuticals 1971 1[138]
  1. Robert D. Walter (M.B.A)[139]
CVS Public NYSE: CVS Health care 1963 3[140][141]
  1. Co-founder Ralph Hoagland (M.B.A)[142][143]
Elliott Management Corporation Private Hedge fund 1977 1[144]
  1. Paul Singer (J.D)[145]
Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers Private Finance 1972 4[146]
  1. Co-founder Frank J. Caufield (M.B.A)[147]
  2. Co-founder Thomas Perkins (M.B.A)[148]
Microsoft Public NASDAQ: MSFT Computer software 1975 2[149]
  1. Co-founder Bill Gates (undergraduate attendee)[21]
O'Reilly Media Private Publishing 1978 1[150]
  1. Tim O'Reilly (B.A)[84]
Personal Software/Visicorp

—> Paladin Software

 —> Private (merged) Technology 1978 (Visi) 2 (Visi)[151]
  1. Co-founder Dan Fylstra (M.B.A)[152]
Software Arts (NYSE:IBM) Technology 1979 2[153]
  1. Daniel Bricklin (M.B.A)[153]

1900–59
Company Type Stock Category Year founded Total founders Founder/co-founder from Harvard
BBN Technologies (NYSE:RTN) Technology 1948 3[154]
  1. Co-founder Leo Beranek (PhD)[155]
Boston Whaler (NYSE:BC) Boat manufacturer 1958 2[156][157]
  1. Co-founder Richard Fisher (B.A)[157]
Fairchild Aircraft (NASDAQ: ESLT) Aviation 1925 1[158]
  1. Sherman Fairchild (undergraduate attendee)[159]
Fidelity Investments Private Financial services 1946 1[160]
  1. Edward C. Johnson II (B.A)[161]
Harvard Student Agencies Non-profit Student-run business 1957 6[162]
  1. John Munro (B.A)[163]
  2. Dustin Burke (B.A)[164]
  3. Harold Rosenwald (B.A, J.D)[165]
  4. Greg Stone (Unknown)[162]
  5. John Giannetti (Unknown)[162]
  6. Theodore Elliot (Unknown)[162]
Hughes Tool Company (HTC)

—> Baker Hughes

 —> Public (merged) NYSE: BHGE Oil field services 1908 (HTC) 1 (HTC)[166]
  1. Howard R. Hughes, Sr. (undergraduate attendee)[167]
Morgan Stanley (OMS)

—> Morgan Stanley

 —> Public (merged) NYSE: MS Financial services 1935 (OMS) 2 (OMS)[168]
  1. Co-founder Henry Sturgis Morgan (B.A)[169]
The New Republic Private Magazine 1914 3[170]
  1. Co-founder Herbert Croly (Undergraduate attendee)[171]
  2. Co-founder Walter Lippmann (B.A)[172]
New York City Ballet Non-profit Dancing 1948 2[173]
  1. Co-founder Lincoln Kirstein (B.A, M.A)[174]
Polaroid (PLR IP Holdings, LLC) Photography 1937 1[175]
  1. Edwin H. Land (undergraduate attendee)[175]
Textron Public NYSE: TXT Conglomerate 1923 1[176]
  1. Royal Little (BEng)[177]
Thermo Electron (TE)

—> Thermo Fisher Scientific

 —> Public (merged) NYSE: TMO Technology 1956 (TE) 2 (TE)[178]
  1. Co-founder Peter M. Nomikos (M.B.A)[178]
WGBH Educational Foundation Non-profit Broadcasting 1951 1[179]
  1. Ralph Lowell (B.A)[180]

Before 1900
Company Type Stock Category Year founded Total founders Founder/co-founder from Harvard
Cabot, Cabot & Forbes Private Real estate 1897 3[181]
  1. Co-founder Francis Murray Forbes (B.A)[182]
Cabot Corporation Public NYSE: CBT Chemicals 1882 2[183]
  1. Co-founder Godfrey L. Cabot (B.S)[184]
Citibank/CitiCorp

—> Citigroup

 Public NYSE: C Banking 1812 (Citibank) 15 (Citibank)[185]
  1. Co-founder Samuel Osgood (B.A, M.A)[185]
Conservative Life (CL)

—> Pacific Life

 —> Mutual (merged) Insurance 1880s (CL) 1 (CL)[186]
  1. Frederick H. Rindge (undergraduate attendee)[187]
Locks and Canals on the Merrimack River Private Infrastructure 1792 5[188]
  1. Co-founder Dudley Atkins Tyng (B.A, LLD)[189]
Shepley Bulfinch Private Architecture 1874 1[190]
  1. Henry H. Richardson (undergraduate attendee)[191]
Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge Private Architecture 1886 3[192]
  1. Co-founder Charles A. Coolidge (B.A)[193]
The Atlantic Private Magazine 1857 3[194]
  1. Co-founder Oliver W. Holmes Sr. (B.A) [195]
  2. Co-founder James R. Lowell (LLD)[196]

Notable defunct & dissolved
Company Type Stock Category Year founded Total founders Founder/co-founder from Harvard
3DO Bankrupt Video games 1991 1[197]
  1. Trip Hawkins (B.A)[92]
Boston Manufacturing Company Defunct Textiles 1813 1[198]
  1. Francis Cabot Lowell (B.A)[199]
Boston Society of Natural History (now called the Boston Museum of Science) Museum 1830 7[200]
  1. Co-founder Walter Channing (B.A)[201]
  2. Co-founder George B. Emerson (B.S)[202]
Burr, Egan, Deleage & Co. Dissolved Private equity 1979 3[203]
  1. Co-founder Craig Burr (B.A, M.B.A)[58]
Carl M. Loeb & Co. (long series of mergers leading to Morgan Stanley) Brokerage 1931 (Carl) 2 (Carl)[204][205]
  1. Co-founder John Langeloth Loeb Sr. (B.A)[205]
National Lampoon Defunct Magazine 1969 3[206]
  1. Douglas Kenney (B.A)[207]
  2. Henry Beard (B.A)[208]
  3. Robert Hoffman (B.A, M.B.A)[209]
PlanetAll (acquired by Amazon.com) Social networking 1996 2[210]
  1. Warren Adams (M.B.A)[211]
  2. Brian Robertson (M.B.A)[212]
Thinking Machines Corporation Defunct Computer hardware 1983 2[213]
  1. Co-founder Sheryl Handler (M.S)[213]
Viacom Inc. Dissolved Media 1971 1[214]
  1. Sumner Redstone (B.A, J.D)[215]

See also

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