List of dukes in Europe

• The duchy of Pomerellen (Pomerelia; capital Danzig (Gdańsk), now in Poland) was part of the State of the Teutonic Order until its takeover by the Polish Crown in 1466.
• The duchy of Courland (now in Latvia) was a Polish vassal state and once a colonial power from its foundation in 1562 for the last Master of Livonian Order, Gotthard Kettler, until 1795.
• The Ordensstaat became the Duchy of Prussia in 1525, part of the dynastic home country of the later German (Hohenzollern) Emperor.

The Kingdom of the Lombards was divided in several duchies, as follows:

• Duchy of Friuli
• Duchy of Ceneda
• Duchy of Treviso
• Duchy of Vicenza
• Duchy of Verona
• Duchy of Trent
• Duchy of Parma
• Duchy of Reggio
• Duchy of Piacenza
• Duchy of Brescia
• Duchy of Bergamo
• Duchy of Milan
• Duchy of Pavia
• Duchy of San Giulio
• Duchy of Asti
• Duchy of Turin
• Duchy of Ivrea
• Duchy of Aosta
• Duchy of Tuscany
• Duchy of Spoleto
• Duchy of Benevento (787–873 under Frankish suzerainty, then again Byzantine; later a principality, since 1051 held from the Pope)

They have been suppressed or transformed in counties as consequence of the Frankish conquest of the Kingdom in 776. Only the two southern duchies of Spoleto and Benevento were spared and survived some centuries.

In the same period (the Early Middle Ages) also many Italian territories under Byzantine suzerainty (in the Exarchate of Ravenna) were organized in duchies, and notably the following ones:

• Duchy of Amalfi
• Duchy of Sorrento
• Duchy of Naples
• Duchy of Gaeta
• Duchy of Rome
• Duchy of Venice

The first four were Tyrrhenian port cities and survived as semi-autonomous states until the Norman conquest of Southern Italy in the 11th and 12th centuries. The Duchy of Rome was transformed in the Papal State as consequence of the Donation of Sutri in 728. The Duchy of Venice became the Republic of Venice and its head of state retained the title of doge, equivalent to that of duke.

In 1059 Robert Guiscard, head of the Norman House of Hauteville, was created by the Pope Duke of Apulia and Calabria. When the State was raised to Kingdom of Sicily in 1180, the title of Duke of Apulia and Calabria was used intermittently for the heir to throne.

Since 1395 the major Signorias of the Kingdom of Italy (which was part of the Holy Roman Empire) began to be raised to Dukedoms by the Emperor. By the centuries more and more Dukedoms were created in this way and they became de facto sovereign states. The Duchies created after 1395 were the following ones:

• Duchy of Milan
• Duchy of Mantua
• Duchy of Sabbioneta
• Duchy of Montferrat
• Duchy of Guastalla
• Duchy of Modena and Reggio
• Duchy of Mirandola
• Duchy of Massa and Carrara

The Duchy of Savoy, though it was not an Italian state, had suzerainty on Piedmont.[1]

Also the Pope created some sovereign duchy during the Renaissance, notably:

• Duchy of Ferrara
• Duchy of Urbino
• Duchy of Camerino
• Duchy of Castro
• Duchy of Parma

In the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Sora[2] was a semi-autonomous fiefdom.

See also Historical states of Italy

In the Papal states and in the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily the Pope and the king, respectively, granted the title of duke as the second rank of nobility, just inferior to that of prince. These dukes, however, always remained vassals.
They include:

• Duchy of Acerenza, created by the Kings of Spain and Naples for the ancestors of the Prince Belmonte
• Duchy of San Donato, created by the Kings of Spain and Naples for the ancestors of the Prince Sanseverino
• Duke of Calabria was the primogeniture for the crown prince of the Neapolitan kingdom.

Since 1081 the Duchies of Benevento and Pontecorvo had been two among the Papal states, and, in fact, no duke was appointed.

A unique Napoleonic particularity was the creation by decree of 30 March 1806 of a number of duchés grand-fiefs. As the name suggests, these were duchies, but forming an exclusive order of 'great fiefs' (twenty among some 2200 noble title creations), a college nearly comparable in status to the original anciennes pairies in the French kingdom. Since Napoleon I wouldn't go back on the Revolution's policy of abolishing feudalism in France, but didn't want these grandees to fall under the 'majorat' system in France either, he chose to create them outside the French "metropolitan" empire, notably in the following Italian satellite states, and yet all awarded to loyal Frenchmen, mainly high military officers:

In the Kingdom of Italy, in personal union with France, personally held by Napoleon I:

• Dalmatia (now in Croatia): for maréchal Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult (1808, extinguished 1857)
• Istria (now in Croatia): for maréchal Jean-Baptiste Bessières (1809, ext. 1856)
• Frioul, i.e. Friuli: for the widow of general Geraud Christophe Michel Duroc (1813, ext. 1829)
• Cadore: for Admiral Jean-Baptiste Nompère de Champagny (ext. 1893)
• Bellune, i.e. Belluno: for maréchal Victor (1808, ext. 1853)
• Conegliano: for maréchal Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey (1808, ext. 1842)
• Trévise, i.e. Treviso: for maréchal Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier (1808, ext. 1912)
• Feltre: for general Clarke (ext. 1852, extended 1864)
• Bassano: for Hugues-Bernard Maret, minister (ext. 1906)
• Vicence, i.e. Vicenza: for general Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt, also imperial Grand-Écuyer (ext. 1896)
• Padoue, i.e. Padua (Padova in Italian): for general Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova (24 April 1808, ext. 1888)
• Rovigo: for general Anne Jean Marie René Savary (extinguished in 1872)

In the Principality of Lucca and Piombino, only Massa et Carrara: for Régnier, judge (extinguished 1962); Massa and Carrara were separated from the kingdom of Italy by article 8 of the decree of March 30, 1806 and united to the principality of Lucca-Piombino by another decree of March 30, 1806.

In the Kingdom of Naples :

• Gaete, i.e. Gaeta: for Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin, finance minister (1809, extinguished 1841)
• Otrante, i.e. Otranto: for Joseph Fouché, minister of Police (1809)
• Reggio: for maréchal Charles Nicolas Oudinot (1810, main line extinguished 1956, but special clause of the letters patent authorizing a substitution were applied)
• Tarente, i.e. Tarento: for maréchal Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald (1809, extinguished 1912)

In the states of Parma and Piacenza, ceded to France by the treaty of Aranjuez of 21 March 1801, shortly before both territories were united to the French Empire on 24 May 1808:

• Parme, i.e. Parma: for lawyer Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, author of the Code (the main European revision since Roman law, still influential in most democratic societies), Arch-Chancellor (24 April 1808, extinguished 1824)
• Plaisance, i.e. Piacenza: for Charles-François Lebrun, also imperial Arch-Treasurer (24 April 1808, extinguished 1926)
• Guastalla: for Camillo Borghese, brother-in-law to Napoleon I (30 March 1806, extinguished 1832)

In 1815 the Congress of Vienna created the last Italian sovereign duchy, the Duchy of Lucca.