List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century

The following is a list of the largest optical telescopes in the 20th century, paying special attention to the diameter of the mirror or lens of the telescope's objective, or aperture. Aperture rank currently goes approximately by the usable physical aperture size and not by aperture synthesis, although interferometers attained some of the highest angular resolutions at visible and infrared wavelengths compared to traditional telescopes. Diverging methods of construction and use for reflecting telescopes in that area make comparing synthesized aperture irregular.

The 60 inch telescope, first light in 1908

For instance, Keck I or II alone has less angular resolution than the Keck Interferometer (Keck I & II together), however, the Keck Interferometer is used for a much narrower range of type of observations. Ultimately, a valid comparison between two telescopes must take into consideration more specifications, when a general measurement becomes obtuse.

Aperture of the primary mirror alone can be poor measure of a reflective telescope's significance; for example, the Hubble Space Telescope has only a 2.4 metres (94 in) primary mirror. In addition, many large or significant telescopes are not optical and/or reflecting. However, many famous optical telescopes have had large apertures on their primary mirror with corresponding good angular resolution.

Including optical observatories, including UV, visible and some optical infrared telescopes, near infrared. Covers from about 1901 to 2001, with some flexibility to accommodate ambiguity in classification, for example some 2002 telescope, if it was nearly operation in 2001. 19th century and earlier telescopes that ceased operation are not included, but the list is not complete.


Table of optical telescopes

Multiple mirror telescopes are ranked by their equivalent optical area, not peak interferometric aperture unless it is not relevant for the design. See also List of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths.

See also List of largest optical refracting telescopes, as this list does yet not include such large refractors as the Yerkes Observatory.

Name/ObservatoryAperture
m
Aper.
in
Mirror typeNationality of SponsorsSite and/or ObservatoryFL or BuiltImage
Keck 110 m394″Segmented,36United StatesMauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii1993
Keck 210 m394″Segmented,36United StatesMauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii1996
Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET)9.2 m362″Segmented,91United States, GermanyMcDonald Observatory, Texas1997
Subaru (JNLT)8.2 m323″SingleJapanMauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii1999
VLT 1 (Antu)8.2 m323″SingleESO Countries + ChileParanal Observatory, Chile1998
VLT 2 (Kueyen)8.2 m323″SingleESO Countries + ChileParanal Observatory, Chile1999
VLT 3 (Melipal)8.2 m323″SingleESO Countries + ChileParanal Observatory, Chile2000*
VLT 4 (Yepun)8.2 m323″SingleESO Countries + ChileParanal Observatory, Chile2001*
Gemini North (Gillett)8.1 m318″SingleUnited States, Canada, Chile, Australia, Argentina, BrazilMauna Kea Obs., Hawaii1999
Gemini South8.1 m318″SingleUnited States, Canada, Chile, Australia, Argentina, BrazilCerro Pachón, Chile2001
MMT6.5 m256″SingleUnited StatesF. L. Whipple Obs., Arizona2000
Magellan 1 (Walter Baade)[1]6.5 m256″HoneycombUnited StatesLas Campanas Obs., Chile2000
Magellan 2 (Landon Clay)6.5 m256″HoneycombUnited StatesLas Campanas Obs., Chile2002*
BTA-66 m238″SingleUSSR + RussiaZelenchukskaya, Caucasus1976
Hale Telescope (200 inch)5.08 m200″SingleUnited StatesPalomar Observatory, California1948
MMT (original) (6 x 1.8 m) optics replaced4.7 m (6 x 1.8 m)186″6 mirrorsUnited StatesF. L. Whipple Obs., Arizona1979–1998
William Herschel Telescope4.2 m165″SingleUK, Netherlands, SpainORM, Canary Islands1987
SOAR4.1 m161″SingleUnited States, BrazilCerro Pachón, Chile2002*
Nicholas U. Mayall 4m[2]4 m158″SingleUSAKitt Peak National Obs.; Arizona1973
Victor M. Blanco Telescope4 m158″SingleUSACerro Tololo Inter-American Obs., Chile1976
Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT)3.89 m154″SingleUnited Kingdom + AustraliaAnglo-Australian Obs.; Siding Spring, Australia1975
United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT)3.8 m150″Single IRUnited KingdomMauna Kea Observatories; Mauna Kea, Hawaii1978
3.67m AEOS Telescope (AEOS)3.67 m145″SingleUnited StatesAir Force Maui Optical Station; Haleakala, Hawaii1996
Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG)3.58 m138″SingleItalyORM; La Palma, Canary Islands1997
New Technology Telescope (NTT)3.58 m142″SingleESO countriesEuropean Southern Observatory; Cerro La Silla, Chile1989
Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT)3.58 m141″SingleCanada, France, United StatesMauna Kea Observatories, USA1979
ESO 3.6 m Telescope3.57 m140″SingleESO countriesEuropean Southern Observatory; Cerro La Silla, Chile1977
MPI-CAHA 3.5m[3]3.5 m138″SingleWest Germany+SpainCalar Alto Obs., Spain1984
USAF Starfire 3.5m[4]3.5 m138″SingleUSAStarfire Optical Range; New Mexico1994
WIYN Telescope3.5 m138″SingleUSAKitt Peak National Obs., USA1994
Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC)3.48 m137″SingleUSAApache Point Obs.; Sacramento Peak, New Mexico1994
Shane Telescope3.05 m120″SingleUnited StatesLick Observatory; Mt. Hamilton, California1959
Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF)3 m118″Single IRUnited StatesMauna Kea, Hawaii1979
NASA-LMT (NODO)[5] retired3 m118″LiquidUSASacramento Peak, New Mexico, USA1995–2002
Harlan J. Smith Telescope2.72 m107″SingleUSAMcDonald Observatory, Texas, USA1969-
UBC-Laval LMT2.65 m104″LiquidCanadaVancouver, Canada1992–
Shajn 2.6m (Crimean 102 in)[6]2.64 m103″SingleCrimean Astrophysical Obs., Ukraine1961
BAO 2.62.6 m102″SingleByurakan Astrophysical Obs.; Mt. Aragatz, Armenia1976
Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT)2.56 m101″SingleDenmark, Sweden, Iceland, Norway, FinlandLa Palma, Canary Islands1988
Isaac Newton Telescope (INT)2.54 m100″ZerodurUKLa Palma, Canary Islands moved/new mirror1984
du Pont2.54 m100″SingleUSALas Campanas Observatory, Chile1976
Hooker 100-Inch Telescope2.54 m100″SingleUnited StatesMt. Wilson Observatory; California1917
Sloan DSS2.5 m98″SingleUnited StatesSacramento Peak, New Mexico1997
Isaac Newton Telescope (INT)2.54 m98″SingleUKRGO, Sussex, England (original)1965–1979
Hiltner Telescope[7]2.4 m95″SingleUnited StatesMDM Observatory, Kitt Peak, Arizona1986
Hubble (HST)2.4 m94″SingleNASA+ESALow Earth orbit1990
Vainu Bappu[8][9]2.34 m92″SingleVainu Bappu Observatory, India1986
WIRO 2.32.3 m90.5″SingleUSAWyoming, USA1977
ANU 2.3m ATT[10]2.3 m90″SingleAustraliaSiding Spring Obs., Australia1984
Bok Telescope (90-inch)2.3 m90″SingleUSASteward Obs., Kitt Peak, Arizona1969
University of Hawaii 2.2 m[11]2.24 m88″SingleUSAMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii1970[11]
MPIA-ESO (ESO-MPI)2.2 m87″SingleWest GermanyCerro La Silla, Chile1984[12]
MPIA-CAHA 2.2m[12][13]2.2 m87″SingleWest GermanyCalar Alto Observatory, Spain1979
Xinglong 2.16m[14]2.16 m85″SinglePRC (China)Xinglong, China1989
Jorge Sahade 2.15m[15]2.15 m84″SingleLeoncito Astronomical Complex, Argentina1987
INAOE 2.12 (OAGH)[16]2.12 m83″SingleMexico, USAGuillermo Haro Observatory; Sonora1987
UNAM 2.122.12 m83"SingleNAO; San Pedro, Mexico1979
Kitt Peak 2.1-meter2.1 m83″SingleUSAKitt Peak (KNPO), USA1964
Otto Struve Telescope2.1 m82SingleUSAMcDonald Observatory, USA1939
Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT)[17]2.01 m79″SingleIndiaIndian Astronomical Obs., Hanle (4500 m)2000
Alfred Jensch Teleskop2 m79″SingleKarl Schwarzschild Observatory1960
Carl Zeiss Jena2 m79″SingleShamakhi Astrophysical Obs., Azerbaijan1966
Ondřejov 2-m 2 m79″SingleCzechoslovakiaOndřejov Observatory, Czechia1967
Ritchey-Chretien-Coude (RCC)[18]2 m79″SingleRozhen Observatory, Bulgaria1984
Carl Zeiss Jena2 m79″SingleMain Ukraine Obs.
Bernard Lyot Telescope2 m79″SingleFrancePic du Midi Obs., France1980
Faulkes Telescope South2 m79″SingleUKSiding Spring Obs., Australia2001
MAGNUM[19]2 m79″Single IRJapanHaleakala Obs., USA2001
OHP 1.931.93 m76″SingleFranceHaute-Provence Observatory, France1958
74 inch Radcliffe Telescope (1.9 m)[20]1.88 m74″SingleSouth African Astronomical Obs., Sutherland, 1974–Present
Radcliffe Obs.,1948– 1974[20]
1950
188 cm telescope[21]1.88 m74″SingleJapanOkayama Astrophysical Observatory, Japan1960
DDO 1.88 m1.88 m74″SingleCanadaDavid Dunlap Observatory, Ontario1935
74" reflector[22]1.88 m74″SingleAustraliaMount Stromlo Observatory, Australia1955–2003
Kottamia telescope 1.88 m[23][24]1.88 m74″SingleEgyptEgypt1960
Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (VATT)1.83 m72″SingleVatican CityMt. Graham International Obs., Arizona1993[25]
72-Inch Perkins Telescope1.83 m72″SingleUSALowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa USA1964
Plaskett telescope[26]1.83 m72″SingleGreat BritainDominion Astrophysical Observatory, Canada1918
Copernico 182 cm[27]1.82 m72″SingleItalyAsiago Observatory, Italy (1350 m)1973
1.8m Ritchey Cretien reflector[28]1.8 m72″SingleKoreaBohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory, Korea1996
Sandy Cross Telescope[29]1.8 m71″SingleCanadaRothney Astrophysical Observatory1996
Spacewatch 1.8-meter Telescope[30]1.8 m71″SingleUSAKitt Peak National Observatory, USA2001
69-inch Perkins Telescope[31]1.75 m69″SingleUSAPerkins Observatory, Ohio1931–1964
165 cm telescope1.65 m65″SingleMoletai Astronomical Obs., Lithuania1991
McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope1.61 m63″SingleUSAKitt Peak National Obs., USA1962
AZT-33[32]1.6 m63″SingleSayan Solar Obs., Siberia (2000m)1981
1.6 m Perkin Elmer[33]1.6 m63″SingleBrazilPico dos Dias Observatory1981
1.61.6 m63″R/CCanadaMont Mégantic Observatory, Canada1978
Kaj Strand Telescope[34]1.55 m61″SingleUSAUSN Obs. Flagstaff Station,USA1964
61" Kuiper Telescope1.55 m61″SingleUSASteward Obs., Mt. Bigelow, USA1965[35]
Oak Ridge Observatory 61" reflector[36] (Wyeth)1.55 m61″SingleUSAOak Ridge Observatory, Massachusetts, USA1933-2005[37]
Estación Astrofísica de Bosque Alegre[38]1.54 m60.6″SingleArgentinaEstación Astrofísica de Bosque Alegre, Argentina1942
Danish 1.54 meter telescope[39]1.54 m60.6″SingleDenmarkLa Silla Observatory, Chile1979
Harvard 60-inch Reflector[40]1.524 m60″SingleUnited StatesHarvard College Observatory, USA1905–1931
60-Inch Telescope1.524 m60″SingleUnited StatesMt. Wilson Observatory; California1908
Dunn Solar Telescope ex-VTT1.524 m60″SingleUSANational Solar Obs.-Sacramento Peak, USA1969
Palomar Observatory 60 inch[41]1.524 m60″SingleUSAPalomar Observatory, California, USA1970
FLWO 1.5m Tillinghast[42]1.52 m60″SingleUnited StatesF. L. Whipple Obs., Arizona1994
Telescopio Carlos Sánchez (TCS)1.52 m60″SingleUK + SpainTeide Observatory, Tenerife (Spain)1971
OHP 1.521.52 m60″SingleFranceHaute-Provence Obs., France1967
Mt. Lemmon 60" Telescope[43]1.52 m60″SingleUSASteward Observatory, Mount Lemmon, USA1970
OAN 1.52 m[44]1.52 m60″SingleSpainCalar Alto Observatory, Spain1970s
152 cm G.D. Cassini[45]1.52 m60″SingleItalyMount Orzale, Italy1976
TIRGO (Gornergrat Infrared Telescope)[46]1.50 m59″Single IRItaly + SwitzerlandHochalpine Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch und Gornergrat, Alps, Switzerland (3150 m)1979–2005
AZT-22[47]1.5 m59″SingleUSSR, UzbekistanMount Maidanak, Uzbekistan1972
AZT-20[48]1.5 m59″SingleAssy-Turgen Observatory, Kazakhstan[49]
AZT-12[50]1.5 m59″SingleUSSR, EstoniaTartu Observatory, Estonia1976
RTT-150[51]1.5 m59″SingleRussia, TurkeyTÜBİTAK National Observatory, Turkey2001
OSN 1.5m (Nasmyth)[52]1.5 m59″SingleSpainSierra Nevada Obs., Spain (2896 m)1991
BST-1M[53]1.5 m59″Single IRUSSRSalyut 6, Earth Orbit1977–1982
USNOFS 1.3m[54]1.3 m51″SingleUSAUSN Obs. Flagstaff Station,USA1998
Warsaw Telescope[55]1.3 m51″SinglePolandLas Campanas Obs., Chile1996
Skinakas 1.3m Telescope[56] 1.3m 51'' Single Greece Skinakas Obs., Greece 1995
McGraw-Hill Telescope[57][58]1.27 m50″SingleUSAMDM Observatory, Arizona (1975–Present)
Stinchfield Woods, Michigan (1969–1975)
1969
Great Melbourne Telescope[59] (refit)127 cm50″SingleAustraliaMount Stromlo Observatory, Australia1961-1973[60]
1992-2003[61]
AZT-11[62]1.25 m49″SingleAbastumani Obs., Georgia (country)1976
AZT-11[63]1.25 m49″SingleCrimean Astrophysical Obs., Ukraine1981
MPIA 1.2[64]1.23 m48.4″SingleWest Germany + SpainCalar Alto Obs., Spain1975
Babelsberg Zeiss[65]1.25 m49″SingleGermany, USSRBabelsberg Observatory; Berlin, Germany, Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (1952–present)1924
Galileo 122 cm[66]1.22 m48″SingleItalyAsiago Observatory, Italy1942
Samuel Oschin telescope1.22 m48″SchmidtUSAPalomar Observatory; California1948
OHP 1.201.2 m48″SingleFranceHaute-Provence Obs., France1943
Paris 48″ Reflector1.2 m48″FranceParis Observatory, France1871–1943
Great Melbourne Telescope[67]122 cm48″reflector – metalAustraliaMelbourne Observatory, Australia1878-1944[68]
Oskar-Lühning Telescope[69]1.2 m47″SingleGermanyHamburg Observatory, Germany1975
Leonhard Euler Telescope[70]120 cm47″SingleSwitzerlandLa Silla, Chile1998
Mercator Telescope120 cm47″SingleBelgium+SwitzerlandORM; La Palma, Canary Islands2001[71]
Hamburg Robotic Telescope (HRT)[72]120 cm47″SingleGermanyHamburg-Bergdorf Obs., Germany2002*
Hänssgen's reflector[73]107 cm42″SingleGermanyMobile (~Germany)2002*
Grubb Parsons 40-inch102 cm40″SingleSwedenStockholm Observatory in Saltsjöbaden1930–present
Nickel Telescope102 cm40″SingleUSALick Observatory, USA1979
Grubb 40-inch102 cm40"SingleUSSRCrimean Astrophysical Observatory Simeiz (destroyed in WWII)1925–1944
George Ritchey 40-inch (1 m)[74]102 cm40″R/CUSAFlagstaff, Arizona (Washington, D.C. until 1955)1934
Yerkes "41-inch"[75]102 cm40″SingleUSAYerkes Observatory, USA1968[76]
Meudon Observatory 1m[77]100 cm39.4″SingleFranceMeudon Observatory/ Paris Observatory1891 [78]
ZIMLAT[79]100 cm39.4″SingleSwitzerlandZimmerwald Obs., Switzerland1997
OGS Telescope[80]100 cm39.4″SingleEuropean Space Agency countriesTeide Observatory, Tenerife (Spain)1995
Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope100 cm39.4″SingleUK + NetherlandsIsaac Newton Group, Canary Islands1984
Lulin One-meter Telescope (LOT)[81]100 cm39.4″SingleROC (Taiwan)Lulin Observatory, Taiwan2002*
Zeiss di Merate (1m reflector)100 cm39.4″SingleKingdom of ItalyMerate Obs., Merate, Italy1926
Zeiss 1m reflector100 cm39.4″SingleBelgiumRoyal Obs., Uccle, Belgium1920s
Hamburg Spiegelteleskop (1m reflector)[82][83]100 cm39.4″SingleDeutsches Reich (Germany)Hamburg-Bergdorf Obs., Germany1911
1-m Carl Zeiss Jena100 cm39.4″SingleCCCPAssy-Turgen Observatory, Kazakhstan[49]
James Gregory Telescope94 cm37"SCTGreat BritainUniversity of St Andrews, UK1962
Schmidt 92/67 cm[84]92 cm36″SchmidtItalyCima Ekar Observatory, Asiago, Italy (1360 m)1966
Kuiper Airborne Obs.(KAO)91.4 cm36″SingleUSAC-141 (mobile)1974–1995
Stratoscope 291.4 cm36″SingleUSABalloon (mobile)1961–1973
Crossley Reflector[85]91.4 cm36″SingleUS+UKLick Observatory, USA1896[86]
36-inch Yapp reflector91.44 cm36″ReflectorUKGreenwich & Herstmonceux1932[87]

This table does not include all the 20th largest mirrors manufactured; the Steward Observatory Mirror Lab produced the 6.5-metre f/1.25 collimator used in the Large Optical Test and Integration Site of Lockheed Martin, used for vacuum optical testing of other telescopes.

Segmented are also known as Mosaic mirrors. Single mirrors, also called monolithic and can be sub-categorized in types, such as solid or honeycomb.

Selected telescopes with apertures of 90 cm (35.4 in.) and smaller

Some famous 20th century regionally famous telescopes, space telescopes, or otherwise significant. (100 cm = 1 meter)

NameAperture
m
Aper.
in
Mirror/typeNationality/SponsorsSiteBuilt/Used
Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope90 cm35.4″Single UVUSASTS, Earth Orbit1990, 1995
Meudon Great Refractor83cm32.67"refractor (visual)FranceMeudon, France1891
83-cm Reflector, Toulouse Observatory83cm32.67"reflector-glassFranceToulouse, France1875[88][89]
Focault 80 cm, Marseille Observatory [90]80 cm31.5"reflector-glassFocaultMarseille, France1862-1965[91]
Astron[92]80 cm31.5″Single UVCCCP + FranceEarth orbit1983–1989[92]
Potsdam Great Refractor (double refractor)80 cm31.5 ″DoubletGermanyPotsdam, Germany1899
Ruisinger[93]76.2 cm30″Single-NewtonianUnited States (ASKC)Louisburg, KansasPowell Obs.1985
Greenwich 28 inch refractor
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
71 cm28″DoubletBritish EmpireGreenwich, England
Herstmonceux, England
1893
Meudon Great Refractor62 cmrefractor (photographic-blue)FranceMeudon, France1891
Infrared Space Observatory60 cm23.5″IR (2.4-240 μm)European Space AgencyEarth orbit (GEO)1995–1998
IRAS[94]57 cm22.44″R/C IRUS + UK + The NetherlandsEarth orbit1983
Mons Telescope50 cm19.7″SingleBelgiumTeide Observatory, Tenerife (Spain)1972
Dutch Open Telescope (DOT)45 cm17.7″SolarDenmarkORM, Canary Islands1997
Explorer 57 (IUE)45 cm17.7″Single UVUS+UK+ESA CountriesEarth orbit (GEO)1978–1996
Glazar UV telescope[95]40 cm15.75″Single UVCCCPKvant-1 (Mir), Earth Orbit1987–2001
Glazar 2 UV telescope[96]40 cm15.75″Single UVCCCP + SwitzerlandKristall (Mir), Earth Orbit1990–2001
Mars Global SurveyorMOC[97]35 cm13.8″R/CUSAMars Orbit1996–2006
Griffith Observatory 12-inch Zeiss refractor[98]30.5 cm12"AchromatUSAL.A., USA 1931
XMM-NewtonUV camera30 cm11.9″Single UVESA CountriesEarth orbit1998
TRACE30 cm11.9″Single EUV/UV/VisNASAEarth orbit1998–2010
Hipparcos29 cm11.4″SchmidtEuropean Space AgencyEarth orbit (GTO)1989–1993
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite22 cm8.7″Single UVNederlands & USAEarth Orbit1974–1976
Galileo – Solid State Imager[99]17.65 cm6.95″ReflectorUSAJupiter1989–2003
Voyager 1/2, ISS-NAC[100]17.6 cm6.92″CatadioptricUSASpace1977
Spacelab IRT[101]15.2 cm6″IR (1.7–118 μm)ESA + NASASTS, Earth Orbit1985
Mariner 10 - TV Photo. (x2)[102]15 cm5.9″ReflectorUSASpace1973–1975
Deep Space 1MICAS[103]10 cm3.94″SingleUSASolar Orbit1998–2001
Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph[104][105]7.62 cm3″Schmidt UVUSALunar surface1972
Voyager 1/2, ISS-WAC[100]6 cm2.36″LensUSASpace1977

At the end of the 20th century preliminary designs for Extremely large telescope of the 21st century were being worked on, as well as many smaller telescopes such as the Large Binocular Telescope

Under Construction

Examples of telescopes that were started in the 20th century, but may only have achieved a preliminary level of construction by the turn of the century.

Name/ObservatoryAperture
m
Aper.
in
Mirror typeNationality of SponsorsSite and/or ObservatoryFL or Built
GTC10.4 m409″Segmented,36Spain (90%), Mexico(5%), USA(5%)Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma2007
Faulkes Telescope North2 m79″SingleUKHaleakala Observatory, Hawaii2003[106]

Refractors

See also

References

  • Bell, R.M. and Robins, G.C. and Eugeni, C. and Cuzner, G. and Hutchison, S.B. and Baily, S.H. and Ceurden, B. and Hagen, J. and Kenagy, K. and Martin, H.M. and Tuell, M. and Ward, M. and West, S.C. (July 2008). "LOTIS at completion of Collimator integration". Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series. 7017. Bibcode:2008SPIE.7017E..0DB. doi:10.1117/12.791889.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • google units calculator
  1. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2009-08-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-31. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. mpia.de Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine "25 Years of Calar Alto Observatory From the Past to the Future" Press Release 04-11-16
  4. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-08-08. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-28. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-21. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. "The MDM 2.4-m Hiltner Telescope". Archived from the original on 2010-06-07. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
  8. http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-4357/545/2/L77/005553.html
  9. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. "UH IFA Newsletter No. 40 - 2011, UH 2.2-meter Telescope Recovers from Lightning Strike". Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
  12. http://www.400years.org/interactive_telescope.php?k=55%5B%5D
  13. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2019-07-31.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2009-08-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. "Occultation by Charon". Lesia.obspm.fr. Archived from the original on 2009-09-07. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  16. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-07. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-08. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. Yoshii, Y.; Kobayashi, Y.; Minezaki, T. (2003). "The MAGNUM (Multicolor Active Galactic NUclei Monitoring) Project". American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #202. 35: 752. Bibcode:2003AAS...202.3803Y.
  20. "Radcliffe 74-inch (1.9 m)". South African Astronomical Observatory. Archived from the original on 2009-06-27. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
  21. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-28. Retrieved 2009-08-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-02-09. Retrieved 2010-01-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-20. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ":: Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute :: Optical Astronomy Division". Kasi.re.kr. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  28. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2017-09-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-26. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-28. Retrieved 2012-03-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  32. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2010-01-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-27. Retrieved 2010-10-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2019-10-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  37. "Estación Astrofísica de Bosque Alegre". Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  38. "ESO: Danish 1.54-m Telescope". Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
  39. "New York Times "NEW HARVARD TELESCOPE.; Sixty-Inch Reflector, Biggest in the World, Being Set Up. "April 6, 1905, Thursday", Page 9". Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  40. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2010-01-18.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-08-22. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  42. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-10. Retrieved 2012-03-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  45. Salinari, P. (1982). "The TIRGO observatory". Eso Infrared Workshop: 45. Bibcode:1982esoi.work...45S.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  46. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  47. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-02-19. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  48. "Planetary Researches in Kazakhstan" Archived 2010-05-08 at the Wayback Machine (accessed November 12th 2010)
  49. "Tartu 1.5m Telescope". Archived from the original on 2008-12-28. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
  50. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-01-05. Retrieved 2013-06-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  51. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-21. Retrieved 2010-10-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  52. "Astronautix - Salyut 6". Archived from the original on 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
  53. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  54. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-09. Retrieved 2020-03-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. "Skinkas Obs. Telescopes". skinakas.physics.uoc.gr. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  56. "The MDM 1.3-m McGraw-Hill Telescope". Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
  57. "MH Telescope Specifications". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
  58. "Largest optical telescopes of the world". stjarnhimlen.se. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  59. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  60. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  61. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-05-25. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  62. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  63. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  64. "Largest optical telescopes of the world". stjarnhimlen.se. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  65. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-03-03. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  66. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  67. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  68. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  69. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  70. http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=17931
  71. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  72. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  73. "Popular Astronomy". 1911.
  74. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  75. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-01-15. Retrieved 2010-01-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  76. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-01-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  77. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-03-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  78. "Centenary of the Royal Observatory of Belgium". The Observatory. 58: 208. 1935. Bibcode:1935Obs....58..208.
  79. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2018-07-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  80. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-08-18. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  81. Lequeux, James (2013-03-15). Le Verrier—Magnificent and Detestable Astronomer. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461455653.
  82. Lukac, Marie R.; Miller, R. J. (2000). List of Active Professional Observatories. U.S. Naval Observatory.
  83. Tobin, William (1987), "Foucault's invention of the silvered-glass reflecting telescope and the history of his 80-cm reflector at the observatoire de Marseille", Vistas in Astronomy, 30 (2): 153–184, Bibcode:1987VA.....30..153T, doi:10.1016/0083-6656(87)90015-8
  84. Gascoigne, S. C. B. (1996). "The Great Melbourne Telescope and other 19th-century Reflectors". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 37: 101. Bibcode:1996QJRAS..37..101G.
  85. "The Astron Satellite". NASA/GSFC. 26 June 2003. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  86. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2019-02-08. Retrieved 2019-07-31.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  87. Lutz Schmadel (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 315. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  88. Tovmasyan, G. M., et al. - The Glazar Orbiting Ultraviolet Telescope (1988) - 1988SvAL...14..123T
  89. Tovmassian, H. M, et al. - GLAZAR-2: A Wide-Field Camera Aboard the MIR Space Station(1994) - 1994IAUS..161...55T
  90. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2012-03-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  91. "Basics of Spaceflight (Ch. 12) - NASA/JPL". Archived from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
  92. "astronautix - voyager". Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
  93. Kent, S. M.; Mink, D.; Fazio, G.; Koch, D.; Melnick, G.; Tardiff, A.; Maxson, C. (1992). "Kent, et al. - Galactic structure from the Spacelab infrared telescope (1992)". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 78: 403. Bibcode:1992ApJS...78..403K. doi:10.1086/191633.
  94. "NASA/NSSDC - Mariner 10 - Television Photography". Retrieved 2011-08-24.
  95. "NASA DS1". Archived from the original on 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  96. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-02-20. Retrieved 2013-05-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  97. "Lunar and Planetary Institute, Apollo 16 - Science Experiments - Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
  98. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-20. Retrieved 2009-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Further reading

  • List of large reflecting telescopes
  • The World's Largest Optical Telescopes
  • "The Astronomical Scrapbook", Joseph Ashbrook, Sky Publishing Corporation 1984, ISBN 0-933346-24-7
  • "Giant Telescopes of the World", Sky and Telescope, August 2000.
  • "The History of the Telescope", Henry C. King. (1955)
  • "The Historical Growth of Telescope Aperture", René Racine, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 116
  • JRASC (1929) vol 23, p. 351
  • Sky & Telescope (April 1981) p. 303
  • Sky & Telescope (July 1993) vol 86, p. 27–32
  • James H. Burge, 1993 Dissertation at UA, "Advanced Techniques for Measuring Primary Mirrors for Astronomical Telescopes"
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.