List of later historians of the Crusades

Historians of the Crusades are generally of two types. The first are the authors of works, the original sources, that were done contemporaneously with the historical events. Biographies of the more important of these authors can be found in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia (2006), edited by historian Alan V. Murray.[5] The later works, written in the later 13th century through the 19th, are the subject of this article and include a variety of subjects including:

• General histories and chronologies of the Crusades, either comprehensive studies or ones narrowly targeted.
• Regional histories of Western Europe or the Middle East during the Crusader era and, if relevant, beforehand.
• Ecclesiastical works.
• Works of fiction or art deemed important by modern Crusades historians.

Two good sources for biographies are available. The first is Part V: Brief Biographies of Crusade Historians, of The Routledge Companion to the Crusades by historian Peter Lock.[6] Part IV: Historiography, or What Historians have said about the Crusades, of Lock's tome, also provides an interesting perspective on the authors and their works. The second is the Historians of the Crusades (2007–2008),[7] an on-line database of scholars working in the field of Crusader studies. The related articles are listed above.

After the fall of Acre in 1291, there was a significant push for a new Crusade to retake the Holy Land. Histories written after that time have typically combined a chronology with proposals for additional Crusades. This period also saw the rise of knighthood and the notion of chivalry.

Jean Pierre Sarrasin. Jean Pierre Sarrasin (died 1275), chamberlain to Louis IX of France.[8]

• Lettres françaises du XIIIe siècle. Letters from the Seventh Crusade.[9]

Primat of Saint-Denis. Primat of Saint-Denis (died between 1277–1285), a Benedictine monk and historian.[10]

• Roman des rois (1274). The Roman des rois (Romance of Kings) was written in Old French and provides a detailed account of the reign of Louis IX of France. Roman des rois was the earliest version of the Grandes Chroniques de France.[11]
• La Chronique (after 1335). Latin version of Roman des rois covering only the years 1248–1277. Transcribed by French monk and translator Jean de Vignay.[11]

La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine. An anonymous account detailing the strengths of Mamluk armies in Egypt and Syria and gave mileages of the various routes between Cairo and the Delta ports. Prepared as an intelligence report in preparation for a future Crusade to be launched against Mamluk Cairo.[12]

• La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine (1289–1291). In Itinéraires à Jérusalem et descriptions de la Terre Sainte...(1882) by French historian Henri-Victor Michelant.[13]
• The Devise des Chemins de Babilione redated (1994). By British historian Robert Irwin. In The Military Orders, Volume I: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick, edited by British medieval historian Malcolm Barber.[14]

Fidentius of Padua. Fidentius of Padua (before 1226 – after 1291), a Franciscan friar and historian.[15]

• Liber recuperations Terre Sancte (1291). A history of the Holy Land and approaches to retaking the Kingdom of Jerusalem, delivered to pope Nicholas IV. Liber also included an adverse biography of the Prophet Muhammad. In Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della Terra Santa e dell'Oriente francescano, Volume 2, edited by Girolamo Golubovich.[16]

Thaddeus of Naples. Thaddeus of Naples (fl. 1291), an Italian magister.[17][18]

• Hystoria de desolacione civitatis Acconensis (1292). A history based on eyewitness accounts of the fall of Acre of 1291, embroidered by accusations of widespread cowardice. His violent language was intentional, and the object was to shame the West into launching a new Crusade. The work ended with an appeal to the Pope, to the princes, and to the faithful to rescue the Holy Land as the Christians' heritage
• Hystoria de desolacione et conculcacione civitatis Acconensis et tocius Terre Sancte, in A. D. 1291 (1874). Edited by Comte Paul E. D. Riant.[19]

Jacques Bretel. Jacques Bretel (fl. 1285), a French-language trouvère.[20][21]

• Le Tournoi de Chauvency, 2 volumes (1 + supplement) (1285). A poem concerning the Tournament of Chauvency. Held in 1285 by Louis V, Count of Chiny, the famed tournament brought together nearly 500 knights from around Europe. Participants included Rudolf I of Germany, Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine and Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders. A modern, however fanciful, description of the tournament can be found in The Reign of Chivalry by British historian Richard Barber.[22]
• Roman de Castelain de Couci et de la dame de Fayel (13th century). A romantic poem using the cœur mangé motif, sometimes attributed to the 13th-century trouvère Jakemés. (cf. French Wikipedia, Roman du châtelain de Coucy et de la dame du Fayel)[23]

Galvano of Levanti. Galvano of Levanti (fl. late 13th century), a physician in the papal court of Boniface VIII (1294–1303) and a propagandist.

• Liber Sancti Passagii Christocolarum contra Saracenos pro recuperatione Terra Sanctae (1295). A work dedicated to Philip IV of France that called for a new Crusade. Galvano was influenced by Thaddeus of Naples' account of the fall of Acre.

Ramon Lull. Ramon Lull (1232/1236–1315), also known as Raymond Lully or Ramon Llull, a Spanish missionary to the Arab world. Lull was stoned to death in Tunisia in 1315.[24][25][26]

• Le Libre del Orde de Cauayleria (1279–1283). Lull's account of the order of chivalry is translated to The book of the Ordre of chyualry, by English writer William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491) and appears as Volume 168 of the Early English Text Society (EETS).[27]

• Petitio pro recuperatione Terrae Sanctae (1295). A document presented to pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303) proposing a new Crusade and the combining the military orders into a single organization. This was a follow-up to Petitio Raymundi pro conversione infidelium (1294) presented to pope Celestine V (1294).
• Liber de Fine (1305). An elaboration of Petitio pro recuperatione Terrae Sanctae.
• Raimond Lulle, in Histoire littéraire de la France, Tome XXIX (1895). A biographical account edited by French historian Jean-Barthélemy Hauréau.[28]
• Le Bienheureux Raymond Lulle (1232-1315) (1900). A biography by French historian Marius André (1868–1927).[29]

Guillaume de Nangis. Guillaume de Nangis (died 1300), a French chronicler and biographer, particularly of Louis IX of France and Phillip III of France.[30][31][32]

• Chronicon (1300). A chronicle of the history of the world from the Creation until 1300. For the period before 1113, the work is that of the medieval author Sigebert of Gembloux (1030–1112) among others. It also borrows from La Chronique by Benedictine monk and historian Primat of Saint-Denis. A continuation to 1368 was done by Prior Jean de Venette.[33]
• Vie et vertus de Saint Louis d'après Guillaume de Nangis et le confesseur de la reine Marguerite (1877). A version of Nangis' Vie et vertus de Saint Louis, edited by French historian René de Lespinasse.[34]
• Mémoire sur les ouvrages de Guillaume de Nangis (1873). A commentary on the works of Nangis by French historian Léopold V. Delisle.[35]

Pierre Dubois. Pierre Dubois (1255–1321), a French publicist and propagandist.[36][37]

• De Recuperatione Terre Sancte (1304). A work proposing the recovery of the Holy Land using the wealth of the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller.[38]

Hayton of Corycus. Hayton of Corycus (1240–1310/1320), also known as Hethum of Gorigos, an Armenian noble and historian.[39]

• La Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient (1307). The Flower of the Histories of the East is found in RHC Documents arméniens (1869–1906), Volume 2.II, and concerns the Muslim conquests and Mongol invasion. It contains a summary of Levantine history, together with a discussion of the state of the Mamluk sultanate. Hayton proposed a double expedition and co-operation with the Armenians and the Mongols.
• Table Chronologique des Evénement en Syrie, Palestine et Arménie de 1076 à 1307 (1307). In RHC Documents arméniens (1869–1906).

Jacques de Molay. Jacques de Molay (1240–1314), last Grand Master of the Knights Templar.[40]

• Report to Clement V (1306). A report to pope Clement V recommending against the merging of the Templars and Hospitallers. Reprinted in Étienne Baluze's Vitae Paparum Avenionensium.[41]

Guillaume Adam. Guillaume Adam (died 1341), a missionary to and later archbishop of Soltaniyeh, Persia.[42][43]

• De modo Sarracenos extirpandi (1316–1317). An account detailing his approach for the West to defeat the Byzantine empire and the Ilkhanids.
• Directorium ad passagium faciendum (1330). A treatise that proposed a crusade, presented to Philip VI of France (1328–1350), that may have been written by G. Adam. In RHC Documents arméniens, Volume 2.IV.

Guy of Warwick. Guy of Warwick (Gui de Warewic), a legendary English hero popular in England and France from the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries. He is reputed to have made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and is erroneously regarded as real in some fifteenth-century chronicles, including that by English historian John Rous.[44][45][46][47]

• Guy of Warwick: a knight of Britain who in his day did many deeds of prowess's (1525).[48]
• Fragments of an early fourteenth-century Guy of Warwick.[49]
• The noble and renowned history of Guy, earl of Warwick (1829). Containing a full and true account of his many famous and valiant actions, and renowned victories.[50]

The Crusaders maintained a presence in the Holy Land until the fall of Ruad in 1302 and much of the historical work was then concentrated on the Kingdom of Cyprus, the military orders and the Mongol invasion of Europe, and renewed plans for a new Crusade to retake Jerusalem. Significant portions of the Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC), Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) library and Francesco Gabrieli's Arab historians of the Crusades are devoted to works from the 14th century.[51]

Gérard de Monréal. Gérard de Monréal (fl. 1314–1321), secretary to Guillaume de Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1273–1291. Monréal is believed to have written the later part of Les Gestes des Chiprois (Deeds of the Cypriots), an Old French chronicle of the history of the Crusader states and Kingdom of Cyprus between 1132–1311.[52][53]

• Les Gestes des Chiprois, 3 parts in 1 volume (1314–1321). A history of the Crusades in three parts: (1) Chronique de Terre Sainte (anonymous author) covering the period from 1131–1222; (2) History of the War between the Emperor Frederick and Sir John of Ibelin, covering the period 1223–1242, by Italian historian Philip of Novara (1200–1270); (3) Chronique du Templier de Tir, covering the Crusades through 1311. The work includes one of only two eyewitness accounts of the fall of Acre in 1291 and the trial of the Knights Templar in 1311.[54][55]
• Les gestes des Chiprois: recueil de chroniques françaises écrites en Orient au XIIIe & XVIe siècles (1887). Translation for the Société de l'Orient latin by French historian and philologist Gaston Raynaud (1850–1911). Raynaud's version of Les gestes des Chiprois is found in both RHC Documents arméniens (1869–1906), Volume 2.VI, and Revue de l'Orient Latin (ROL), Volumes XIIIe, XIVe.[56][57]

Jean de Joinville. Jean de Joinville (1224–1317), a French chronicler who accompanied Louis IX of France on the Seventh Crusade and Eighth Crusade who wrote his influential biography.[58][59]

• Life of Saint Louis (1309), a biography of Louis IX, relying on the Grandes Chroniques de France for events after 1254. Joinville was with Louis during his captivity by the Egyptians in 1250 after the battle of al-Mansurah. Reprinted in Bohn's Libraries.[60]
• Memoirs of the Crusades (1955). Translation by British biographer Frank T. Marzials. Consists of the chronicle De la Conquête de Constantinople of Geoffrey of Villehardouin and Joinville's Life of Saint Louis.[61]

Rashid-al-Din. Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318), a Jewish-turned-Islamic physician and historian who was vizier to the Ilkhan Ghazan.[62]

• Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles) is a history of the Mongols from the time of Adam until 1311. The books include History of the Mongols, regarding the Khanate conquests from Genghis Khan through that of Ghazan. They also include the History of the Franks through 1305, based on sources such as Italian explorer Isol the Pisan (fl. 1300) and the Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum of Martin of Opava. The third part of geography has been lost.[63][64]
• A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World (1995). Edition by American art historian Sheila Blair.[65]

Foulques de Villaret. Foulques de Villaret (died 1327), Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 1305–1319.[66]

• La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine (1306–1307). A document prepared for Foulques de Villaret providing an assessment of Mamluk forces, as research for a possible invasion. When the document was written in 1306–1307, al-Nasir Muhammad was the sultan of Egypt and Syria.[67]
• Mémoire de Foulques de Villaret sur la croisade (1312). At the time of the Council of Vienne in 1311-1312, Foulques wrote to Philip IV of France of the Hospitaller's preparation for any future crusade.[68]

Peter of Dusburg. Peter of Dusburg (died after 1326), a German historian and chronicler of the Teutonic Knights.[69]

• Chronicon terrae Prussiae (1326). A chronicle of the Teutonic Order and their role in the Northern Crusades.[70]

Jean de Vignay. Jean de Vignay (c. 1282/1285 – c. 1350), a French monk and translator.[71][72]

• De la chose de la chevalerie. On the Matter of Chivalry, a translation of De re militari of Roman writer Vegetius (fl. fourth century).
• Les merveilles de la Terre d'Outremer (after 1331). A translation of the Descriptio orientalium partium of Franciscan pilgrim Odoric of Pordenone (1286–1331).[73]
• Le Miroir historial (1333). A translation of the Speculum historiale of French Dominican Vincent of Beauvais (c. 1184/1194 – c. 1264).
• La Légende dorée (1333 or 1334), a translation of the Legenda aurea (Golden Legends) of Italian chronicler James of Varagine (c. 1230 – 1298).[74]
• La Chronique (after 1335). Latin version of Roman des rois by Benedictine monk and historian Primat of Saint-Denis (died between 1277–1285), a detailed account of the reign of Louis IX of France.

John VI Kantakouzenos. John VI Kantakouzenos (1292-1383), was Byzantine emperor from 1347–1354.[75]

• Historia (after 1341) that includes an account of Godfrey of Bouillon's arrival in Constantinople in 1096, in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (CSHB) Volumes 5-7.[76]
• Against Mohammedanism (after 1341). In Historia.

Hamd-Allah Mustawfi. Hamd-Allah Mustawfi (1281-1349), a Persian historian and geographer. Also known as Hamd-Allah Mustawfi Qazvini.[77]

• Ḏayl-e Tāriḵ-e gozida (after 1329). A compendium of world history from Creation until 1329, dedicated to the son of Rashid-al-Din Hamadani.[78]
• Nozhat al-qolub (1340). A work on geography that may be derived from Rashid-al-Din's lost work.
• Histoire des Seldjoukides et des Ismaéliens ou assassins de l'Iran (1849). Extracts from Ḏayl-e Tāriḵ-e gozida, translated by Charles Defrémery (1822–1883). A history of Persia under the Seljuk dynasty and the Assassins. The Seljuks originated in 985, with the sultans beginning with Tughril (1039–1063) and ending with Toghril III (1174–1194). The Assassins began under Hassan-i Sabbah (1050–1124) and were eradicated by the Mongols in 1256.[79]

Geoffroi de Charny. Geoffroi de Charny (1300–1356), a French knight and author. De Charny and his wife are the first recorded owners of the Shroud of Turin, lost after the sack of Constantinople in 1204.[80][81][82]

• Book of Chivalry (Livre de chevalerie) (c. 1350). A treatise intended to explain the appropriate qualities for a knight, reform the behavior of the fighting classes, and defend the chivalric ethos against its critics, mainly in clerical circles.[83]

Guillaume de Machaut. Guillaume de Machaut (1300–1377), an influential French poet and composer.[84][85][86]

• La Prise d'Alexandre (after 1369). An account of the campaign of Peter I of Cyprus, titular king of Jerusalem, against Egypt during the Alexandrian Crusade of 1365. The edition of 1887 was edited by French historian Louis de Mas Latrie (1815–1897)[87]

Informatio ex parte Nunciorum Regis Cypri. Informatio ex parte Nunciorum Regis Cypri is an anonymously written history of Cyprus through the 14th century including an account of Henry II of Cyprus, the last crowned king of Jerusalem, and his plans to retake the Holy Land from the Mongols. It is included in Documents and Histoire de l'île de Chypre sous le règne des princes de la maison de Lusignan by French historian Louis de Mas Latrie.[88]

Ibn al-Furat. Ibn al-Furat (1334–1405), an Egyptian historian.[89]

• Taʾrīkh al-duwal wa 'l-mulūk (History of the Dynasties and Kingdoms), 11 volumes (15th century). A universal history for which only the portions after 1106 were completed.
• Negotiations with Hugh III, King of Jerusalem and Cyprus. Material concerning Hugh III of Cyprus, excerpted and translated from Taʾrīkh al-duwal wa 'l-mulūk.[90]

Nicephorus Gregoras. Nicephorus Gregoras (1295–1360), a Byzantine theologian and historian.[91][92]

• Byzantine History (Histoire de Byzance), 37 volumes (after 1359). A history covering the years 1204–1359, continuing the work of Greek historian Georgius Pachymeres (1242 – c. 1310). In RHC Historiens grecs (1875–1881), Volume 1.V, and Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG), Volumes 148 (Books 1–24) and 149 (Books 25–37).[93][94]

Guillaume Durand. Guillaume Durand (1267–1328/1330) was bishop of Mende. Durand was sent as an embassy by pope John XXII and Charles IV of France to the Ottoman sultan Orhan (1326–1360) in order to obtain more favourable conditions for the Latins in Syria.[95][96]

• De modo celebrandi concilii et corruptelis, 3 volumes (1311). Written for pope Clement V, who later issued papal bull Vox in excelso.
• Informatio brevis de Passagio futuro (1312). A treatise on a possible Crusade to the Holy Land. In Histoire littéraire de la France, Tome XXXV.[97]

Jean Dardel. Jean Dardel (fl. 1375–1383), a French friar who was an advisor to Leo V of Armenia.[98][99]

• Chronique d'Arménie. A chronicle of Armenian history that covers through the 14th century. In RHC Documents arméniens (1906), Volume 2.I.

Eustache Deschamps. Eustache Deschamps (1346–1407), a French poet.[100][101][102]

• Deschamps' Poems and the Crusade. In The Crusade of Nicopolis (1934) by Egyptian Coptologist Aziz S. Atiya.[103]

Nicephoros Callistus. Nicephoros Callistus (Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos) (c. 1256 – c. 1335), a Greek ecclesiastical historian.[104][105]

• Historia Ecclesiastica, 18 books (c. 1330). A history down to 610, heavily dependent on his predecessors including Eusebius and Socrates.[106]
• Lists of the emperors and patriarchs of Constantinople (date unknown)
• Poem on the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 (date unknown).

Ibn Khaldūn. 'Abd al-Raḥmār ibn Khaldūn (before 1337 – 1406), an Arab scholar of Islam, social scientist and historian, who has been described as the father of the modern discipline of historiography.[107][108]

• Kitāb al-ʻIbar, 7 volumes (1337), Book of Lessons, Record of Beginnings and Events in the History of the Arabs and the Berbers and Their Powerful Contemporaries. Includes three parts: al-Muqaddimah (Prolegomena), a universal history of empires; A world history of events up to 1337; and Historiography of works from Arabic Africa.[109]

Al-Nuwayrī. Muḥammad ibn al-Ḳāsim al-Nuwayrī al-Iskandarānī al-Māliki (fl. 1365–1373) also known as al-Nuwayrī, a Muslim historian from Alexandria, Egypt. Eyewitness to the Alexandrian Crusade of 1365.[110][111]

• Kitāb al-Ilmām fīmā jarat bihi ʾl-aḥkām al-maḳḍiyya fī wāḳiʿat al-Iskandariyya , 6 volumes (between 1365–1374). A history of the city from the time of Alexander the Great and Aristotle through the Alexandrian Crusade and as late as 1374. Edited by Coptic historian Aziz S. Atiya and Swiss Egyptologist Étienne Combe in an edition published in 7 volumes (1968–1976).[112]

Leontios Machairas. Leontios Machairas (1360/1380 – after 1432), a Cypriot historian.[113]

• Kronika (Chronicle) covering the history of Cyprus from the visit of Saint Helen in the late third century until 1432.[114]
• Recital Concerning the Sweet Land of Cyprus, entitled Chronicle, English translation of Kronika by British archaeologist Richard M. Dawkins (1871–1955).
• The nature of the Cypriot chronicle of Leontios Makhairas (1945). Account by Richard M. Dawkins.[115]

Badr al-Din al-Ayni. Badr al-Din al-Ayni (1360–1453), known as al-Aini, was an Arab Islamic scholar.[116]

• 'Iqd al-Jūman fī Ta'rikh Ahl al-Zamán. Original Arabic version of Perles d'Historie.[117]
• Perles d'Historie (The Necklace of Pearls), covering the Ayyubid and Mamluk sultanates from 1226, with most of the early work derived from previous histories. Full title: TheNecklace of Pearls concerning the History of the Peoples of the Time. In RHC Historiens orientaux, Volume 2.1.

Al-Makrizi. Al-Makrizi (1364–1442), an Egyptian historian, also known as al-Maqrisi, descended from the Fatimids. Wrote extensively on the caliphates and sultanates that ruled the country. Some of his material appears to be based on the works of ibn Muyessar and ibn Abd al-Zahir.[118][119]

• Al-Mawāʻiẓ wa-al-Iʻtibār bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār, 2 volumes. French translation b Egyptoligist Urbain Bouriant as Description topographique et historique de l'Égypte, published from 1895–1900.[120]
• Abhandlung über die in Aegypten eingewanderten arabischen stämme (1847). Translation of Al-Mawāʻiẓ wa-al-Iʻtibār bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār by German orientalist Ferdinand Wüstenfeld.[121]
• History of the Ayyubit and Mameluke Rulers, 2 volumes (1837–1845). Translation by French orientalist Etienne Marc Quatremère.[122]
• Muqaffa. The first sixteen-volumes of an Egyptian biographic encyclopedia. Egyptian historian al-Sakhawi estimated that the complete work would require eighty volumes.

Philippe de Mézières. Philippe de Mézières (c. 1327 – 1405), a French knight and author. De Mézières travelled to Jerusalem and the Cyprus. In 1362, he traveled with Peter I of Cyprus, titular king of Jerusalem, visiting the princes of western Europe in quest of support for a new Crusade.[123][124][125]

• Vie de Saint Pierre Thomas (1366). Life of saint Peter Thomas (1305–1366), who participated with de Mézières in the Alexandrian Crusade of 1365.[126]
• Nova religio passionis (1367–1368; revised and enlarged in 1386 and 1396). A proposal for a new order of knighthood. Included in The Crusade of Nicopolis by Aziz Suryal Atiya.[103]
• Description de deux manuscrits contenant la règle de la Militia passionis Jhesu Christi de Philippe de Mézières (1881). A description of two works of de Mézières, by French historian Auguste Molinier.[127]
• Philippe de Mézièves et la croisade au XIVe siècle (1896), by Romanian historian Nicolae Iorga. Recounts the Crusade of Amadeus VI of Savoy (1366–1367). In Bibliothèque de l'École des hautes études. Sciences historiques et philologiques, Fascicule 110.[128]

Jean Froissart. Jean Froissart (c. 1337 – c. 1405), a Belgian medieval author and court historian.[129][130]

• Chronicles of England, France, and the Adjoining Countries, 5 volumes (c. 1400). Known as Froissart's Chronicles. From the latter part of the reign of Edward II to the coronation of Henry IV. Edition translated from the best French editions, with variations and additions from many celebrated manuscripts, edited by Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye and Thomas Johnes.[131]

The fifteenth-century historical works on the Crusades saw the beginning of anti-Islam sentiments in Western works, with calls for a new crusade (e.g., Jean Germain's works) as well as propaganda by both Christian and Islamic writers. There were also accounts of conflicts of the Military Orders with the Turks, continued travel accounts, and regional chronologies. Several works from the Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC), including Western, Arabic, and Greek works, can be found here. The first attempts at histories of the Crusades were made through the Itinerario di la Gran Militia and Benedetto Accolt's De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros...

Juan de Segovia. Juan de Segovia (1395–1458) was a Castillan theologian who translated the Koran into Latin with the assistance of Islamic scholar ʿĪsā ibn Jābir.[132][133]

• De mittendo gladio in Saracenos (c. 1475), a refutation of the Koran.
• Correspondence with Jean Germain and German philosopher Nicola de Cusa (1401–1464) on the dangers of Islam.[134]

Jean Germain. Jean Germain (1400–1461), bishop of Nevers from 1430–1436 and bishop of Châlons from 1436-1461. Councilor to Philip the Good and chancellor to the Order of the Golden Fleece. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean Germain)[135][136]

• Mappemonde spirituelle (1449), a geographical work that plotted the history of Christian martyrs.
• Discours du voyage d'Oultremer (1451), a call to Charles VII of France for a new Crusade. Edited by French historian Charles Schefer in Revue de l'Orient Latin (ROL), Tome 3.[137]
• Le Debat du Crestien et du Sarrasin (1450), a refutation of Islam with a debate between a Christian and a Muslim at the court of a sultan.
• Correspondence with Juan de Segovia and Nicola de Cusa on the dangers of Islam.[134]
• Liber de Virtutibus Philippi Burgundiae et Bradantiae Ducis (1452).
• Situating Islamdom in Jean Germain's Mappemonde Spirituelle (2007). Analysis by David J. Wrisley.[138]

Abu'l-Mahāsin. Abu'l-Mahāsin Yūsuf (1411–1469), an Arabic historian who was a student of Egyptian historian al-Makrizi (1364–1442).[139]

• Anecdotes and good habits of the life of the Sultan Youssof. A biography of Saladin. In RHC Historiens orientaux, Volume 3.
• Nodjoum az-Zahireh is extracted in RHC Historiens orientaux and covers the years 1098–1157 although his chronology differs from the more accepted one of ibn al-Athir. Abu'l Mahāsin and ibn al-Athir both offer accounts of the expeditions of emperor Basil II to Syria in the late tenth century.

Enguerrand de Monstrelet. Enguerrand de Monstrelet (c. 1400–1453), a French chronicler who was present at the 1430 interrogation of Joan of Arc.[140][141][142]

• La chronique d'Enguerran de Monstrelet: en deux livres, avec pièces justificatives 1400-1444, 6 volumes (15th century).[143]
• The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, 4 volumes (1809). Containing an account of the cruel civil wars between the houses of Orleans and Burgundy; of the Possession of Paris and Normandy by the English; their expulsion thence; and of other memorable events that happened in the kingdom of France, as well as in other countries. Beginning in the year 1400, where that of Sir John Froissart finishes, and ending at the year 1467, and continued by others to the year 1516. Translated and edited by Thomas Johnes.[144]

Itinerario di la Gran Militia. Itinerario di la Gran Militia, a la Pavese (Itinerary of the Great Army, in Pavese) is an anonymous fifteenth-century work on the First Crusade based on the work of William of Tyre. In RHC Historiens occidentaux, Volume 5.XIII.

Benedetto Accolti. Benedetto Accolti (1415–1464), also known as Benedict Aretini Accolti, an Italian historian. His primary work was the first attempt at a history of the Crusades, concentrating on the First Crusade and the heroic role of Godfrey of Bouillon. The work was written to encourage support to pope Pius II for a new Crusade to the Holy Land and is regarded as propaganda.[145][146]

• Dialogue (1461–1463). A work favorably comparing the achievements of the ancients to those of modern (15th century) times.
• De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros gesto pro Christi Sepulchro et Judaea recuperandis libri IV (1464) (On the War carried on by the Christians against the Barbarians, for the Recovery of Christ's Sepulchre, and of Judea). With Leonardo Accolti. Edition in 1623 edited by Scottish historian Thomas Dempster. Published in RHC Historiens occidentaux, Volume 5.XI.[147]

Grandes Chroniques de France. Grandes Chroniques de France, 6 volumes (1461). A compilation of the history of France produced between the 13th and 15th centuries by the monks of Saint-Denis. The original work, Roman des rois by a Benedictine monk and historian Primat of Saint-Denis (died between 1277–1285), traced the kings of the Franks from the origins until the death of Philip II of France in 1223 and extended at a later date to the death of Charles V of France in 1380. The edition by French philologist Alexis Paulin Paris was published 1836–1840.[148]

Doukas. Doukas (c. 1400 – 1470), a Byzantine historian who flourished under Constantine XI Palaiologos.[149]

• Historia byzantina (15th century). Volume 20 of Corpus Scriptorum Historæ Byzantinæ (CSHB), edited by German philologist August I. Bekker.[150]
• Decline and fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks (1975). Translation of Historia byzantina by H. J. Magoulias.[151]

Laonikos Chalkokondyles. Laonikos Chalkokondyles (c. 1430 – c. 1470), a Byzantine Greek historian from Athens.[152]

• Proofs of Histories, 3 volumes (Latin translation, 1556). Also known as Demonstrations of History. Encompasses the last 150 years of the Byzantine empire, covering 1298–1463. In Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG) Volume 159 and as Historiarum Libri Decem in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (CSHB), Volume 10.[153]

Gulielmus Caoursin. Gulielmus Caoursin (1430–1501), vice-chancellor of the Knights Hospitaller. An eye-witness to the siege of Rhodes in 1480, an unsuccessful attack by the Ottoman fleet. (cf. French Wikipedia, Gulielmus Caoursin)[154]

• Obsidionis Rhodiæ urbis descriptio (1480). Caoursin's account of the siege of Rhodes. English translation by English poet John Caius (fl. 1480). Reprinted in Edward Gibbon's The Crusades. Full title: The Delectable Newwesse and Tithynges of the Glorious Victory of the Rhodyans against the Turkes.[155]
• Primordium et origo sacri Xenodochii atque Ordinis militiae Sancti Joannis Baptistae Hospitalariorum Hierosolimitani (1489). In RHC Historiens occidentaux, Volume 5.IX.v.i.
• Le fondement du S. Hospital de l'ordre de la chevalerie de S. Jehan Baptiste de Jerusalem (1493). In RHC Historiens occidentaux, Volume 5.IX.v.ii.
• De terræ motûs labore, quo Rhodii affecti sunt (1496). An account of the earthquake at Rhodes in 1481.
• Oratio in senatu Rhodiorum, de morte Turci, habita pridie Kalendas junias M.CCC.LXXXI (1496). Speech to the senate of Rhodes on the death of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II in 1481.
• Gestorum Rhodiae obsidionis commentarii (1496). Two illuminated manuscripts conserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, with 51 miniatures attributed to the maître du Cardinal de Bourbon.
• Hospitaller Piety and Crusader Propaganda (2015). Guillaume Caoursin's description of the Ottoman siege of Rhodes, by Theresa M. Vann and Donald J. Kagay.[156]

Pierre d'Aubusson. Pierre d'Aubusson (1423–1503), Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 1476–1503. Commander of the garrison opposing the Turks during the siege of Rhodes in 1480.[157]

• Account of the Siege of Rhodes. Included in The History of the Holy, Military, Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem (1852) by English Hospitaller John Taaffe.[158]
• Histoire de Pierre d'Aubusson (1667) by French Jesuit Dominique Bouhours (1628–1702). The life of the renowned Peter d'Aubusson, grandmaster of Rhodes: Containing those two remarkable sieges of Rhodes by Mahomet the Great, and Solyman the Magnificent. Accounts of the sieges of Rhodes in 1480 and 1522 made by Mehmed II and Suleiman the Magnificent, respectively.[159]

Mīr-Khvānd. Mīr-Khvānd (1433–1498), a Persian-language historian from Bukhara.[160]

• Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ fī sīrat al-anbiyāʾ w-al-mulūk w-al-khulafā (The Gardens of purity in the biography of the prophets and kings and caliph), 7 volumes with geographic index (1497). A history of Islam from its origins until the late fifteenth century. Uses over forty major Arabic and Persian histories.[161]
• Guftār dar bayān-i tạbaqah-i chahārum az Mulūk-i ʻAjam kih īshān-rā Sāsāniyān gūyand. A history of the Sasanian empire[162]
• Histoire des Sassanides. A translation of the Persian text Guftār dar bayān-i...[163]
• The History of the Atábeks of Syria and Persia. Translation of portions of Volume 4 of Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ, edited by English orientalist William H. Morley, with a section on the Coins Struck by the Atábeks of Irak by English antiquary and numismatist William S. W. Vaux (1818 –1885).[164]
• Histoire des sultans du Kharezm. A history of the Khwarazmian dynasty of Persia (1077–1231). Translation by French orientalist Charles Defrémery.[165]

Francesco Amadi. Francesco Amadi (died after 1445), an Italian chronicler.[166]

• Chroniques d'Amadi et de Stromboldi. Covers the Crusades from 1095 and a history of Cyprus through 1441.[167]
• Chroniques d'Amadi. Includes narratives from a number of sources including Estoire d'Eracles, Annales de Terre Sainte and Gestes des Chiprois, along with original material.[168]
• Chroniques de Stromboldi. A French edition of Leontios Machairas' Kronika, translated by Diomède Stromboldi.[169]

John Rous. John Rous (c. 1411 – 1491), an English historian and antiquary.[170]

• The Rous Roll (1485). History of England written during the reign of Richard III of England. Presents a pro-Yorkist version of contemporary English history.[171]
• The Warwick Roll (c. 1485). A family chronicle of the Beauchamp family, concerned mainly with the life of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick (1382–1439), a contemporary of Rous. Rous embraced the legend of Guy of Warwick, claiming he was an ancestor of the Beauchamps.[172]
• Historia Regum Angliae (after 1485). History of the kings of England through Henry VII of England.

The 16th century was marked by two major influences on Crusader histories: the Turkish wars and the Protestant Reformation. The wars with the Ottoman Turks had begun in the 13th century but reached their peak in the 16th. The dichotomy between Protestant and Catholic was reflected in the differing views of the Crusades--an evil arm of the papacy versus meritorious and laudable endeavours. Highlights include:

• Notable histories include those by Basilius Herold, Reiner Reineck (with commentary by Matthäus Dresser), Heinrich Meibom, Justus Lipsius, Di Antonio Mossi and Michele Zappulo. The history of Étienne Pasquier was first to assign numbers to the Crusades.
• Differing views on the Turks and the concept of a Holy War, exemplified by works of Erasmus, Martin Luther, and John Foxe, as well as numerous theological works.
• The work of poet Torquato Tasso was to be at the forefront of Crusader writing for two centuries.
• The struggles of the military orders in Malta, Rhodes and Cyprus against the Ottomans, in the works of John Caius and Uberto Foglietta.

John Caius. John Caius (fl. 1480), an English poet, also known as John Kay.[173]

• The Delectable Newwesse and Tithynges of the Glorious Victory of the Rhodyans against the Turkes (1506). A translation of Obsidionis Rhodiæ urbis descriptio by Gulielmus Caoursin (1430–1501). Reprinted in Edward Gibbon's The Crusades.[155]

Erasmus. Erasmus (1446–1536), a Dutch philosopher and Christian scholar who was critical of the Western response to the Turkish invasions.[174]

• In Praise of Folly (1509). An important work in the Protestant Reformation, illustrated by Hans Holbein the Younger. Later translation by White Kennett included an epistle of Sir Thomas More and an obituary of Erasmus by Thomas Brown.[175]

Robert Fabyan. Robert Fabyan (died 1513), an English draper of London, sheriff, alderman, and author.[176]

• The New Chronicles of England and France, in two parts (1511). By Robert Fabyan (died 1513). Named by himself The concordance of histories. Edition of 1811 by Sir Henry Ellis reprinted from Pynson's edition of 1516. Sources used by Fabyan include the Brut Chronicle, the Venerable Bede, William of Malmesbury, Ranulf Higden, Henry of Huntingdon, and numerous other contributors to Crusader history.[177]

Martin Luther. Martin Luther (1483–1586), a German theologist and seminal figure in the Reformation.[178]

• Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses (1518). Luther argues against resisting the Turks, presented as a scourge intentionally sent by God to sinning Christians. Resisting them would have been equivalent to resisting the will of God, a position that had been initially shared by Erasmus, but was strongly criticized by English philosopher Thomas More.[179]
• On War Against the Turk (1529). Luther changes his position and calls for action against Islam but falls short of calling for a Holy War. Reflected in his later Sermon against the Turk the same year.[180]
• Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort (1542), a hymn by Luther for "the children to sing against the two arch-enemies of Christ, and His Holy Church, the Pope and the Turks." Used by Johann Sebastian Bach in his choral cantata Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort.

Basilius Johannes Herold. Basilius Johannes Herold (1511–1581), a Swiss theologian and historian.[181]

• De Bello Sacro (1560). An early Protestant history of the Crusades.

John Foxe. John Foxe (1516–1587), an English historian and martyrologist, and prominent influencer in English Protestantism.[182][183]

• Actes and Monuments, 8 volumes (1563), a work of Protestant history and martyrology, also referred to as Foxe's Book of Martyrs.[184]
• On the History of the Turks (1566), in Volume 4 of Actes and Monuments, supporting war against the infidel.

Just War Theory. The major proponents of the concept of a Just War include Spanish theologian Francisco de Vitoria (1483–1546) in his De Indis De Jure Belli (1542); Italian jurist Alberico Gentili (1552–1608), who write De Jure Belli Commentationes Tres (1588–1589); and Hugo Grotius (1583–1645), a Dutch humanist who wrote De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace) (1625) and Mare Liberum (The Freedom of the Seas) (1609).[185][186]

Floria Bustron. Floria Bustron (died before 1570), a Cypriot jurist and historian.[187]

• Historia overo commentarii de Cipro (Chronique de l'Ile de Chypre) (before 1570). An account of Cyprus through the sixteenth century, including the trials of the Knights Templar in Cyprus in 1311. Edition of 1884 edited by French historian Louis de Mas Latrie.

Étienne Pasquier. Étienne Pasquier (1529–1615), a French lawyer who first assigned numbers to the Crusades, counting six.[188][189]

• Recherches de la France, 2 volumes (1560). Edited by French writer Léon Feugère (1810–1858). Frankish history beginning with the Gauls. Chapitre XXXII concerns the Crusades.[190]

Lodovico Dolce. Lodovico Dolce (1508/10–1568), an Italian man of letters and painting theorist.[191]

• Dialogo di M. Lodovico Dolce, nel quale si ragiona del modo di accrescere e conseruar la memoria (1562). Edited by German Dominican Johann Host von Romberch (c. 1480 – 1533).[192]
• Giornale delle historia del Mondo (1572). A compendium of notable historical and literary events from the origins of civilization until the 16th century.[193]

Heinrich Meibom. Heinrich Meibom (1638–1700), a German physician and scholar.[194]

• Chronologie ad historiam belli sacri (1584). An early history of the Crusades.

Justus Lipsius. Justus Lipsius (1547–1606) was a Flemish philologist, philosopher and humanist.[195][196]

• Opera Omnia, 4 volumes (1585). His work on the Crusades was epigrammatic and moral in tone, relying heavily on William of Tyre.[197]

Reinier Reineck. Reinier Reineck (1541–1595), a German historian. (cf. German Wikipedia, Reiner Reineccius)[198][199]

• Historia De Vita Imp. Caes. Henrici IIII (1581). A biography of Henry IV of France.
• Chronicon Hierosolymitanum, id est, De bello sacro historia, exposita libris XII & nunc primum in lucem edita (1584). A collection of Crusader sources with a commentary by German historian Matthäus Dresser.
• Historia Orientalis Haythoni Armenii: Et Huic Subiectum Marci Pauli (1585). Itinerarium, item Fragmentum è Speculo historiali Vincentij Beluacensis eiusdem argumenti. An edition of The Journey of Haithon, King of Little Armenia, To Mongolia and Back by Armenian historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi. The work is an account of the travels of Hethum I of Armenia to the East.[200]

Matthäus Dresser. Matthäus Dresser (1536–1607), a German philologist and historian. A scholar of Greek and Latin, his principal work was on Aristotle. His commentaries reflect a desire to affirm great deeds done by the Germans. (cf. German Wikipedia, Matthäus Dresser)[201][202]

• Commentary on Reiner Reineck's Chronicon Hierosolymitanum (1584).
• Isagoges historicae (1586-1606). An edition of works of Aristotle.[203]
• Matthaei Dresseri Orationum Libri III (1606).[204]

Torquato Tasso. Torquato Tasso (1544–1595), an Italian poet. Widely read before the twentieth century, Tasso was at the forefront of Crusader writing for two centuries. Also known as Le Tasse.[205][206]

• La Gerusalemme liberata (Jerusalem Delivered), 2 volumes (1581). A reinvention of the First Crusade and the struggle between Christianity and Islam, using both Benedetto Accolti's 1464 work De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros..., and available original sources. Tasso lionized Godfrey of Bouillon as the ideal military leader.[207]
• Dialoghi (Dialogues), 3 volumes (1578–1594). A work that touches on major themes of the time, including the defeat of the Turks at the battle of Lepanto in 1571 by the navies of the Holy League.[208]

Uberto Foglietta. Uberto Foglietta (1518–1581), an Italian historian. (cf. Italian Wikipedia, Uberto Foglietta)[209][210]

• Uberti Folietae de Sacro foedere in Selimum libri quattuor. Ejusdem variae expeditiones in Africam, cum obsidione Melitae , 4 volumes (1587).
• The Sieges of Nicosia and Famagusta in Cyprus (1587). Translation of portions of Foglietta's De Sacro foedere in Selimum on the Ottoman-Venetian war of 1570–1573 by British colonial officer Claude Delaval Cobham.[211]

Di Antonio Mossi. Di Antonio Mossi (fl. 16th century), an Italian historian.[212]

• Breve descrizione dello acquisto di Terra Santa (1601). An early work on the history of the Crusades.[213]

Michele Zappulo. Michele Zappulo (1548–16..), an Italian historian.[214]

• Historia di Quattro principali città del mondo, Gerusalemme, Roma, Napoli e Venzia (1603). History of the four main cities of the world: Jerusalem, Rome, Naples, and Venice. An early example of Crusades history.

Historians of the 17th century continued with concerns about the rise of the Turkish threat, the discovery and publication of original sources, and the beginning of serious histories of the Crusades.

• The Turkish wars and proposals for a new Crusade are seen through the works of Richard Knolles, Francis Bacon and Gottfried Leibniz.
• Original sources, first codified in the seminal Gesta Dei per Francos (1611) by Jacques Bongars, and analysis by Jean Besly, and the bibliographic encyclopedia Kaşf az-Zunūn (1652) by Kâtip Çelebi.
• Additional original documents were presented in De Byzantinæ historiæ scriptoribus (1648–1729), works of Byzantine historians, begun by Philippe Labbe; Luc d'Achery's Spicilegium (1655–1677), a collection of medieval documents, and Bibliothèque orientale (1697), a collection of Arabic, Turkish and Persian manuscripts, by Barthélemy d'Herbelot.
• The establishment of the Congregation of Saint Maur in 1616, dominating French historical research.
• Crusader histories, the most important of which were Thomas Fuller's The Historie of the Holy Warre (1639) and Louis Maimbourg's Histoire des Croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte (1675), translated into English by John Nalson. Also of note are Charles du Fresne du Cange's Histoire de l'empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs françois (1657), an account of the Fourth Crusade and subsequent Greek settlements, and A. de Clermont's L'Histoire des Croisadare (1638).
• Histories of the Ottoman Empire by Richard Knolles, George Sandys and Paul Rycant.
• Beginning of the disciplines of palaeography and diplomatics under Jean Mabillon, a scholar of the Congregation of Saint Maur.

Richard Knolles. Richard Knolles (c. 1545 – 1610), an English historian, known for his seminal account of the Ottoman Empire.[215][216]

• Generall Historie of the Turkes, 3 parts in 2 volumes (1603). A later edition entitled The Turkish History: comprehending the origin of that nation, and the growth of the Othoman empire, with the lives and conquests of their several kings and emperors (1701) includes continuations through 1631 by ambassador Thomas Roe and through 1699 by diplomat and historian Paul Rycaut.[217]

Jacques Bongars. Jacques Bongars (1554–1612), a French scholar and diplomat who prepared the first comprehensive collection of original Crusades sources.[218][219]

• Gesta Dei per Francos (God's Work through the Franks), 2 volumes (1611). An early collection of original sources for the Crusades, with commentary. The compendium, dedicated to Louis XIII of France, includes most of the main narrative sources for the First Crusade and Fifth Crusade, as well as Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum of William of Tyre, the Secretorum Fidelium Crucis of Marino Sanudo and De recuperatione Terre Sancte of Pierre Dubois.
• Lettres de Monsieur de Bongars (1681). Letters of Bongars from his time as representative to Henry IV of France.[220]
• Jacobus Bongarsius (1874). A biography of J. Bongars by German philosopher Hermann Hagen.
• Catalogus codicum bernensium (Bibliotheca Bongarsiana) (1875). Edited by H. Hagen.[221]
• Biographie des Jacques Bongars (1905). A translation of the doctoral thesis of German Biblical scholar Raphael Breuer (1881–1932). (cf. German Wikipedia, Raphael Breuer)[222]

Congregation of Saint Maur. The Congregation of Saint Maur (1616–1818), a school of prominent Benedictines, known as the Maurists, which produced a large number of historical documents, many of particular interest to the Crusades including the Recueil des historiens des croisade (RHC) and Histoire littéraire de la France. (cf. French Wikipedia, Congrégation de Saint-Maur)[223][224]

• Bibliothèque des écrivains de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur (covering works from 1645–1787). Bibliography of Maurist works, published in 1882, compiled by German librarian Karl von Lama (1841–1920), reducing and completing the earlier Histoire littéraire de la congregation de Saint-Maur (1770) of René-Prosper Tassin (1697–1777).[225]

Francis Bacon. Francis Bacon (1561–1626), an English philosopher and statesman.[226]

• The Works of Francis Bacon, 15 volumes, edited by James Spedding, Robert L. Ellis and Douglas D. Heath (1857–1874). Full title: The Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St Albans and Lord High Chancellor of England.[227]
• Advertisement Touching on a Holy Warre (1622), in The Works of Francis Bacon, Volume 7, pp. 367–370.[228]

George Sandys. George Sandys (1578–1644), an English traveller, colonist, poet, and translator. Sandys' writings influenced contemporary literature and other disciplines including art, archaeology and geography. Sandys is considered to be the first English Egyptologist.[229][230][231]

• A Relation of a Journey begun an. Dom. 1610, 4 volumes (1615). The account of an extended tour of Europe and the Middle East in 1610–1612, giving detailed accounts of Constantinople, Cairo, Jerusalem, Emmaus, Bethlehem and Nazareth.[232]
• A General History of the Ottoman Empire (1740). Including Turkey, Egypt, the Holy Land, Jerusalem, Palestine and Arabia. Conjecture as to the fate of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.[233]
• Sandys Travels: containing an history of the original and present state of the Turkish empire (1673). The Mahometan religion and ceremonies. A description of Constantinople ... also, of Greece ... Of Ægypt ... A description of the Holy-Land ... Lastly, Italy described, and the islands adjoining. Illustrated with fifty graven maps and figures.[234]

Paolo Sarpi. Paolo Sarpi (1552–1623), a Venetian historian.[235][236]

• Istoria del Concilio Tridentino (1619). A history of the Council of Trent (1545–1563) whose topics included the Turkish threat to Western Europe.[237]
• True and Faithful Relation ... concerning the Death of Sultan Osman ..., (1622). A translation of a work concerning the death of Ottoman sultan Osman II, by English diplomat Thomas Roe..

Thomas Roe. Sir Thomas Roe (c. 1581 – 1644), an English diplomat, representing England in the Mughal Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Holy Roman Empire.[238][239][240]

• Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence (after 1619). Edited with an introduction by British historiographer William Foster (1863–1951) for the Hakluyt Society.[241]
• True and Faithful Relation ... concerning the Death of Sultan Osman ... (1622). A translation of a work concerning the death of Ottoman sultan Osman II by Venetian historian Paolo Sarpi.
• Continuation of Generall Historie of the Turkes (1603) by English historian Richard Knolles.[217]

Théodore Godefroy. Théodore Godefroy (1580–1649), a Swiss historian.[242]

• Histoire de Mre Jean de Boucicaut, maréchal de France (1620). A history of Jean II Le Maingre (Boucicaut), leader of the Crusade of Marshal Boucicaut to Constantinople in 1399.[243]

Thomas Dempster. Thomas Dempster (1579–1625), a Scottish scholar and historian.[244][245]

• De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros gesto pro Christi Sepulchro et Judaea recuperandis libri IV (1623). Translation of work by Benedetto Accolti (1415–1464).[147]
• Historia ecclesiastica gentis Scotorum, 2 volumes (1627). A history of the Scots. In this book he tries to prove that Bernard the Pilgrim, Alcuin, Boniface and Joannes Scotus Erigena were all Scots, and that Boadicea was a Scottish author.[246]

A. de Clermont. A. de Clermont (fl. 17th century), a presumed French historian. The only mention of de Clermont is by Crusader historian Hans E. Mayer in his Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge.[247]

• L'Histoire des Croisades (1638). A general history of the Crusades that explicitly used the designator croisades in its title, an honor usually attributed to the 1675 work of Louis Maimbourg. Nothing else is known about this work.[248]

Jean Besly. Jean Besly (1572–1644), a French historian who challenged the version of the anonymous Gesta Francorum presented in Gesta Dei per Francos.[249][250]

• Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere by Peter Tudebode (1641). Translation by J. Besley.[251]
• Joannis Besly Pictonis Præfatio (before 1644). The preface to Tudebode's Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere, reproduced in RHC Historiens occidentaux, Volume III.1 (cf. Patrologia Latina (MPL), Volume 155 [Godefridum, Appendix II])[252]
• Histoire des comtes de Poitou et ducs de Guyenne contenant ce qui s'est passé de plus mémorable en France depuis l'an 811 jusques au roy Louis le Jeune, vérifiée par tiltres, et par anciens historiens, ensemble divers traictez historiques (1647).
• Testament on Geoffrey II of Lusignan (1198–1247) (date unknown). Geoffrey was the son of Hugh VIII of Lusignan, and the testament is in Les anciens sires de Lusignan (The Old Sires of Lusignan) by French historian and numismatist Charles Farcinet (1824-1903). (cf. French Wikipedia, Geoffrey II de Lusignan)
• Recueil de documents historiques, pour la plupart relatifs au Poitou et aux provinces voisines (XIIe-XVIIe siècle) (date unknown). Collection of historical documents, mostly relating to Poitou and neighboring provinces, collected and copied by Besly. Published by the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

André and François Duchesne. André Duchesne (1584–1640), a French geographer and historian, and his son François Duchesne (1616–1693), also a historian.[253][254]

• Historiae Francorum Scriptores Coaetanei, 5 volumes (1636–1649). A collection of Crusader sources that builds on Bongars' Gesta Dei per Francos and includes: Vita Ludovici regis and Historia gloriosi regis Ludovici by Suger of St. Denis; De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem by Odo of Deuil; and Orderic Vitalis' Historia Ecclesiastica.
• Histoire des papes et sovverains chefs de l'eglise, 2 volumes (1653). A history of the popes from Saint Peter to Innocent X, derived from histories, memoirs and chronicles.[255]

Thomas Fuller. Thomas Fuller (1608–1661), an English churchman and historian. Fuller's work was anti-Jewish and relied heavily on that of William of Tyre. It was the first to incorporate accounts of the military orders, the Albigensian Crusade and the Northern Crusades into his narrative.[256][257]

• The Historie of the Holy Warre (1639). A history of the Crusades from the fall of Jerusalem under Titus in 70 AD through 1290. Includes critical commentary, a complete chronology, and bibliography. With an introduction by English classical scholar James Duport (1606–1679).[258]
• The History of the Holy War. An 1840 edition of The Historie of the Holy Warre.[259]
• A Pisgah-Sight of Palestine and the confines thereof; with the history of the Old and New Testaments acted thereon (1650). A descriptive geography of the Holy Land, with "facsimiles of all the quaint maps and illustrations" of the original edition.[260]
• The History of the Worthies of England, 3 volumes (1662). An attempt at a dictionary of national biography, from original sources and providing valuable antiquarian information.[261]

Edward Pococke. Edward Pococke (1604–1691), an English orientalist and Biblical scholar.[262][263][264]

• Specimen historiae arabum (1649). An account of the origin and manners of the Arabs, adapted from the work of Syriac historian Bar Hebraeus (1226–1286) and other sources.[265]
• Contextia Gemmarum sive Eutychii Patriarchae Alexandrini Annales, 2 volumes (1658–1659). A biography of Eutychius of Alexandria (877–940), Melkite patriarch of Alexandria. The Latin translation was reprinted in Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG), Volume 111. With English orientalist John Selden.[266]

• Greg. Abulfaragii historia compendiosa dynastiarum (1663). A complete edition of the Arabic history of Bar Hebraeus.
• Account of Egypt (1680s). By Arab historian Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231). Arabic document published by E. Pococke. His son Edward Pococke the Younger (1648–1727) translated a fragment of the work into Latin (publication date unknown). Arabic scholar Thomas Hunt began the task of completing the translation but did not finish. The Latin translation was then completed by orientalist Joseph White.[267]

John Selden. John Selden (1584–1654), an English orientalist and polymath.[268][269][270]

• Contextia Gemmarum sive Eutychii Patriarchae Alexandrini Annales, 2 volumes (1658–1659). A biography of Eutychius of Alexandria, Melkite patriarch of Alexandria. The Latin translation was reprinted in Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG), Volume 111. With Edward Pococke (1604–1691).[266]
• De dis Syris syntagmata II (1680). A study of Semitic mythology.[271]

Philippe Labbe. Philippe Labbe (1607–1667), a French Jesuit who wrote on historical, geographical and philological topics, including those of the Byzantine empire.[272][273]

• De Byzantinæ Historiæ Scriptoribus, 24 volumes (1648–1729). An account of primary sources of Byzantine history from 330–1453. Later revised and expanded by Danish historian Barthold Niebuhr into the Corpus Scriptorum Historæ Byzantinæ (CSHB).[274]

Kâtip Çelebi. Elhac Mustafa Kâtip Çelebi (1609–1657), an Ottoman-Turkish polymath and author. Also known by the name of Ḥājjī Khalīfa.[275][276][277]

• Kaşf az-Zunūn, 7 volumes (1652). A bibliographic encyclopedia of Arabic works whose title translates to The Removal of Doubt from the Names of Books and the Arts. Published in the original Arabic with parallel Latin translation by German orientalist Gustav Flügel and in a French translation by Barthélemy d'Herbelot.[278]

Luc d'Achery. Luc d'Achery (1609–1685), a French Benedictine of the Congregation of Saint Maur specializing in the study and publication of medieval manuscripts.[279][280]

• Spicilegium, sive Collectio veterum aliquot scriptorum qui in Galliae bibliothecis, maxime Benedictinorum, latuerunt, 13 volumes (1655–1677). A collection of ancient and medieval documents of interest to the Benedictines. Continued by French Benedictine historians Edmond Martène (1654–1739) and Ursin Durand (1682–1771) in their Veterum Scriptorum.[281]
• Acta sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti, 9 volumes (1701). A collection of the lives of the Benedictine saints, completed by Jean Mabillon.[282]

Charles du Fresne du Cange. Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange (1610–1688), a French philologist and historian of the Middle Ages and Byzantium.[283][284][285]

• Histoire de l'empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs françois (1657). The first serious study of the Fourth Crusade and the Frankish settlements in Greece.[286]
• Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis, 6 volumes (1678). Glossary of writers in medieval and late Latin. Crucesignati (Tome 2, pp. 1175–1176) discusses Crusader privileges. A new edition and supplement were published by Dom Pierre Carpentier and Maurus Dantine in the 18th century.[287]
• Historia Byzantina, 2 volumes (1680). A history of the Byzantine empire from 395–1453. With a description of the city of Constantinople.[288]
• Les familles d'Outremer (unpublished). Genealogy of the royal families of the Kingdom of Jerusalem through 1244. By the decree of the Minister of Public Instruction, the publication and completion of Du Cange's unfinished work was entrusted to Nicolas Rudolphe Taranne. After the latter's death it was continued by French orientalist Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey, published in 1869.[289]
• Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Graecitatis, 2 volumes (1688). A glossary of Greek writers.[290]
• Paschalion seu Chronicon Paschale (1689). A translation of the 7th century work Chronicon Paschale.[291]
• Annes tes Komnenes porpherogennetou kaisarisses Alexias (1729). Translation of Anna Komnene's Alexiad .[292]

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1646–1716), a prominent German mathematician and philosopher.[293]

• Project de conquête l'Egypte présenté à Louis XIV (1671). In Oeuvres, edited by French author Louis-Alexandre Foucher de Careil. A proposal prepared for Louis XIV of France by Leibniz for a new Crusade to conquer the Ottoman empire. Includes a history of the Crusades, particularly the Egyptian strategies of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Discussed in detail in Tyerman's The Debate on the Crusades.[294][295]
• La fascination de l'Egypte (1998). Commentary on and edition of Project de conquête l'Egypte présenté à Louis XIV by Egyptian historian Ahmed Youssef.[296]

Étienne Baluze. Étienne Baluze (1630–1718), a French scholar and historiographer. Also known as Stephanus Baluzius.[297][298]

• Capitularia Regum Francorum, 2 volumes (1677). A collection of capitularies of the kings of France, including the Merovingian kings, Pippin, Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. For the period after 840, Baluze included as supplements the (unreliable) collections of Saint Ansegisus (9th century) and the forged ones attributed to Benedictus Levita. The work then includes the capitularies of Charles the Bald, and of other Carolingian kings.[299]
• Capitularia Regum Francorum, second edition of Baluze, 2 volumes (1780). Update of Baluze's work, by French politician Pierre Chiniac de La Bastide.[300]
• Epistolae Innocentii Papae III (1682). The letters of pope Innocent III.[301]
• Vitae Paparum Avenionensium (1693). A history of popes who settled in France between 1305–1394. Includes the report of Grand Master of the Knights Templar, Jacques de Molay, to pope Clement V on the merging of the military orders.[41]

Louis Maimbourg. Louis Maimbourg (1610–1686), a French Jesuit and historian.[302][303][304]

• Histoire de l'Arianisme, 2 volumes (1673). The influence of Arianism on civil affairs and the causes of the dissolution of the Roman empire. Introductory discourse by French mathematician Bernard Lamy (1640–1715). Translated by British theologian William Webster (1689–1758) as A Complete History of Arianism from 306 to 1666, with Commentary.[305]
• Histoire de l'hérésie des Iconoclastes et de la translation de l'empire aux françois (1674). A history of the heresy of the Iconoclasts and the translation of the empire to the French.[306]
• Histoire des Croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte (1675). A populist and royalist history of the Crusades from 1195–1220. Translated into English in 1684 by historian John Nalson.[307]
• Histoire du grand schisme d'Occident (1679). An account of the Great Schism of 1054.[308]

Bernard Lamy. Bernard Lamy (1640–1715), a French mathematician and theologian.[309][310]

• Introductory discourse to Louis Maimbourg's Histoire de l'Arianisme (1673).[305]
• Demonstration ou Preuves evidentes de la verite et de la saintete de la morale chrétienne (1709). A treatise on Christian morals.[311]
• De tabernaculo foederis, de sancta civitate Jerusalem, et de templo ejus, libri septem (1720, posthumous). A Latin treatise on the Ark of the Covenant. Edited by French historian Pierre Nicolas Desmolets (1678–1760) who added Vita auctoris (a biography of the author) and De templo Salomonis historico (history of Solomon's Temple). Engraved plates by Pierre François Giffart (1638–1723) and Ferdinand Delamonce (1678–1753).[312]

Jean Mabillon. Jean Mabillon (1632–1707), a French Benedictine monk and scholar of the Congregation of Saint Maur. Regarded as one of the greatest historical scholar of the 17th century and the founder of the disciplines of palaeography and diplomatics.[313][314]

• De re diplomatica (1681). An analysis of medieval documents and manuscripts back to the early 7th century. (cf. French Wikipedia, De re diplomatica)[315]
• Acta sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti, 9 volumes (1701). A collection of the lives of the Benedictine saints, the completion of a work begun by Luc d'Achery.[282]

Pierre Bayle. Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), a French philosopher, author, and lexicographer.[316][317]

• Miscellaneous Reflections Occasion'd by the Comet which appear'd in December 1680, 3 volumes (1682). Subtitled: Chiefly tending to explode popular superstitions. An account of the Great Comet of 1680, the first to be discovered by telescope. English translation of 1708 includes a biography of the author.[318]
• Dictionnaire historique et critique, 2 volumes (1697). A French biographical dictionary also known as the Historical and Critical Dictionary, regarded as one of the earliest encyclopedias. Based on the previous La Grand Dictionnaire historique by theologian Louis Moréri (1643–1680). Numerous editions with improvements from 1792 through 1830. The nouvelle édition by Adrien-Jean-Quentin Beuchot was published in 16 volumes in 1820.[319][320]

John Nalson. John Nalson (1638–1686), an English clergyman, historian and pamphleteer.[321][322]

• The History of the Crusade, or the Expeditions of the Christian Princes, for the Conquest of the Holy Land (1684). A translation from the French of Maimbourg's Histoire des Croisades...(1675).[323]

Paul Rycaut. Sir Paul Rycaut (1629–1700), a British diplomat and historian, known as an authority on the Ottoman Empire.[324][325]

• The History of the present state of the Ottoman Empire (1686). Containing the maxims of the Turkish polity, the most material points of the Mahometan religion, their sects and heresies, their convents and religious votaries. Their military discipline, with an exact computation of their forces both by sea and land.[326]
• The Turkish History: Comprehending the origin of that nation, and the growth of the Othoman empire, with the lives and conquests of their several kings and emperors, 2 volumes (1701). A continuation of Generall Historie of the Turkes (1603) by English historian Richard Knolles, bringing the history down to 1699. Includes continuations by ambassador Sir Thomas Roe.[217]

Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont. Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont (1637–1698), a French ecclesiastical historian.[327][328]

• Vie de Saint Louis: Roi de France, 6 volumes (1688). An extensive biography of Lous IX of France. The Société de l'histoire de France published an edition of the work edited by French historian Julien de Gaulle (1801–1883) beginning in 1847.[329]

Barthélemy d'Herbelot. Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville (1625–1695), a French orientalist.[330][331]

• Bibliothèque Orientale, ou dictionnaire universel contenant tout ce qui regarde la connoissance des peuples de l'Orient, 3 volumes (1697). Edited by d'Herbelot, completed by French orientalist and archaeologist Antoine Galland. Derived from the bibliographic encyclopedia Kaşf az-Zunūn by Kâtip Çelebi, it contains a large number of Arabic, Turkish and Persian compilations and manuscripts.[332]

Robert Saulger. Robert Saulger (1637–1709), an author and Jesuit missionary to Greece. (cf. French Wikipedia, Robert Saulger)[333]

• Histoire nouvelle des Ducs et autres Souverains de l'Archipel (1698). A history of the Frankish settlements in the Cyclades, particularly the Duchy of the Archipelago (Duchy of Naxos, 1207–1579), founded by Marco I Sanudo.

The principal Crusader historians of the 18th century include the following.

Antoine Galland. Antoine Galland (1646 –1715), a French orientalist and archaeologist.[334]

• Les mille et une nuits, 12 volumes (1704–1717). The first European translation of One Thousand and One Nights, into French.[335]
• Bibliothèque Orientale, ou dictionnaire universel contenant tout ce qui regarde la connoissance des peuples de l'Orient, 3 volumes (1697). Edited by Barthélemy d'Herbelot (1625–1695) and completed by Antoine Galland (1646 –1715). Derived from the bibliographic encyclopedia Kaşf az-Zunūn by Kâtip Çelebi, it contains a large number of Arabic, Turkish and Persian compilations and manuscripts.[332]

Eusèbe Renaudot. Eusèbe Renaudot (1646–1720), a French theologian and orientalist.[336][337][338]

• Life of Saladin (unpublished).
• Gennadii Patriarchae Constantinopolitani Homiliae de Eucharistia (1709)
• Historia Patriarcharum Alexandrinorum (1713), a translation of Ta'rikh Batarikat al-Kanisah al-Misriyah by Severus ibn al-Muqaffa (died 987). In Patrologia Orientalis (PO) , Volume 1.II.[339]
• Liturgiarurn Orientalium Collection, 2 volumes (1715–1716). A collection of oriental liturgies, designed to supply proofs of the perpetuity of the faith of the Church on the subject of the sacraments. The English translation of 1822 is titled: A Collection of the principal liturgies, which are used by the Greeks and other schismatics of the Oriental churches. Showing their uniformity with the Roman liturgy, in all essentials, relating to the sacrifice of the Mass. Included is am analysis reportedly proving the antiquity and authority of the liturgies and an answer to the objections against the doctrine of transubstantiation.[340]
• Ancient accounts of India and China (1733). An imperfect translation of a 9th century account by Arabic historian Abu Zayd Ḥasan ibn Yazīd Sīrāfī[341] and Persian merchant Sulaymān al-Tājir (fl. 850).[342] Edition of the very curious records of early Arab intercourse with China. Updated edition published in 1845 by Joseph Reinaud.[343]

Georg Christoph Müller. Georg Christoph Müller (1673–1721), a German historian. His work assigned five numbers to the Crusades. (cf. German Wikipedia, Georg Christoph Müller)[344]

• De Expedition Cruciatis Vulgo Von Kreutz Fahrten (1709). A history of the Crusades in the time frames 1096-1099 (First Crusade), 1147-1149 (Second Crusade), 1189-1192 (Third Crusade), 1217-1229 (Fifth Crusade), and 1248-1254 (Seventh Crusade), considering just those large expeditions that reached the eastern Mediterranean. Source document for Hagenmeyer's edition of Anonymi gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitanorum (1890).

Aaron Hill. Aaron Hill (1685–1750), an English dramatist and miscellany writer.[345]

• A Full and Just Account of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire in all its Branches: With the government, and policy, religion, customs, and way of living of the Turks, in general (1709).[346]

Edmond Martène. Edmond Martène (1654–1739) was a French Benedictine historian and liturgist of the Congregation of Saint Maur.[347][348]

• Thesaurus Novus Anedotorum , 5 volumes (1717). Edited with French Benedictine historian Ursin Durand. Begun in 1708 with a search of the archives of France and Belgium for the Gallia Christiana, the documentary catalogue of the Catholic dioceses and abbeys of France from the earliest times. Documents gathered from eight hundred abbeys and one hundred cathedrals.[349]
• Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Amplissima Collectio , 9 volumes (1727–1733). Edited with U. Durand. A continuation of Luc d'Achery's Spicilegium on ancient and medieval documents of interest to the Benedictines.[350]

Ursin Durand. Ursin Durand (1682–1771), a Benedictine historian of the Congregation of Saint Maur.[351][352]

• Thesaurus Novus Anedotorum , 5 volumes (1717). Edited with French Benedictine historian Edmond Martène. Begun in 1708 with a search of the archives of France and Belgium for the Gallia Christiana, the documentary catalogue of the Catholic dioceses and abbeys of France from the earliest times. Documents gathered from eight hundred abbeys and one hundred cathedrals.[349]
• Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Amplissima Collectio , 9 volumes (1727–1733). Edited with E. Martène. A continuation of Luc d'Achery's Spicilegium on ancient and medieval documents of interest to the Benedictines.[350]
• "L'Art de vérifier les dates, 3 volumes (1750). A French work on diplomatics. The art of verifying the dates of historical facts, charters, chronicles, and other ancient monuments, since the birth of Our Lord: by means of a chronological table ...: with these perpetual calendars, the glossary of dates, the catalog of saints, and the calendar of the Jews. With Maurus Dantine and Charles Clémencet.[353]

Pierre Nicolas Desmolets. Pierre Nicolas Desmolets (1678– 1760), a French librarian and oratorian historiographer. (cf. French Wikipedia, Pierre Nicolas Desmolets)[354]

• De tabernaculo foederis, de sancta civitate Jerusalem, et de templo ejus, libri septem (1720). A Latin treatise on the Ark of the Covenant by Bernard Lamy, edited by P. Desmolets, who added Vita auctoris (a biography of B. Lamy) and De templo Salomonis historico (history of Solomon's Temple). Engraved plates by Pierre François Giffart (1638–1723) and Ferdinand Delamonce (1678–1753).[312]
• Memoires de litterature et d'histoire, 11 volumes in 12 (1749). Continuation of a 1715 work by Albert-Henri de Sallengre (1694-1723). (cf. French Wikipedia, Albert-Henri de Sallengre)[355]
• Continuation des Memoires de litterature et d'histoire (1749).[356]
• L’Histoire de l'Empire Othoman, où se voyent les causes de son agrandissement et de sa décadence, 4 volumes (1743). A seminal work on the Ottoman Empire used as a reference for Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Later scholarship has questioned the reliability of some sources. Translation of the work by Moldovian historian Dimitrie Cantemir.[357]

Pierre François Giffart. Pierre François Giffart (1638–1723), a French engraver and publisher. (cf. French Wikipedia, Pierre Giffart)[358]

• Illustrations for De tabernaculo foederis, de sancta civitate Jerusalem, et de templo ejus, libri septem (1720). A Latin treatise on the Ark of the Covenant by Bernard Lamy. Edited by French historian Pierre Nicolas Desmolets who added Vita auctoris (a biography of the author) and De templo Salomonis historico (history of Solomon's Temple). Engraved plates by P. Giffart and Ferdinand Delamonce (1678–1753).[312]
• Illustrations for Géographie Universelle (1739), by Claude Buffier (1661–1737). Engraved plates by P. Giffart.[359]

Antoine Rivet de La Grange. Antoine Rivet de La Grange (1683–1749), a French benedictine monk and archivist.[360]

• Histoire littéraire de la France, 46 volumes (1733–1892). A large collection of French literature begun by La Grange, known as Dom Rivet, and the Maurists. Of most interest to the Crusades is Tome VIII which includes a biography of Godfrey of Bouillon and works by Raymond of Aguilers and Peter Tudebode.[97]

Maurus Dantine. Maurus Dantine (1688–1746), a Belgian Benedictine of the Congregation of Saint Maur and a founding chronologist.[361][362]

• Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis , 6 volumes (1733, 1736). A new edition of Charles du Fresne du Cange's work, with Pierre Carpentier. Glossary of writers in medieval and late Latin. See article titled Crucesignati (Tome 2, pp. 1175–1176) for a discussion on Crusader privileges.[287]

• L'Art de vérifier les dates, 3 volumes (1750). A French work on diplomatics. The art of verifying the dates of historical facts, charters, chronicles, and other ancient monuments, since the birth of Our Lord: by means of a chronological table ...: with these perpetual calendars, the glossary of dates, the catalog of saints, and the calendar of the Jews. With Ursin Durand and Charles Clémencet.[353][363]

Pierre Carpentier. Dom Pierre Carpentier (1697-1767), a Benedictine historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Pierre Carpentier)[364]

• Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis , 6 volumes (1733, 1736). A new edition of Charles du Fresne du Cange's work, with Maurus Dantine (1688–1746). Glossary of writers in medieval and late Latin. See article titled Crucesignati (Tome 2, pp. 1175–1176) for a discussion on Crusader privileges.[287]
• Supplement to Glossarium ad scriptores..., 4 volumes (1766).[365]

Dimitrie Cantemir. Dimitrie Cantemir (1673–1723), a Moldovian statesman and historian. A direct descendant of Tamerlane, he was twice ruler of Moldovia.[366][367]

• Historia incrementorum atque decrementorum Aulae Othomanicae (before 1734). A history of the rise and fall of the Ottoman empire.
• The History of the Growth and Decay of the Othman empire (1734–1735). English translation of Historia incrementorum atque decrementorum Aulae Othomanicae. Adorn'd with the heads of the Turkish emperors, ingraven from copies taken from originals in the grand seignor's palace, by the late sultan's painter.[368]
• L’Histoire de l'Empire Othoman, où se voyent les causes de son agrandissement et de sa décadence, 4 volumes (1743). A seminal work on the Ottoman Empire used as a reference for Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Later scholarship has questioned the reliability of some sources. Translation of the work by French historiographer Pierre Desmolets.[357]

Martin Bouquet. Martin Bouquet (1685-1754), a French Benedictine monk and historian of the Congregation of Saint Maur.[369][370]

• Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France (RHF), 22 volumes (new edition, 24 volumes) (1738–1904). New edition undertaken by French historian Léopold V. Delisle (1826–1910). A collection of histories of France by Gaulian and French authors, including ones of relevance to the Crusades. Tome 12 includes works by Robert the Monk and William of Tyre. Tome 13 includes works by William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, Roger of Howden and Ralph de Diceto. (cf. French Wikipedia, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France)[371]
• Planned expansion of the RHF. The histories were planned to be expanded to include oriental sources of the Crusades. The project was led by Dom Berthereau (1732–1792) and was interrupted by the French political turmoil.

Burkhard Gotthelf Struve. Burkhard Gotthelf Struve (1671–1738), a German librarian and historian.[372][373]

• Bibliotheca historica selecta, 2 volumes (1740). With Christian Gottlieb Buder (1693–1763). Expanded into Bibliotheca historica by Johann Georg Meusel.[374]

René-Aubert Vertot. René-Aubert Vertot (1655–1735), a French clergyman and historian of the Knights Hospitaller.[375][376]

• Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem, 5 volumes (published 1742). A history of the Knights Hospitaller.[377]

• The History of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, 3 volumes (1818). Styled afterwards, the Knights of Rhodes and at present, the Knights of Malta . English translation of Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem.[378]
• Histoire de l'Ordre des Chevaliers de Malte (1819).[379]
• The History of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, 5 volumes (1858). Later edition of Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem.[380]

Thomas Hunt. Thomas Hunt (1696–1774), an English Arabic scholar.[381][382]

• A Dissertation on Proverbs VII. 22, 23 (1743). Critical dissertations on the Proverbs of Solomon.[383]

• Account of Egypt (1746, unpublished). By Arab historian Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231). Arabic document first discovered and published by Edward Pococke (1604–1691). His son, Edward Pococke the Younger, then translated a fragment of the work into Latin. T. Hunt began the task of completing the translation but did not finish. The work was then translated into French by Silvestre de Sacy (1758–1838).[267]

Joseph de Guignes. Joseph de Guignes (1721–1800), a French orientalist.[384][385]

• Mémoire historique sur l'origine des Huns et des Turcs (1748). A history of the origins of the Huns and the Turks.
• Histoire generale des Huns, des Mongoles, des Turcs et des autres Tartares occidentaux , 3 volumes (1756–1758). General history of the Huns, Mongols, Turks and other Western Tartars.[386]
• Essai historique sur la typographie orientale et grecque de l'Imprimerie Royale (1787). An historical essay on the origin of the oriental characters in the Royal printing-house. Includes the works which have been printed at Paris in Arabic, Syriac and Armenian. Also the Greek characters of Francis I of France, commonly called the King's Greek, cut by French publisher and punch-cutter Claude Garamont  (1510–1561).[387]

Voltaire. Voltaire (1694–1778), a French philosopher and historian. Voltaire's negative view on the Crusades was tempered with his admiration for the Crusaders. His work on the Crusades did not adhere to any real chronology, providing little detail and no numbering.[388]

• Histoire des Croisades (1750–1751). A history of the Crusades from the rise of the Seljuks until 1195, with critique.[389]
• Croisades (1751). The entry on the Crusades in Volume 2 of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie is based on Voltaire's work, summarizing that the Crusades were "...soit pour le recouvrement des lieux saints, soit pour l'extirpation de l'heresie et du paganisme" (either for the recovery of Holy Places, or for the eradication of heresy and paganism).[390]
• Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations, 10 volumes (1756). An essay on universal history, the manners, and spirit of nations, from Charlemagne to the present day. The work incorporated Voltaire's earlier work Histoire des Croisades. In particular, Tome Second covers the period 1050–1416, and includes the following portions relevant to the Crusades: Chapitre XLII. De Frederic II (Frederick II). Chapitre XLIII. De l'Orient au tems des Croisade (The Orient before the Crusades). Chapitre XLIV. De la Premier Croisade Jusq'ua la Prise de Jerusalem (From the First Crusade until the Capture of Jerusalem). Chapitre XLVI. De S. Louis, et de la Derniere Croisade (Saint Louis and the Last Crusade). Chapitre XLVII. Suite de la Prise de Constantinople par les Croisés (Following the Capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders). Chapitre XLVIII. De l'Orient et de Genzis-Can (The Orient and Genghis Khan). Chapitre L. De la Croisade contre Albigeois (The Crusade against the Albigensians). Chapitre LIV. Du Supplice des Templiers, et de l'extinction de cet Ordre (Of the Torment of the Templars, and the extinction of this Order).[391]

Charles Clémencet. Charles Clémencet (1703–1778), a French Benedictine historian of the Congregation of Saint Maur.[392][393]

• L'Art de vérifier les dates , 3 volumes (1750). A French work on diplomatics. The art of verifying the dates of historical facts, charters, chronicles, and other ancient monuments, since the birth of Our Lord: by means of a chronological table ... with these perpetual calendars, the glossary of dates, the catalog of saints, and the calendar of the Jews. With Maurus Dantine and Ursin Durand.[353]
• Editor-in-chief, Histoire littéraire de la France, Volumes 10–12 (1756–1763). Works there cover the 11th and 12th centuries through 1167, and include several of the original sources of the Crusades.[97]

Camille Falconet. Camille Falconet (1671-1762), a French physician and historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Camille Falconet)[394]

• Dissertation sur les Assassins, Peuple d'Asie (1751). A compendium of accounts concerning the Assassins of Syria, identifying works by Benjamin of Tudela, William of Tyre, Hayton of Corycus, Marco Polo, John Phocas, Jacques de Vitry, Arnold of Lübeck, Matthew Paris and Abu'l-Feda that discussed the sect.[395]
• Dissertation on the Assassins of Syria, in Volume 2 of Memoirs of John Lord de Joinville, Grand Seneschal of Champagne (1807), edited by English translator Thomas Johnes.[396]

David Hume. David Hume (1711–1776), Scottish philosopher and historian. Hume regarded the Crusades as the "nadir of Western civilization" and "the most signal and most durable monument of human folly that has yet appeared in any age or nation." He also famously stated that "the Crusades engrossed the attention of Europe and have ever since engaged the curiosity of mankind." This view was continued by E. Gibbon.[397][398]

• The History of England , 6 volumes (1754–1761). The history of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales that covers: The invasion of Julius Caesar to the accession of Henry VII, through 1485 (Volumes 1 and 2); England under the House of Tudor (Volumes 3 and 4); Great Britain during the reigns of James I and Charles I (Volume 5); and, the Commonwealth and the reigns of Charles II and James I (Volume 6). Richard I of England and the Third Crusade are presented in Volume 1. The later Crusades, to the extent that the English participated, are presented in Volume 2.[399]

Jean-Pierre de Bougainville. Jean-Pierre de Bougainville (1722–1763), a French writer.[400]

• Défense de la chronologie fondée sur les monumens de l'histoire ancienne (1758).
• Mémoires sur l'ancienne chevalerie: considérée comme un établissement politique & militaire, 3 volumes (1781). Memoirs of ancient chivalry, by Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye. With a preface by J.-P. Bougainville.[401]

Giovanni Domenico Mansi. Gian (Giovanni) Domenico Mansi (1692 –1769), an Italian prelate, theologian, scholar and historian.[402][403]

• Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 31 volumes (1759–1798), 53 volumes (1901–1927). Begun by Mansi, continued by Abbé Jean Baptiste Martin (1864–1922) and Louis Petit. Extensive edition of Church councils from the First Council of Nicaea in 325 through the Council of Florence in 1438. Includes the Canons of the Council of Clermont and other source material relevant to the Crusades.[404]

François-Louis Claude Marin. François-Louis Claude Marin (1721–1803), a French editor and journalist who wrote a biography of Saladin. (cf. French Wikipedia, François-Louis Claude Marin)[405][406]

• Histoire de Saladin, Sulthan d'Egypte et de Syrie , 2 volumes (1758). An abridged history of the Ayyubid dynasty founded by Saladin. Includes critical, historical and geographical notes, with supporting documents and three maps of Jerusalem and Acre.[407]
• Recueil d'opuscules concernant les ouvrages et les sentiments de nos philosophes modernes sur la religion (1765). A collection of pamphlets concerning the works and feelings of our modern philosophers on religion. With Genevan theologian Jacob Vernes (1728–1791).[408]

Richard Hurd. Richard Hurd (1720–1808), an English Anglican bishop and essayist.[409][410]

• Letters on Chivalry and Romance (1762). An early literary criticism on the use of chivalry in romance literature and poetry, regarded as a stimulant to such writings.[411][412]

Horatio Walpole. Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (1717–1797), an English writer and art historian who claimed a Crusader pedigree.[413][414]

• The Castle of Otranto (1764). An adaptation of an Italian story set at the time of the Crusades, regarded as the first gothic novel. Later edition edited by English literary critic Caroline F. E. Spurgeon (1869–1942) includes a preface by the editor and an introduction by Sir Walter Scott.[415]

William Robertson. William Robertson (1721–1793), a Scottish historian. Regarded, with David Hume and Edward Gibbon, as one of the great historians of the British Enlightenment.[416][417][418]

• History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles the Fifth, 3 volumes (1769). An account of the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who ruled 1519–1556. Volume 1 covers the period from the subversion of the Roman empire until the beginning of the 16th century. This includes an account of what Robertson calls the "dark ages" of 700–1100, covering the First Crusade. The later Crusades through 1291 are covered as well as later activities against the Turks in the Smyrniote Crusades (1343–1351). In addition, the privileges and indulgences of the Crusades are discussed. Volume 2 begins with the birth of Charles in 1500 and goes through 1541. Volume 3 continues through 1557.[419]
• The Works of William Robertson, D.D., 8 volumes (1840). Includes the History of Scotland (Volumes 1-2) and History of Charles V (Volumes 3-5), with a biography of the author by Scottish philosopher Dugald Stewart (1753–1828).[420]
• A History of the Middle Ages, 3 volumes in 1 (1850). A later edition of Robertson's 1769 work. Describing the progress of society in Europe from the subversion of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the sixteenth century, confirmed by historical proofs and illustrations: and the history of the reign of the emperor of Germany, Charles V, and of all the kingdoms and states of Europe during his age. The first section discusses the Crusades and chivalry from a societal and philosophical view, rather than historically.[421]

Edward Gibbon. Edward Gibbon (1737–1794), an English historian. Gibbon presented the Crusades as "heroism as a cultural rather than merely personal feature, an active energy that, once freed of savage fanaticism, offered future advantages to the West." He was among the first to assign numbers to the First through Seventh Crusades and treat them unequivocally as a movement.[422]

• History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 6 volumes (1776–1789). Later editions edited by English historian Henry H. Milman (1791–1868) and by British historian J. B. Bury (1861-1927). Gibbon's view of the Crusades focused on the clash of religions and cultures.[423][424]
• The Crusades, A.D. 1095–1261 (1869). Excerpts from Gibbon's main tome (Chapters LIX, LX). History of the Holy Land from the time of the Fatimid and Abbasid caliphates and Seljuk sultanate, the lure of the pilgrimage, and the chronology from the First Crusade 1096 until the recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks in 1261, and the loss of Acre in 1291. Additions on chivalry by English historian Henry Hallam (1777–1859. With an essay on chivalry and romance by Scottish novelist Sir Walter Scott and a discussion of the siege of Rhodes in 1480 through the translation of Gulielmus Caoursin's Obsidionis Rhodiæ urbis descriptio (edition 1490) by English poet John Caius.[155]
• The life and letters of Edward Gibbon: with his History of the Crusades (1872). Autobiographical memoirs of Edward Gibbon, with his correspondence. Includes a reprint of his The Crusades, A.D. 1095–1261.[425]

Wilhelm Albert Bachiene. Wilhelm Albert Bachiene (1712–1783), a German cartographer.[426]

• Historische und geographische beschreibung von Palästina, 7 volumes (1766–1775). The history and geography of the Holy Land according to its past and present, along with the associated landcharts.[427]

George François Berthereau (Dom Berthereau). George François Berthereau (1732–1792), a French orientalist and member of the Congrégation of Saint Maur. (cf. French Wikipedia, George François Berthereau)[428]

• Historians of the Crusades, 31 volumes (eighteenth century). Material from oriental authors collected for a new history of the Crusades, eventually to form part of Recueil des historiens des croisades.
• The Collection of Dom Berthereau (eighteenth century). The French Revolution put an end to the scientific publishing projects of the Saint Maur, and Berthereau left in manuscript a General History of the Crusades, translated from Arabic, and a Bibliography of the Crusades. His manuscripts are kept in the manuscripts department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (the so-called collection of Dom Berthereau, 31 volumes).[429]
• Inventaire des matériaux rassemblés par les Bénédictins au xviiie siècle pour la publication des historiens des croisades: Collection dite de Dom Berthereau (1882). An inventory of Berthereau's collection, edited by French historian Paul E. D. Riant.[430]
• Notice des Manuscrits laissés par Dom Berthereau, religieux bénédictin de la c. de S. Maur, mort en 1794 (1801). A notice of the life and works of Berthereau by French orientalist Silvestre de Sacy.[431]
• Les origines du recueil des "historiens des croisades" (1919). A study of the origins of Recueil des historiens des croisades, by French historian and geographer Henri Dehérain.[432]

Jean Baptiste Mailly. Jean Baptiste Mailly (1744–1794), a French traveler and historian.[433]

• Poésies diverses de deux amis, ou Pièces fugitives (1768). Various poems on travel, including Epître à mon fils, sur les voyages.[434]
• L'Esprit des Croisades: ou, Histoire politique et militaire des guerres entreprises, 4 volumes (1780). The political and military history of the Crusades. Political and military history of the wars undertaken by the Christians against the Muslims (Mahometans) for the recovery of the Holy Land during the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries, providing an exhaustive list of Crusader historians through the 18th century. Volume I is concerned with pilgrimages to the Holy Land, the rise of Islam, and the advent of the Seljuk Turks. Volume II is concerned with the situation in Europe. Volumes III and IV discuss the First Crusade through the death of Godfrey of Bouillon, and beyond.[435]

Giovanni Filippo Mariti. Giovanni Filippo Mariti (1736–1806), an Italian antiquarian, scientist and historian. (cf. Italian Wikipedia, Giovanni Mariti)[436][437]

• Travels in the Island of Cyprus (1769). With contemporary accounts of the Ottoman-Venetian war including the siege of Nicosia in 1570 and siege of Famagusta in 1571 Translated from the Italian by British colonial official Claude Delaval Cobham.[211]
• Istoria del Tempio della Resurrezione, o sia della Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro in Gerusalemme, detta dai Greci Anastasis e Martyrion (1784). History of the Temple of the Resurrection, or the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, known by the Greeks as Anastasis and Martyrion.[438]
• Cronologia de' Re Latini di Gerusalemme (1784). Chronology of the Latin Kings of Jerusalem, from Godfrey of Bouillon through James III of Cyprus, who died as a child in 1474. The completion of his 1769 work on Cyprus, adding a chronology not only of all the Latin kings who had ruled the city of Jerusalem, but also of those who, having lost the dominion of the capital, continued to govern in Syria, on the island of Cyprus and in Armenia. He omits the research relating to the royal houses of Europe, which by inheritance still claimed the title of king of Jerusalem.[439]
• Travels through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine; with a general history of the Levant, 2 volumes (1792). Translated from the Italian.[440]
• Mariti's Travels. In A Collection of Late Voyages and Travels (1797) by Scottish writer Robert Heron.[441]
• Histoire de l'état présent de Jérusalem, par l'abbé Mariti (1853). An edition of G. Mariti's work published by Justin Taylor (Laorti-Hadji).

René-Prosper Tassin. René-Prosper Tassin (1697–1777), a French historian and Maurist.[442][443]

• Histoire littéraire de la congregation de Saint-Maur (1770). An account of the works of the Congregation of Saint Maur beginning in 1618, later updated by the Bibliothèque des écrivains de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur (1882) compiled by German librarian Karl von Lama.[444]
• Supplément à l'Histoire littéraire de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur (1881). A supplement to Histoire littéraire de la congregation de Saint-Maur by Ulysse Robert.[445]

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), a German writer and philosopher.

• Nathan der Weise (1779). A play set in Jerusalem during the Third Crusade. Describes how a Jewish merchant Nathan, Saladin, and an anonymous Knight Templar bridge the gaps between Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.[446]

Pierre Chiniac de La Bastide. Pierre Chiniac de La Bastide (1741–1811), a French politician and author. (cf. French Wikipedia, Pierre Chiniac de La Bastide)[447]

• Capitularia Regum Francorum, 2 volumes (1780). Second edition of the seminal 1677 work Capitularia Regum Francorum by French scholar Étienne Baluze. A collection of capitularies of the kings of France, including the Merovingian kings, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, For the period after 840, the work includes the collections of Saint Ansegisus (9th century) and those of the forged Benedictus Levita. Finally, the work presents the capitularies of Charles the Bald and later Carolingian kings.[300]

Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye. Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (1697–1781), a French historian, classicist, philologist and lexicographer.[448][449]

• Mémoires sur l'ancienne chevalerie: considérée comme un établissement politique & militaire, 3 volumes (1781). Memoirs of ancient chivalry. With a preface by Jean-Pierre de Bougainville (1722–1763).[401]
• Memoirs of Ancient Chivalry: to which are added, the anedotes of the times, from the romance writers and historians of those ages (1784). Translated by Susannah Dawson Dobson (died 1795).[450]
• Memoirs of the Life of Froissart (1801). A biography of Belgian historian Jean Froissart (c. 1337 – c. 1405), to which is added some account of the manuscript of his Chronicle in the Elizabethian library at Breslau, and a complete index by Thomas Johnes.[451]

Johann Georg Meusel. Johann Georg Meusel (1743–1820), a German bibliographer, lexicographer and historian.[452][453]

• Bibliotheca historica, 11 volumes (1782–1804). The history of Palestine, Syria and Arabia is presented in Volume 2, and that of Egypt in Volume 3. The work is a revision of a work by German librarian and historian Burkhard G. Struve. Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ by Titus Tobler.[454]

Salvator Lusignan. Salvator (Sauveur) Lusignan (fl. late 18th century), a French biographer and traveler most noted for his biography of Mamluk leader in Egypt Ali Bey al-Kabir (1728–1773). His travels were documented in Titus Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867).[455]

• A History of the Revolt of Ali Bey, against the Ottoman Porte. (1783). Including an account of the form of government of Egypt: together with a description of Grand Cairo and of several celebrated places in Egypt, Palestine, and Syria: to which are added, a short account of the present state of the Christians who are subjects to the Turkish government, and the journal of a gentleman who travelled from Aleppo to Bassora.[456]
• Journey to Turkey and part of the Levant: With a description of Palestine (1789). From A Series of Letters addressed to Sir William Fordyce. Containing A Voyage and Journey from England to Smyrna, from thence to Constantinople, and from that Place over Land to England.[457]

Richard Warner. Richard Warner (1763–1857), an English clergyman and writer.[458]

• Netley Abbey: a Gothic Story, 2 volumes (1795). A novel whose hero is a participant in Lord Edward's Crusade of 1271–1272.[459]

Religious Tract Society. The Religious Tract Society was founded in London in 1799 to publish Christian literature.[460]

• The Crusades (1800). A history of the Crusades from 622–1291. Numbered Crusades as First through Eighth, plus Last. Commentary on political and religious ramifications of the Crusades.[461]

Sharon Turner. Sharon Turner (1768–1847), an English historian. Turner's historical work was acknowledged by Sir Walter Scott in his introduction to Ivanhoe.[462][463][464]

• History of the Anglo-Saxons, 3 volumes (1799–1805). A history of England up to the Norman conquest. [465]
• The History of England during the Middle Ages, 5 volumes (1814). English history from the reign of William the Conqueror to the accession of Henry VIII. The origins of Islam in the Holy Land and history of the First and Second Crusades are found in Chapter IX. Chapter X covers Richard I of England.[466]
• The History of England, 12 volumes (1839). An account covering all of English history up to 1603. The Crusades are considered in Chapter X of Volume 4, with Chapter XI devoted to the reign of Richard I of England. Turner's discussions on the Crusades were called out by Charles Mills as reflecting his negative view of the First Crusaders.[467]

The nineteenth century saw Crusader historians develop in three separate schools, French, English and German. Arabic and Turkish historians also made a re-emergence, as well as continued translations of original sources.

The first encyclopedia article on the Crusades is credited to Denis Diderot in the 18th century. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, three notable encyclopedia articles appeared. These are Philip Schaff's article in the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge; Louis Bréhier's two works on the Crusades and their Bibliography and Sources in the Catholic Encyclopedia; and the work of Ernest Barker in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, later expanded into a separate publication. All three have interesting bibliographies showing histories deemed important at the time.

Denis Diderot. Denis Diderot (1713-1784), French author who regarded the effects of the Crusades as "uniformly dire" (Oeuvres, Volume 14).[1036]

• Encyclopédie (1751–1772). The entry on Crusades in Volume 2 is based on Voltaire's Histoire des Croisades.[1037]
• Oeuvres, 26 volumes, edited by French philosopher Jacques-André Naigeon (1738–1810), published 1821–1834.[1038]

Ersch-Gruber Encyclopädie. The Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, 167 volumes (1813–1889). The Universal Encyclopaedia of Sciences and Arts, originally compiled by German bibliographers Samuel Ersch (1766–1828) and Johann Gottfried Gruber (1774–1851).[1039]

Philip Schaff. Philip Schaff (1819–1893), a Swiss theologian and ecclesiastical historian.[1040]

• History of the Christian Church, 8 volumes (1858–1867). Volume 5: The Middle Ages from Gregory VII (1049) to Boniface VIII (1294). Chapter VII: The Crusades, covers the First Crusade through the fall of Acre in 1291. Includes discussion on literature.[1041]
• Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge (1884). Editor of the general work and author of influential article on the Crusades in Volume 3, pp. 315–318. Covers the first eight Crusades (combining the last two into one). Topics include: The First Crusade, 1096–1099; The Second and Third Crusades, 1147–1149, 1189–1192; The Fourth Crusade, 1202–1204; The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Crusades, 1228–1270; Power of Papacy Increased, also Intolerance; Devotion Stimulated, Absolution Extended; The Renaissance and Reformation; with extensive bibliography.[1042]

Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen. The Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen, 45 volumes, Berlin (1876–1891), edited by German historian Christian Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Oncken (1838–1905). Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen (General history in individual representations) includes Bernard von Kugler's Geschichte der Kreuzzüge and August Müller's Der Islam im Morgen- und Abendland. (cf. German Wikipedia, Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen).[1043] [1044]

Louis R. Bréhier. Louis R. Bréhier (1869–1951), a French historian specializing in Byzantine studies.[1045]

• Crusades (1908). In the Catholic Encyclopedia. An overview of the history of the Crusades, numbered as eight. Topics include: I. Origin of the Crusades; II. Foundation of Christian states in the East; III. First destruction of the Christian states (1144-1187); IV. Attempts to restore the Christian states and the Crusade against Saint-Jean d'Acre (1192-1198); V. The Crusade against Constantinople (1204); VI. The thirteenth-century Crusades (1217-1252); VII. Final loss of the Christian colonies of the East (1254-1291); VIII. The fourteenth-century Crusade and the Ottoman invasion; IX. The Crusade in the fifteenth century; X. Modifications and survival of the idea of the Crusade.[1046]
• Crusades (Bibliography and Sources) (1908). A concise summary of the historiography of the Crusades. In the Catholic Encyclopedia.[1047]

Ernest Barker. Ernest Barker (1874–1960), an English political scientist.[1048]

• Crusades (1911), in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. A summary of the history of the Crusades, with sections on the Meaning of the Crusades, Historical Causes of the Crusades, and Literature of Crusades.[1049]
• The Crusades (1923). A later edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica article, edited with additional notes.[1050]

• Crusades
• Historiography of the Crusades
• Islamic view on the Crusades