List of state leaders in 1609
Africa
- Bosha – Magela, ruled 1600–1630
- Ethiopian Empire – Susenyos I (1606–1632)
Asia
- Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam) – Ekathotsarot (1605–1620)
- China (Ming dynasty) - Wanli Emperor (1573–1620)
- Đại Việt – Lê Kính Tông (1600–1619)
- Đàng Ngoài – Trịnh Tùng, Trịnh lord (1570–1623)
- Đàng Trong – Nguyễn Hoàng, Nguyễn lord (1558–1613)
- Japan (Edo period)
- Monarch – Emperor Go-Yōzei (1586–1611)
- Shōgun (Tokugawa) – Tokugawa Hidetada (1605–1623)
- Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Nei (1587–1620)
- Joseon (Korea) – Gwanghaegun (1608–1623)
- Mughal Empire – Jahangir (1605–1627)
Europe
- Kingdom of Denmark – Christian IV (1588–1648)
- Kingdom of England – James I (1603–1625)
- Kingdom of France – Henry IV (1589–1610)
- Holy Roman Empire – Rudolf II (1576–1612)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire – Ahmed I (1603–1617)
- Tsardom of Russia – Vasili IV, Tsar of Russia (1606–1610)
- Kingdom of Spain and Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves – Philip III of Spain and II of Portugal (1598–1621)
- Kingdom of Sweden – Charles IX (1604–1611)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Stadtholder - Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Gelre, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht and Zeeland (1585–1625)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (1586–1619)
- Republic of Venice – Leonardo Donato, Doge of Venice (1606–1612)
Middle East and North Africa
- Safavid Empire – Abbas I, Shah of Iran (1587–1629)
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