List of wildlife sanctuaries of India
Wildlife sanctuaries of India are classified as IUCN Category IV protected areas. Between 1936 and 2016, 543 wildlife sanctuaries were established in the country that cover 118,918 km2 (45,914 sq mi) as of 2017.[1] Among these, the 50 tiger reserves are governed by Project Tiger, and are of special significance for the conservation of the Bengal tiger.
List of Wildlife Sanctuaries
Wildlife Sanctuaries have been established in:[1]
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- Ariak Island WLS
- Bamboo Island WLS
- Barren Island WLS
- Battimalv Island WLS
- Belle Island WLS
- Benett Island WLS
- Bingham Island WLS
- Blister Island WLS
- Bluff Island WLS
- Bondoville Island WLS
- Brush Island WLS
- Buchanan Island WLS
- Chanel Island WLS
- Cinque Islands WLS
- Clyde Island WLS
- Cone Island WLS
- Curlew (B.P.) Island WLS
- Curlew Island WLS
- Cuthbert Bay WLS
- Defence Island WLS
- Dot Island WLS
- Dottrell Island WLS
- Duncan Island WLS
- East Island WLS
- East of Inglis Island WLS
- Egg Island WLS
- Entrance Island WLS
- Flat Island Wildlife Sanctuary
- Gander Island WLS
- Girjan Island WLS
- Galathea Bay WLS
- Goose Island WLS
- Hump Island WLS
- Interview Island WLS
- James Island WLS
- Jungle Island WLS
- Kwangtung Island WLS
- Kyd Island WLS
- Landfall Island WLS
- Latouche Island WLS
- Lohabarrack (Saltwater Crocodile) WLS
- Mangrove Island WLS
- Mask Island WLS
- Mayo Island WLS
- Megapode Island WLS
- Montogemery Island WLS
- Narcondam Island WLS
- North Brother Island WLS
- North Island WLS
- North Reef Island WLS
- Oliver Island WLS
- Orchid Island WLS
- Ox Island WLS
- Oyster Island-I WLS
- Oyster Island-II WLS
- Paget Island WLS
- Parkinson Island WLS
- Passage Island WLS
- Patric Island WLS
- Peacock Island WLS
- Pitman Island WLS
- Point Island WLS
- Potanma Islands WLS
- Ranger Island WLS
- Reef Island WLS
- Roper Island WLS
- Ross Island WLS
- Rowe Island WLS
- Sandy Island WLS
- Sea Serpent Island WLS
- Shark Island WLS
- Shearme Island WLS
- Sir Hugh Rose Island WLS
- Sisters Island WLS
- Snake Island-I WLS
- Snake Island-II WLS
- South Brother Island WLS
- South Reef Island WLS
- South Sentinel Island WLS
- Spike Island-I WLS
- Spike Island-II WLS
- Stoat Island WLS
- Surat Island WLS
- Swamp Island WLS
- Table (Delgarno) Island WLS
- Table (Excelsior) Island WLS
- Talabaicha Island WLS
- Temple Island WLS
- Tillongchang Island WLS
- Tree Island WLS
- Trilby Island WLS
- Tuft Island WLS
- Turtle Islands WLS
- West Island WLS
- Wharf Island WLS
- White Cliff Island WLS
Andhra Pradesh
- Kolleru Bird Sanctuary,1953
- Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, 1976
- Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary, 1976
- Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, 1978
- Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, 1978
- Sri Venkateswara National Park, 1985
- Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary, 1988
- Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary,1988
- Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, 1989
- Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary, 1990
- Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary, 1990
- Sri Penusila Narasimha Wildlife Sanctuary, 1997
- Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, 2002
Arunachal Pradesh
- Pakke Tiger Reserve, 1977
- D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary, 1978
- Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1978
- Mahao Wildlife Sanctuary, 1980
- Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, 1989
- Sessa Orchid Sanctuary, 1989
- Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary, 1989
- Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary, 1991
- Kane Wildlife Sanctuary, 1991
- Talley Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, 1995
- Yordi Rabe Supse Wildlife Sanctuary, 1996
Assam
- Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary, 1952
- Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, 1972
- Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary, 1974
- Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary, 1980
- Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary, 1994
- Pani Dihing Wildlife Sanctuary, 1996
- Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, 1997
- Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary, 1998
- East Karbi-Anglong Wildlife Sanctuary, 2000
- Nambor Wildlife Sanctuary, 2000
- Nambor - Doigrung Wildlife Sanctuary, 2003
- Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary, 2004
- Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary, 2004
- Borail Wildlife Sanctuary
- Bherjan-Borajan-Padumoni Wildlife Sanctuary
- Deepor Beel Bird Sanctuary
- Marat Longri WLS
Bihar
- Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Gautam Budha Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Pant Wildlife Sanctuary, 1978
- Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary, 1978
- Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary, 1982
- Nagi Dam Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Nakti Dam Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, 1989
- Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, 1990
- Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary, 1994
- Barela Jheel Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, 1997
- Rajauli Wildlife Sanctuary
Chandigarh
- City Birds WLS
- Sukhna Lake WLS
Chhattisgarh
- Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuary, 1974
- Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1975
- Badalkhol Wildlife Sanctuary, 1975
- Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary, 1978
- Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary, 1978
- Bhairamgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, 1983
- Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary, 2001
- Sarangarh-Gomardha WLS, 1975
- Pamed Wild Buffalo WLS, 1985
- Udanti Wild Buffalo WLS, 1985
Dadra Nagar Haveli
- Dadra and Nagar Haveli Wildlife Sanctuary
Daman and Diu
- Fudam Wildlife Sanctuary, 1991
Delhi
Goa
- Bhagwan Mahavir Sanctuary, 1967
- Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary, 1968
- Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary, 1969
- Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, 1988
- Madei Wildlife Sanctuary, 1999
- Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary, 1999
Haryana
Gujarat
- Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, 1969
- Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary, 1973
- Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary, 1978
- Barda Wildlife Sanctuary, 1979
- Hingolgadh Nature Reserve, 1980
- Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary, 1981
- Ratanmahal Sloth Bear Sanctuary, 1982
- Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1982
- Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, 1986
- Gaga Wildlife Sanctuary, 1988
- Thol Bird Sanctuary, 1988
- Rampara Vidi Wildlife Sanctuary, 1988
- Porbandar Bird Sanctuary, 1988
- Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary, 1989
- Paniya Wildlife Sanctuary, 1989
- Purna Wildlife Sanctuary, 1990
- Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary, 1990
- Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary, 1995
- Kutch Bustard Sanctuary, 1995
- Mitiyala Wildlife Sanctuary, 2004
- Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary, 2008
Himachal Pradesh
- Bandli Wildlife Sanctaury
- Chail Wildlife Sanctaury
- Chandra Taal Wildlife Sanctaury
- Churdhar Sanctuary
- Daranghati Sanctuary
- Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctaury
- Gamgul Siyabehi WLS
- Kais WLS
- Kalatop-Khajjiar WLS
- Kanawar WLS
- Khokhan WLS
- Kibber WLS
- Kugti WLS
- Lippa Asrang WLS
- Majathal WLS
- Manali WLS
- Nargu WLS
- Pong Dam Lake WLS
- Renuka WLS
- Rupi Bhaba WLS
- Sainj WLS
- Sangla Valley (Rakchham Chitkul) WLS
- Sech Tuan Nala WLS
- Shikari Devi WLS
- Shimla Water Catchment WLS
- Talra WLS
- Tirthan WLS
- Tundah WLS
Jammu and Kashmir
- Trikuta Wildlife Sanctuary, 1981
- Surinsar Mansar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1981
- Ramnagar Rakha WLS, 1981
- Nandni WLS, 1981
- Baltal-Thajwas WLS, 1987
- Changtang Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Jasrota WLS, 1987
- Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Lachipora WLS, 1987
- Limber WLS, 1987
- Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Hokersar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1992
- Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary, 2002
Jharkhand
- Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Gautam Budha Wildlife Sanctuary
- Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary, 1985
- Lawalong Wildlife sanctuary
- Mahauadanr Wildlife Sanctuary
- Palamau Tiger Reserve
- Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary
- Parasnath Wildlife Sanctuary
- Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary
- Udhwa Lake Wildlife Sanctuary
Karnataka
- Adichunchanagiri Hills Wildlife Sanctuary
- Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary
- Attiveri Bird Sanctuary
- Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
- Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary
- Biligiriranga Hills
- Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary
- Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary
- Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary
- Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary
- Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary
- Ghataprabha
- Gudavi Bird Sanctuary
- Gudekote Wildlife Sanctuary
- Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary
- Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary
- Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary
- Nugu WLS
- Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary
- Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary
- Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary
- Ramadevara Betta Vulture WLS
- Rangayyanadurga Four-horned antelope
- Sharavati Valley Wildlife Sanctuary
- Shettihalli WLS
- Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary
- Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary
- Jogimatti WLS
- Thimlapura WLS
- Yadahalli Chinkara WLS
Kerala
- Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1958
- Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, 1958
- Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, 1973
- Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, 1973
- Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1982
- Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, 1983
- Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, 1983
- Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, 1984
- Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, 1984
- Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary, 1984
- Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1984
- Chulanur Peafowl Wildlife Sanctuary, 1996
- Kurinjimala Sanctuary, 2006
- Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary, 2010
- Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary
- Idukki district Widlife Sanctuary, 1984
- Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary, 2011
- Pathiramanal Bird Sanctuary, 2004
- Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary, 2020
Lakshadweep
- Pitti Bird Sanctuary, 1972
- Amini, India Wildlife Sanctuary
Madhya Pradesh
- Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary, 1974
- Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, 1975
- Bori Wildlife Sanctuary, 1977
- National Chambal Sanctuary, 1979
- Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary, 1981
- Karera Wildlife Sanctuary, 1981
- Veerangana Durgavati Wildlife Sanctuary, 1996
- Ken Gharial Sanctuary
- Kheoni Sanctuary
- Bagdara WLS
- Narsighgarh WLS
- Orcha WLS
- Panpatha WLS
- Phen WLS
- Ralamandal Wildlife Sanctuary
- Sailana WLS
- Sardarpur WLS
- Singhori WLS
- Son Gharial WLS
Maharashtra
- Karnala Bird Sanctuary, 1968
- Yawal Wildlife Sanctuary, 1969
- Bor Wildlife Sanctuary, 1970
- Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary, 1970
- Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary, 1979
- Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1985
- Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary, 1985
- Melghat Wildlife Sanctuary, 1985
- Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary, 1986
- Gautala Autramghat Sanctuary, 1986
- Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary, 1986
- Jayakwadi Bird Sanctuary, 1986
- Painganga Wildlife Sanctuary, 1986
- Katepurna Wildlife Sanctuary, 1988
- Narnala Wildlife Sanctuary, 1997
- Amba Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary, 1997
- Mayureshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1997
- Bhamragarh Wildlife Sanctuary, 1997
- Karanja Sohol Wildlife Sanctuary, 2000
- Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary, 2000
- Tungareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, 2003
- Aner Dam Wildlife Sanctuary
- Bordharan Wildlife Sanctuary
- Chaprala Wildlife Sanctuary
- Deolgaon-Rehkuri WLS
- Dhyanganga WLS
- Ghodazari Wildlife Sanctuary
- Kalsubai Harishchandragad Wildlife Sanctuary
- Malvan Marine Wildlife Sanctuary
- Mansingdeo Wildlife Sanctuary
- Mayani Bird Sanctuary
- Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary
- Naigaon Mayur Wildlife Sanctuary
- Nandur Madhameshwar Wildlife Sanctuary
- Nawegaon Wildlife Sanctuary
- New Bor Wildlife Sanctuary
- New Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary
- Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary
- Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary
- Thane Creek Flamingo Wildlife Sanctuary
- Tipeshwar Wildlife Sanctuary
- Yedsi Ramling Ghat Wildlife Sanctuary
- Umred-Kharngla Wildlife Sanctuary
- Wan Wildlife Sanctuary
- Gangewadi New Great Indian Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary
- Thillari Wildlife Sanctuary
- Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary
Manipur
- Khongjaingamba Ching WLS, 2016
- Yangoupokpi-Lokchao WLS, 1989
Meghalaya
- Baghmara Pitcher Plant WLS
- Nongkhyllem WLS
- Siju WLS
- Narpuh WLS
Mizoram
- Dampa Tiger Reserve
- Khawnglung WLS
- Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary
- Ngengpui WLS
- Pualreng WLS
- Tawi WLS
- Thorangtlang WLS
- Tokalo WLS
Nagaland
- Fakim WLS
- Puliebadze WLS
- Rangapahar WLS
- Singphan WLS
Odisha
- Badrama Wildlife Sanctuary, 1962
- Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, 1975
- Satkosia Gorge Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, 1978
- Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary, 1979
- Baisipalli Wildlife Sanctuary, 1981
- Kotgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, 1981
- Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary, 1982
- Khalasuni Wildlife Sanctuary, 1982
- Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary, 1984
- Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary, 1984
- Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary, 1985
- Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, 1985
- Nalbana Bird Sanctuary, 1987
- Sunabeda Tiger Reserve, 1988
- Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary, 1997
- Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary, 1992
- Kapilasa Wildlife Sanctuary, 2011
Punjab
- Abohar WLS
- Bir Aishvan WLS
- Bir Bhadson WLS
- Bir Bunerheri WLS
- Bir Dosanjh WLS
- Bir Gurdialpura WLS
- Bir Mehaswala WLS
- Bir Motibagh WLS
- Harike Lake WLS
- Jhajjar Bacholi WLS
- Kathlaur Kushlian WLS
- Takhni-Rehampur WLS
- Nangal WLS
Pondicherry
- Oussudu Bird Sanctuary, 2008
Sikkim
- Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, 1977
- Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary, 1984
- Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, 1984
- Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, 1998
- Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary, 2002
- Kitam Bird Sanctuary, 2005
Rajasthan
- Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary, 1960
- Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, 1971
- Tal Chhapar Sanctuary, 1971
- National Chambal Sanctuary, 1979
- Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary, 1979
- Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary, 1983
- Todgarh-Raoli Sanctuary, 1983
- Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary, 1988
- Bandh Baratha WLS
- Bhensrodgarh WLS
- Jaisamand WLS
- Jamwa Ramgarh WLS
- Kailadevi WLS
- Kesarbagh WLS
- Nahargarh WLS
- Ramgarh Vishdhari WLS
- Ramsagar WLS
- Sawaimadhopur WLS
- Sawai Man Singh WLS
- Shergarh WLS
- Van Vihar WLS
Tamil Nadu
- Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, 1936
- Mudumalai National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, 1942
- Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary, 1967
- Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, 1976
- Vettangudi Bird Sanctuary, 1977
- Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary, 1980
- Vallanadu Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, 1988
- Karikili Bird Sanctuary, 1989
- Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary, 1989
- Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary, 1989
- Vaduvoor Bird Sanctuary, 1991
- Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary, 1991
- Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary, 1994
- Vellode Birds Sanctuary, 1997
- Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary, 1999
- Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, 2002
- Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary, 2008
- Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary, 2013
- Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary, 2014
- Oussudu Lake Bird Sanctuary, 2015
- Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, 2016
- Gangaikondam Spotted Dear WLS
- Melaselvanoor-Keelaselvanoor WLS
- Mundanthurai WLS
- Nellai WLS
- Theerthangal WLS
- Sakkarakottai WLS
Telangana
- Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary, 1952
- Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary, 1952
- Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary, 1953
- Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary, 1965
- Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary, 1977
- Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary, 1978
- Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, 1978
- Shivaram Wildlife Sanctuary, 1978
- Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary, 1980
Tripura
- Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary, 1988
- Rowa Wildlife Sanctuary, 1988
- Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, 1988
Uttar Pradesh
- Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary,1957
- Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary, 1972
- Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, 1975
- Ranipur Sanctuary,1977
- National Chambal Sanctuary, 1979
- Bakhira Sanctuary, 1980
- Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary, 1982
- Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary,1986
- Samaspur Bird Sanctuary, 1987
- Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Kachhua Sanctuary, 1989
- Okhla Sanctuary, 1990
- Saman Bird Sanctuary, 1990
- Sandi Bird Sanctuary, 1990
- Vijai Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1990
- Patna Bird Sanctuary, 1991
- Suhelva Sanctuary, 1998
- Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary
- Mahavir Swami Wildlife Sanctuary
- Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
- Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary
- Sur Sarovar Sanctuary
- Surha Tal Bird Sanctuary
- Turtle WLS
Uttarakhand
- Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1955
- Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, 1972
- Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary, 1986
- Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary, 1987
- Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary, 1988
- Mussoorie Wildlife Sanctuary, 1993
- Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary, 2012
West Bengal
- Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Haliday Island Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Lothian Island Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary, 1976
- Ballabhpur Wildlife Sanctuary, 1977
- Bethuadahari Wildlife Sanctuary, 1980
- Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary, 1980
- Ramnabagan Wildlife Sanctuary, 1981
- Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary, 1982
- Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary, 1985
- Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary, 1985
- Buxa Tiger Reserve, 1986
See also
References
- Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Government of India (2017). "Protected Area Network". ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas. Retrieved 13 December 2018.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
- Ministry of Forests and Environment Protected Areas website
- List of sanctuaries in the Andoman and Nicobar Islands with locations
- Van Vihar National Park, Bhopal, MP
- Sanctuary Asia Magazine
- Wildlife Sanctuaries in India
- Forest cover in India and state of wildlife sanctuaries Statistical data
- Karikili Bird Sanctuary
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