Mambai language (Timor)
Mambai language is spoken by the second largest ethnic group in East Timor, the Mambai people. The language is also called Mambae or Manbae.
| Mambai | |
|---|---|
| Region | East Timor |
Native speakers | 130,000 (2010 census)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mgm |
| Glottolog | mamb1306 |
| ELP | Mambae[2] |
 Distribution of Mambai mother-tongue speakers in East Timor | |
An illustration of Tetum language (left), Mambai language (center) and Portuguese language (right) being compared to one another.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Fricative | f | s | h | ||
| Trill | r | ||||
| Approximant | l | ||||
- /r, h, k/ can also be heard as [ɾ, ħ, ʔ].
- /p, k/ can also be heard as aspirated [pʰ, kʰ].
- /d/ is also heard as a voiced post-alveolar stop [d̠].
- /t/ is slightly aspirated [tʰ] before mid and low vowels. /t/ can also have an allophone [ts] when preceding high vowels.[3]
- The plosives /p, b, t, d, k/ are unreleased [p̚, b̚, t̚, d̚, k̚] in word-final position.[4]
Dialects
Mambae can be divided into 3 dialects according to Fogaça (2017):[7]:82
- Northwest
- Liquiça: Bazartete
- Ermera: Hatulia
- Ermera: Railaco
- Northeast-Central
- Aileu: Laulara
- Aileu: Vila Grupo
- Aileu: Liquidoe
- Ainaro: Hatu-Builico
- South
- Ainaro: Hato-Udo
- Manufahi-Same: Letefoho
- Manufahi-Same: Betano
Examples of dialectal variation in Mambae:[7]
| Numeral | Northeast-Central | Northwest | South |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | iid | iid | iid |
| 2 | ruu | ruu | ruu |
| 3 | teul | teul | teul |
| 4 | faat | paat | faat/paat |
| 5 | liim | liim | liim |
| 6 | neen | hohon iid | liim nai-ida |
| 7 | hitu | hohon ruu | liim nai-rua |
| 8 | ualu | hoho teul | liim nai-telu |
| 9 | sia | hoho paat | liim nai-fata/pata |
| 10 | saguul | sakuul | saguul |
| 20 | rua nuul | guul ruu | (saguul) haet rua |
| 30 | teul nuul | guul teul | (saguul) haet teul |
| 40 | faat nuul | guul paat | (saguul) haet faat/paat |
| 50 | lima nuul | guul liim | (saguul) haet liim |
| Pronoun | Northeast-Central | Northwest | South |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.SG | au | au | au |
| 2.SG | iit | iit | iit |
| 3.SG | ua | ua | ura |
| 1.PL, inclusive | iit | iit | iit |
| 1.PL, exclusive | aem | aem | aem |
| 2.PL | iim | iim | iim |
| 3.PL | roo | roo | room |
| Gloss | Northeast-Central | Northwest | South |
|---|---|---|---|
| ‘house’ | pada | fada | uum |
| ‘short’ | bloko | pada | bada |
| ‘wet’ | broe | tita | era |
| ‘dirty’ | kiniri | rae | foer |
| ‘many’ | doto | klen | rini |
| ‘lie (fib)’ | bea | rau | halaet |
| ‘eat’ | mua | muu | aa |
| ‘banana’ | muka | mua | muu |
Comparison of selected body part words in Mambae dialects:[7]
gloss Liquiça (Bazartete) Ermera (Hatulia) Ermera (Railaco) Aileu (Laulara) Aileu (Vila Grupo) Aileu (Liquidoe) Ainaro (Hatu-Builico) Ainaro (Hato-Udo) Manufahi-Same (Letefoho) Manufahi-Same (Betano) mouth gugun gugun gugun kukun kukun kukun kukun kuku kuku kuku arm liman liman liman niman niman lima liman lima lima lima elbow lima sikun liman sikun siun nima siun nima siun lima siun lima siun lima sikun lima siku lima siku shoulder kabaːs kabasan kabasan kabaːs kabasa kabasa kabaːs labaːs kabaːs au balaːs head gnutan glutan ulun ulun ulun ulun glutan ulu ulu hatu ulu headache gnutan baːn glutan baːn glutan baːn ulun baːn ulun baːn glutan baːn glutan baːn ulu hatusae ulu hatusae ulu hatusae hair ulu nɔɾan ulu laun ulun ulun lahon ulu nɔɾa ulun noran ulun ulu ulu ulu noɾa black hair ulu meta ulu meta ulu meta ulun meta ulu nɔɾa mɛta ulun meta ulun meta ulu meta ulu mɛta ulu laha meta flesh (human) ɛta lɔlon etan etan etan ɛtan etan ɛtan eta lɔlo ɛta lɔlo eta lolo heart hua huan huan huan huan huan huan hua hua hua back hɔhon tɛten hoho teten hɔhon hoho tɛten hɔhon hoho tɛten asa hɔho hɔhɔ tɛte hoho tooth nipan nipan nipan nifan nifan nifan nifan nipa nifa nifa finger lima huan lima huan lima huan nima huan lima huan lima kakun lima huan lima hua lima hua lima hua liver aten aten aten aten aten aten aten ate ate ate tongue lamalaun lamalaun lamalau lamalaun laman lamalaun lamelaun lama lama lama hand liman liman liman niman niman liman liman lima lima sanak lima nose ilu ilun ilun inun inun ilun inun ilu ilu ilu eye matan matan matan matan matan matan matan mata mata mata ear teliga tligan tliga kikan kika nɔɾan tika noɾan kikan teliga teliga teliga bone rui ruin ruin ruin ruin ruin ruin rui rui rui foot ɔen oen ɔen ɔɛn ɔɛn ɔɛn ɔɛn oe ɔɛ oɛ skin litan eta litan litan litan litan litan litan tia tia eta tia leg ɔen oen ɔen ɔɛn ɔɛn ɔɛn ɔɛn oe ɔɛ oɛ neck tgeun tgeun tgeun tgeun tgeun kdeun tgeu tegeu tegeu blood laɾa laɾa laɾa laɾan laɾa lalan laɾan laːr lara laːr
References
- Mambai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Endangered Languages Project data for Mambae.
- Hull, Geoffrey (2003). Southern Mambai. Instituto Nacional de Linguística of the Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosa'e.
- Fogaça (2013)
- Sukarnyana, I Nengah (1997). Struktur Bahasa Mambai. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
- Hull, Geoffrey (2001). Mambai Language Manual (Ainaro dialect). Dili: Sebastião Aparício da Silva Project.
- Fogaça (2017)
Further reading
- Geoffrey Hull, Celestino de Araújo, and Benjamim de Araújo e Corte-Real, Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro dialect, Sebastião Aparício da Silva Project, 2001.
- Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and Robert M. W. Dixon (eds), Grammars in contact: a cross-linguistic typology, Oxford University Press, 2006, Chapter 6.
- Fogaça, Helem Andressa de Oliveira (2013). Estudo fonético e fonológico do mambae de Same: uma língua de Timor-Leste (PDF) (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade de Brasília.
- Fogaça, Helem Andressa de Oliveira (2017). O ecossistema fundamental da língua Mambae: aspectos endoecológicos e exoecológicos de uma língua austronésia de Timor-Leste (Doctoral thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade de Brasília.
External links
- John 8,1-11 in Mambai
- Kaipuleohone's materials include Robert Blust's written notes on Mambai
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