Matriname

A matrilineal surname or matriname[1][lower-alpha 1] is a family name inherited from one's mother, and maternal grandmother, etc. whose line of descent is called a mother-line, or matriline. A matriname passed on from a mother to a child is unchanged, as compared to a matronymic, which is derived from the first name of each new mother.

For personal names derived from the mother's given name, see Matronymic.

The term "matriname" was introduced by Prof. Bryan Sykes in his book The Seven Daughters of Eve, stating that "We would then all have three names: a first name, a surname and a new one, a matriname perhaps."[1]

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited, or passed on, right with the matriname.[1]

Single surname

The usual lack of matrinames to "pass on" in our patrilineal cultures makes traditional genealogy more difficult in the mother-line case than in the normal (father-line) case.[1] After all, father-line surnames originated partly to identify individuals clearly and were adopted partly for administrative reasons;[lower-alpha 2] and these patrinames help in searching for facts and documentation from centuries ago. Patrinames are stable identity-surnames, surnames which identify an individual, whether now or in the past or future; and matrinames similarly are identity-surnames for women.

In the 1979 "Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women," or CEDAW, the UN officially adopted a provision, item (g) of CEDAW's Article 16, to the effect that women and men, and specifically wife and husband, shall have the same rights to choose a "family name", as well as a "profession" and an "occupation".[2] These three rights are only a small part of the document's long list of rights related to gender equality meant to ensure women have equal opportunities to men. However, according to the CEDAW WP-article, the United States has signed but not yet ratified this UN Convention.

This choosing a "family name", or surname, means choosing both matrinames and patrinames, to avoid discriminating against either women or men. (Note that some cultures have no surnames – but if a culture has surnames then in this regard a non-discriminating culture would be a both-lines [mother-line and father-line] or ambilineal culture.)

This use of the mother's matriname would be parallel to and symmetric with the normal use of the father's patriname in each new child's birth record. Note well; this is the above-mentioned "passing on" of the patriname, and now of the matriname as well.

Note that one's birth surname is one's legal surname, unless one changes the latter. In some purely patrilineal cultures women traditionally change to their husband's patriname at marriage, as described in Married and maiden names and in Name change.

Double surname

Some cultures use both paternal and maternal surname, such as Spanish naming customs, Portuguese name, and naming customs of Hispanic America. Again, there exists the distinction between inheriting the mother's patriname and inheriting the mother's matriname. However, the patrilineal surname or patriname that is traditionally received from the mother in patrilineal cultures does not qualify as a matriname. Instead, this patriname is the maternal patriname, the maternal surname.

Double surnames were discussed in The Seven Daughters of Eve.[1] Double surnames were used by an English family, along with the matriname "Phythian", as demonstrated and discussed in an online "feature" article.[3]

As a hypothetical example of double surnames, the mother has the birth double surname "Phythian-Jones", and the father has birth double surname "Una-Smith". They both choose to retain their birth double surnames unchanged throughout their lives. They agree to denominate all of their daughters and sons with the birth double surname "Phythian-Smith": The mother passes on her matriname (and mtDNA), and symmetrically, the father passes on his patriname. All of their sons have the Y-DNA of and, accordingly, the patriname "Smith" of their patriline, while all of the daughters have both the mtDNA of and, accordingly, the matriname "Phythian" of their matriline.[1][3] (Note that most societies give all children of a family the same surname, as in this example.) Each person has only one identity-surname, which in this example is either "Phythian" or "Smith". The identity-surname of each is stable throughout life and always half of whatever double surname(s) he or she assumes throughout life, including at birth and marriage(s).

Rather than keeping their own birth or legal surnames, the parents in this example might prefer at marriage to change their surnames to "Phythian-Smith" (or "Smith-Phythian"), the same as their children-to-be, so that the members of their nuclear family would all share this one family name.[4]

Of course, one's own identity-surname (here, the matriname "Phythian" or the patriname "Smith") would always be available as one's own usage name, such as in one's profession/vocation.

In toto, the gender-symmetric single surnames presented in the preceding section have the advantage of being simpler and briefer, but if used alone, would give different surnames for members of the different genders in a nuclear family. In contrast, all of the children in a nuclear family would have the same double surname. Also, these double surnames would record on legal documents both the matriname and patriname, with both identity-surnames later aiding each gender in genealogy and other searches of historical records.[1][3]

See also

Notes
  1. The word "matriname" was used in scientific literature (referring to "maternal surnames", actually) for many years before Professor Sykes' 2001 book.
  2. For a more complete historical background, see Surname § History, especially its first sub-section, Modern Era..

References
  1. Sykes, Bryan (2001). The Seven Daughters of Eve. W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02018-5; pp. 291–2. Professor Bryan Sykes uses "matriname", only, and states that women adding their own matriname to men's patriname (or "surname" as Sykes calls it) would really help in future genealogy work and historical-record searches. This effectively suggests the double surname presented in this article. Professor Sykes also states on p. 292 that a woman's matriname will be handed down with her mtDNA, the main topic of his book.
  2. UN Convention, 1979. "Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women", or CEDAW. Archived at WebCite on 1 Apr 2011.
  3. Sarah Louisa Phythian-Adams, 20 Aug. 2008. "In the Name of... Archived 2011-04-01 at WebCite", an TheFWord.org featured article by the author. (To find the family tree etc. of this pioneering matriname double-surname case, search the article for the word "proposal".) Archived at WebCite on 1 Apr 2011.
  4. Stannard, Una (1977). Mrs Man. San Francisco: Germainbooks ISBN 0-914142-02-X; pp. 334–37 on actual invented surnames and pp. 84–88 on double surnames.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.