Dharma name

A Dharma name is a new name acquired during a Buddhist initiation ritual in Mahayana Buddhism[1] and monk ordination in Theravada Buddhism (where it is more proper to call it Dhamma or Sangha name). The name is traditionally given by a Buddhist monastic, and is given to newly ordained monks, nuns[2] and laity.[3] Dharma names are considered aspirational, not descriptive.[4]

Dharma name
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese法名
法號
Simplified Chinese法名
法号
Burmese name
Burmeseဘွဲ့
IPA[bwɛ̰]
Vietnamese name
Vietnamesepháp danh
Hán-Nôm法名
Thai name
Thaiฉายา
Korean name
Hangul법명
Hanja法名
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillicномын нэр
Japanese name
Kanji戒名

Most of the well-known Buddhist teachers are known to have had many different Dharma names in the course of their careers, and often each name represents a stage of their career. For example, Prince Shotoku was also known as Prince Umayado and Prince Kamitsumiya. Shinran's original name was Matsuwakamaru; he was also known as Hanen, Shakku, Zenshin, Gutoku Shinran and Kenshin Daeshi.[5] Nichiren's original name was Zennichi and his Dharma names were Zenshobo Rencho and Rissho Daishi. Similarly, the tradition of various Dharma names was also used by Zen monks, who also used art to promote Buddhism. The famous monk-painter Hokusai was also known as Shunro, Kako, Sori, Taito, Iitsu, Gakyojin and Manji.[6] Even the famous samurai Miyamoto Musashi had several names, including the Dharma name Niten Doraku and the birthname Miyamoto Masana. The zen monk Thích Nhất Hạnh also has used various Dharma names in the course of his career.

If the student does not have a relationship with the monastic teacher and the ceremony is a public one with a congregation present, their new name will tend to reflect the lineage/tradition rather than the individual person.[1] When it is given by a monastic who knows the disciple, however, the name is often tailor-made.[1]

Dharma names are generally given in the language of the particular sangha where the name is bestowed.

Naming practices by tradition

Burma (Myanmar)

In Burmese Buddhism, Dhamma names (bwe) are in Pali and chosen by the head monk of the monastery in which one is ordained. The traditional Burmese naming system, in which the monastic's day of birth stipulates the first letter of one's name, is used to select the name.

China

In China, ordained monks and nuns automatically revert to using the surname "Shì" (釋) as in Shijiamouni (釋迦牟尼), the Chinese transliteration of Shakyamuni Buddha. Vietnam also follows this tradition for its monks and nuns by changing their surname to "Thích" as in Thích Ca Mâu Ni, the Sino-Vietnamese name for Shakyamuni. Likewise for the Sino-Mahayana tradition of Buddhism, the dharma name given upon ordination can reflect the lineage passed from the teacher to the student, this can result in being given several dharma names: one for usage publicly, one used especially to reflect the transmitted lineage, and a second dharma name that can also be used.

In the Shaolin Temple, each subsequent generation takes the first part of their given name from a 70-character poem written by Xueting Fuyu.[7] For example, the 32nd character in the poem is "xíng" (行), and all Shaolin Temple monks and disciples of that generation names starting with Shi Xing .

Japan

In Japan, other than the standard usage of dharma names for monastics and laity, it is also tradition for the deceased to receive a dharma name (戒名, kaimyō; lit. 'precept name') written in kanji from the priest. This name supposedly prevents the return of the deceased if his name is called. The length of the name depends also on either the virtue of the person's lifespan, or more commonly, the size of the donation of the relatives to the temple, which may range from a generally common name to the most elaborate names for 1 million yen or more. The high prices charged by the temples are a controversial issue in Japan, especially since some temples put pressure on families to buy a more expensive name.

Tibet

People in the Karma Kagyu tradition of Tibetan Buddhism are often given the name Karma.[8]

See also

References
  1. "Dharma Names." Khandro Net. Khandro.Net, n.d. Web. 22 Jun 2010
  2. Becoming a Buddhist Nun
  3. Receiving the Dharma Name Archived February 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  4. https://books.google.com/books?id=ggiqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT271&lpg=PT271&dq=dharma+names+aspirational&source=bl&ots=uC6wdKtTBT&sig=ACfU3U1gwqMMHQFoNJnEJi3rxsUvpTeVqw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFkvibuevlAhVkGTQIHdKVCwcQ6AEwEXoECGMQAQ#v=onepage&q=dharma%20names%20aspirational&f=false
  5. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shinran-Japanese-Buddhist-philosopher
  6. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hokusai
  7. USA Shaolin Temple. "Shaolin Lineage". Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  8. "Dharma Names given by H.H. Karmapa Trinley Thaye Dorje". Archived from the original on 2010-10-27. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
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