Max Pechstein

Hermann Max Pechstein (December 31, 1881 – June 29, 1955) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker, and a member of the Die Brücke group.

Max Pechstein in his house in Berlin-Zehlendorf, 1915
Max Pechstein, 1911, Under the Trees (Akte im Freien), oil on canvas, 73.6 x 99 cm (29 x 39 in), Detroit Institute of Arts
Grave of Max Pechstein on the Evangelischer Friedhof Schmargendorf in Berlin

Life and career

Pechstein was born in Zwickau, the son of a craftsman who worked in a textile mill.[1] Early contact with the art of Vincent van Gogh stimulated Pechstein's development toward expressionism. He first worked as a decorator in his hometown before enrolling at the School of Applied Arts and then at the Royal Art Academy in Dresden, where he met the painter Otto Gussman and the architect Wilhelm Kreis.[2] It was here starting in 1902 he became a pupil of Gussmann; a relationship that would last until 1906 when Pechstein met Erich Heckel and was invited to join the art group Die Brücke. He was the only member to have received formal art training and was an active member until 1910 where he often worked alongside Brücke painters creating a similar, homogenous style of this period. During this time in 1907, Pechstein traveled to Italy to receive an award and upon his return in 1908 spent time in Paris where he met Fauvist painter Kees van Dongen who he convinced to join Die Brücke. Later that year Pechstein moved to Berlin (a move that fellow painters would make in the following three years). After being categorically rejected from exhibiting in the Berlin Secession in 1910, he helped to found and become chairman of the New Secession and gained recognition for his decorative and colorful prints that were lent from the ideas of Van Gogh, Matisse, and the Fauves.

In 1912, after years of rising tensions, Pechstein was expelled from the group after exhibiting some of his work in the aforementioned Berlin Secession. This expulsion was a relatively happy one as Pechstein had been receiving rewards and recognition far beyond his peers due to his conservative style that appeased a wider audience. This recognition only distanced himself from the group and bred animosity among the members. His paintings eventually became more primitivist, incorporating thick black lines and angular figures, and, looking for inspiration, he traveled to Palau. Upon the breakout of World War I, Pechstein became interned in Japan and was then sent to Germany to fight on the Western Front (World War I) in 1916. Despite his notably conservative stance and style, after the German Revolution of 1918–19, Pechstein joined two radical, socialist groups: the Arbeitsrat für Kunst and the November Group (German). Beginning in 1922, Pechstein became a professor at the Berlin Academy.

Beginning in 1933, Pechstein was vilified by the Nazis because of his art. He was banned from painting or exhibiting his art and later that year was fired from his teaching position. A total of 326 of his paintings were removed from German museums. Sixteen of his works were displayed in the Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art) exhibition of 1937. During this time, Pechstein went into seclusion in rural Pomerania. He was reinstated in 1945, and subsequently won numerous titles and awards for his work.

He was a prolific printmaker, producing 421 lithographs, 315 woodcuts and linocuts, and 165 intaglio prints, mostly etchings.

He died in West Berlin. He is buried on the Evangelischer Friedhof Alt-Schmargendorf in Berlin.[3]

Works
  • Pechstein, Woman's Head (Fraukopf), c. 1911, M.T. Abraham Foundation
  • Pechstein, Soldiers Digging a Trench (Soldaten beim Schanzen), 1917, print on paper, Imperial War Museum
  • Pechstein, Company on the March (Marschierende Kompanie), 1917, print on paper, Imperial War Museum
  • Pechstein, "The National Assembly the Foundation Stone of the German Socialist Republic" (1919)
  • Pechstein, Two standing figures, 1920, wood-cut print in black & white ink, colors on paper, 53.4 x 45 cm, Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum

Art market

At a 1999 Sotheby's auction, The Yellow Mask I (1910), the portrait of a woman wearing a yellow mask, was sold for $1.37 million.[4] In 2008, Zirkus mit Dromedaren (ca. 1920) was auctioned for £1.9 million in London.

References
  1. "Max Pechstein | Chronology". Pechstein.de. Archived from the original on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  2. Grisebach, Lucius (2003). "Pechstein, (Hermann) Max". Oxford Art Online. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
  3. "Bei knerger.de: Grave of Max Pechstein in Berlin-Schmargendorf". Knerger.de. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  4. Souren Melikian (October 16, 1999), Glories of German Expressionism Emerge at Sales: An Era That Shrieked in Color International Herald Tribune.
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