Mizo literature

Mizo literature is the literature written in Mizo ṭawng, the principal language of the Mizo peoples, which has both written and oral traditions. It has undergone a considerable change in the 20th century. The language developed mainly from the Lushai language, with significant influence from Pawi language, Paite language and Hmar language, especially at the literary level.[1] All Mizo languages such as Pawi language, Paite language etc. remained unwritten until the beginning of the twentieth century. However, there was unwritten secular literature in the form of folktales, war chants etc. passed down from one generation to another. And there was rich religious literature in the form of sacerdotal chants. These are the chants used by the two types of priests, namely Bawlpu and Sadâwt. This article is about the written literature.

Mizo literature

Mizo language

Mizo literary history

Oral tradition, folklores & folktales
Pre-christianisation period (1860-1894)
Early period (1894-1920)
Middle period (1920-1970)
Contemporary Mizo literature (1970-present)

Mizo language authors

James Dokhuma • Vanneihtluanga
C. Lalnunchanga
C. Laizawna • L.Z. Sailo
Lalzuia Colney

Criticism & Awards

Literary theory
B. Lalthangliana • Laltluangliana Khiangte
R.L. Thanmawia
MAL Book of the year

Most visited

James Dokhuma• Vanneihtluanga
C. Lalnunchanga
C. Laizawna

Mizoram Portal
Literature Portal
Indian literature

Pre-Christianisation period

This period of Mizo (written) literature usually refers to the period between 1860 and 1894.[2] Although the Mizo alphabet proper was created around May 1894, written Mizo literature can be said to start from the publication of Progressive Colloquial Exercises in the Lushai Dialect by Thangliana (which is the Mizo name of Thomas Herbert Lewin) in 1874. In this book he wrote down two Mizo folktales Chemtatrawta and Lalruanga leh Kungawrhi with their English translations, and included some Mizo words with their English meaning.[3] Along with Sir George Campbell, G.H. Damant, R.G. Woodthorpe etc., other employees of the British East India Company, Thangliana also studied Mizo culture and language, producing important works.

Early period

This is the period between 1894 and 1920, when most of the literary work was produced by the missionaries. Mizo alphabet was created in 1894, and schools were established soon after the creation of Mizo alphabet. On 22 October 1896 the first Mizo language book was published under the title Mizo Zir Tir Bu (lit. Mizo primer). This was a book on Christian religion and morality based on Christianity.

The two Christian missionaries J.H. Lorrain (Pu Buanga) and F.W. Savidge (Sap Upa) started translating the book of gospel according to Luke on 21 August 1895. They went on to translate the gospel according to John, and the two books were printed and published in 1898. Other books were also translated soon after. Some of the most well-known books published during this period were:

  1. Isua chanchin (1905)
  2. Isua hnenah lo kal rawh (1905-6)
  3. Thu inchhang (1908)
  4. The Lushai Grammar and Dictionary (1898, by J.H. Lorrain)
  5. Dictionary of Lushai (J.H. Lorrain)

A number of devotional songs were translated by other missionaries who replaced J.H. Lorrain and F.W. Savidge, such as Edwin Rowlands etc.[3]

Middle period

The middle period of Mizo literature (1920–1970) saw the rise of prominent writers such as Liangkhaia, who published hundreds of articles in the monthly Kristian Tlangau and authored Mizo chanchin (in two volumes) which contained, besides a coherent treatment of Mizo history, a number of ancient chants and festive songs which he collected from various sources. Besides this, he and his close friends collected various other ancient Mizo poems, publishing it under a single volume Zoram kan lo luh hma Pawi rama kan la awm lai leh Zoram luh tirh vela chhuak ṭante. It contains various Chai hla, Hlado, Zai and a number of Hla. This collection is one of the most reliable sources of knowledge for ancient Mizo poetry[4]

Authors during this period are usually referred to as Hranghluite in Mizo culture.

Awithangpa

One of the best known Mizo language poets, Awithangpa (1885–1965) (whose real name is Hmarlûtvunga) was active during this period. The beautiful, innovative expressions he used in his poems are now generally thought by most to be part of Mizo poetic language since time immemorial, although he was the first to use them and were in fact mostly his own coinage. Examples include expressions such as ram loh, chohar di etc. The great reputation of his zai (poems) among Mizo people can be judged from the fact that, although his poems were not initially recorded in writing, when Mizo littérateurs later tried to collect and record his poems, people still remembered most of his poems and could still recite them in full.[5]

Other poets

Various other poets were active during this period of Mizo literature. Some of them were religious poets, writing mainly songs used in various Christian services in the Mizo tradition, which include Pathianni inkhâwm (Sunday service), lènkhâwm (a get-together for singing), khawhạr (condolence service) etc. Although they do not form part of Mizo secular literature, the richness and beauty of Mizo language is manifest in the elegies, worship songs etc. they composed, and their poems have therefore been consistently included in school and university curriculum. Poets of this tradition include Patea (1894–1950) (who composed 55 songs) and Saihnuna (1894–1949)(who composed about 98 songs) and the blind poet Laithangpuia (1885–1935) (who composed about 27 songs) among others.

On the other hand, there were other poets who wrote both religious and secular poems, such as R.L. Kamlala (1902–1980), Damhauhva (1909–1972) etc.

The poet Pu Rokunga is one of the most prolific Mizo poets, composing patriotic songs, festive songs, Christmas songs, idylls, poems about nature etc. He was chosen Poet of the Century by the Mizo Millennium Celebration Committee in 2000.

Other best known poets include

  1. Capt. L.Z. Sailo
  2. Lalṭanpuia
  3. Lalzova Chhangte (usually referred to as Fam Lalzova)
  4. P. S. Chawngthu
  5. Vankhama
  6. V. Thangzama
  7. Zirsangzela Hnamte
  8. Pastor Saikhuma

etc.

Play

Mizo language dramatists active during this period include

DramatistOne work
Ch. PasenaFapa tlanbo (1927)
LalkailuiaTualvungi leh Zawlpala (1935)
ChawngzikaPheikhawk siamtu (1952)
Lalthangfala SailoSual man chu thihna
H LalsiamaUkil hlawhtling
K. SaibelaMizo inneihna

Prose

Well-known writers during this period include Nuchhungi Renthlei (1914–2002), and Lalthangfala Sailo, who got Padma Shri award in Literature in 1986 and 2009 respectively. L. Biakliana (1918–1941), who wrote the first Mizo novel Hawilopari, Kaphleia (1910–1940), C. Ṭhuamluaia (1922–1959), K.C. Lalvunga, J. F. Laldailova, Siamkima Khawlhring etc.[6]

Modern period

This period of Mizo literature starts in 1970 and continues to the present. The Mizo Academy of Letters started awarding its Book of the Year in 1989. The academy also awards lifetime achievement in Mizo literature. Some of the most prominent writers during this period are James Dokhuma (1932–2008), Khawlkungi (1927-2015), B. Lalthangliana (1945- ), Siamkima Khawlhring (1938–1992), R.L. Thanmawia (1954- ), C. Laizawna (1959- ), Laltluangliana Khiangte (1961- ), Lalzuahliana (1962- ), Vanneihtluanga (1959- ), Mafaa Hauhnar(1975-2018) Lalzuia Colney (Padma Shri awardee) etc.

The list of books awarded so far and their authors are tabulated below:[7][8]

YearBookAuthorComments on the book
1989Ka LungkhamB. LalthanglianaLiterature
1990HmangaihzualiC. LaizawnaNovel
1991Zoram Khawvel-IL. KeivomContemporary Mizo history
1992Ṭhangthar TaitesenaRomawiaNovel
1993Mizo LiteratureB. LalthanglianaLiterature
1994Kum za Kristian Zofate hmabâkBangalore Mizo Christian FellowshipCollection
1995Ram leh i tan chauhH. LallungmuanaNovel
1996Bible leh ScienceP.C. BiaksiamaCreationism
1997Pasalṭha KhuangcheraLaltluangliana KhiangteDrama
1998AnitaC. LaizawnaNovel
1999Tlawm ve lo Lalnu RopuilianiLalsangzuali SailoMizo history
2000Chawngmawii leh HrangchhuanaR. RozikaNovel
2001Ka khualzin kawngRobuanga
2002Runlum NuthaiL. Z. SailoEulogy
2003Kan Bible hiZairemaTheology
2004ZorinpariH. LalngurlianiNovel
2005Damlai thlipuiLalhriataNovel
2006Pasalṭhate ni hnuhnungC. LalnunchangaHistorical adventure novel
2007Zofate zinkawngahR. ZamawiaFactual description and idealisation of Mizo uprising
2008Chun chawi lohLalhriataNovel
2009Rintei zùnléngLalrammawia NgenteNovel
2010Beiseina MittuiSamson ThanrumaNovel
2011Zodinpuii (posthumously awarded)LalchhantluangaNovel
2012SihlipuiRomuanpuii ZadengNovel
2013ThinglubulLalpekkimaNovel
2014Ka ZalennaB. LalhriattiraEssay Collection
2015Kawlkil piah LamtluangC. LalnunchangaFantasy Novel
2016Aizawlah AizawlerLalhruaitluanga ChawngteContemporary Social Essays
2017Savun KawrfualLalhmingchhuanga ZoteNovel

See also

References
  1. Lalthangliana, B., 'Mizo tihin ṭawng a nei lo' tih kha
  2. Chawngthu, Tluanga, Mizo thuhlaril hmasawn dan part -I
  3. Khiangte, Laltluangliana, Thuhlaril, 2nd Edition, 1997.
  4. Lalthangliana, B., Mizo literature. Second edition, copyright 2004, MC Lalrinthanga.
  5. Chawngthu, Tluanga, Mizo thuhlaril hmasawn dan - Part 2
  6. Chawngthu, Tluanga, Mizo thuhlaril hmasawn dan - Part 4
  7. Vanglaini, 24 April 2012
  8. Vanglaini, 22 April 2014.
Others
  • Khiangte, Laltluangliana, Mizo lehkhabu zempui (A compendium of Mizo bibliography), published by Mizo department of Mizoram University, 2005.
  • Khiangte, Laltluangliana, Lehkhabu Ramtiam, L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl, 1993.
  • Mizo Academy of Letters, Zo kalsiam, Aizawl, 1997.
  • Vanlawma, R., Awithangpa, Aizawl, 1989.
  • Lalthangliana, B. (Editor), Mizo hla leh a phuahtute, Hrangbana College, Aizawl. First edition 1999.

Further reading
  • Khiangte, Laltluangliana, Mizo drama: origin, development, and themes. Cosmo Publications, 1993.
  • Zoramdinthara, Dr., Mizo Fiction: Emergence and Development. Ruby Press & Co. 2013. ISBN 978-93-82395-16-4
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.