Mizo language

The Mizo language, or Mizo ṭawng, is a Kuki-Chin-Mizo language belonging to the Tibeto-Burman family of languages, spoken natively by the Mizo people in the Mizoram state of India and Chin State in Burma. The language is also known as Duhlian, a colonial term, as the Duhlian people were the first among the Mizos to be encountered by the British in the course of their colonial expansion.[3] The Mizo language is mainly based on Lusei dialect but it has also derived many words from its surrounding Mizo sub-tribes and sub-clan. Now, Mizo language or Mizo ṭawng is the lingua franca of Mizoram and its surrounding areas and to a lesser extent of Burma and Bangladesh and in India in some parts of Assam, Tripura and Manipur. Many poetic language is derived from Pawi, Paite, and Hmar, and most known ancient poems considered to be Mizo are actually in Pawi.[3] Mizo is the official language of Mizoram, along with English, and there have been efforts to have it included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India.[4]

Mizo
Mizo ṭawng
Native toIndia, Burma, Bangladesh
RegionMizoram, Tripura, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Chin state, Nagaland, Bangladesh
EthnicityMizo people
Native speakers
830,846 (2011 census)[1]
Bengali-Assamese script, Latin script[2]
Official status
Official language in
 India
Language codes
ISO 639-2lus
ISO 639-3lus
Glottologlush1249

History

The Mizo language belongs to the Kuki-Chin-Mizo branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The numerous clans of the Mizo had respective dialects, amongst which the Lusei dialect was the most common, and evolved with significant influenced from Hmar, Lai and Paite, etc. to become the Mizo language and the lingua franca of the Mizo peoples due to its extensive and exclusive use by the Christian missionaries and the later young generation.

Writing system

The Mizo alphabet is based on the Roman script and has 25 letters, namely:

Letter aawbchdefgnghijk
Name listenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlisten
Letter lmnoprstuvz
Name listenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlistenlisten

In its current form, it was devised by the first Christian missionaries of Mizoram, Rev. J.H.Lorrain and Rev. F.W.Savidge[5] based on Hunterian system of transliteration.

A circumflex ^ was later added to the vowels to indicate long vowels, viz., â, ê, î, ô, û, which were insufficient to fully express Mizo tone. Recently, a leading newspaper in Mizoram, Vanglaini, the magazine Kristian Ṭhalai, and other publishers began using á, à, ä, é, è, ë, í, ì, ï, ó, ò, ö, ú, ù, ü to indicate the long intonations and tones. However, this does not differentiate the different intonations that short tones can have.[6][7]

Relation with other languages

The Mizo language is related to the other languages of the Sino-Tibetan family.[8] The Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages (which native Mizo speakers call Zohnahthlâk ṭawngho/Mizo ṭawngho) have a substantial number of words in common.[9]

Mizo and Sino-Tibetan languages

The following table illustrates the similarity between Mizo and other members of the Sino-Tibetan family.[10] The words given are cognates, whose origins could be traced back to the proto-language Proto-Sino-Tibetan (given in the first column of the table).

Proto-Sino-TibetanMizo/Duhlian/Lusei language Khawsak-Hmar languageZote-Hmar languageStandard Chinese character (Pīnyīn)Early Middle ChineseOld ChineseWritten TibetanWritten BurmeseWritten Sgaw KarenBodoTripuri (Kokborok) Meitei languageTrungEnglish meaning
*tujHtui tuitui水(shuǐ)----hteedøitwi/tui ishingwater
*sĭj(H) (? / ś-)thi thi/famchangfamchang/thi死 (sǐ)si'sjidshi-basetheethøithwi/thui shiɕidie
*ghāHkhà khakhak苦 (kǔ)kʰɔ'khagkhakhâkhákháKwkha/Kha khaKha(salty)bitter
*sĭŋthing thingkungthingkung-sinsjinshingsactháe-Buphang/Waphang -wood/tree
*miǝ̆ŋhming hminghming名 (míng)mjiajŋmjingmingmung-Bumung/mung mingmuŋname
*paHpa pazuopa爸 (bà)----paafahApha/Bupha ipa-father
*ŋāH(pa-)nga pangapanga五 (wǔ)ŋɔ'ngaglngaŋ̩âyëhbaBa mangapəŋ-ŋàfive
*rŭk(pa-)ruk parukparuk六 (liù)luwkljəkwdrugkhrokxudohDok tarukkhlusix
*nă-nang nangnangma汝 (rǔ)ȵɨʌnaʔ--nanøngnung/nwng nangthou (you)
*nĭjni ni/sun/nisanisa日 (rì)ȵiɪtnjiɡ--mu ni/mushanSal day/sun
*maemmäwam吗 (ma)----ma--bara-?(final interrogative particle)
*nu-nuhmeinuhmei女 (nǚ)------Bwrwi/ti-female
*-chaw eibu fakbu bak吃饭 (chi fan)------Chachak cha-eat rice
*druaŋlai lailungmalai中(zhōng) (middle)ṭüŋ ṭǜŋtruŋ truŋsgźuŋǝtwaŋhkhuh tha-Kwchar matai/manaka3-tuŋ1 (middle)middle
*tī̆kʷtâwk huntawkhunchat淑 (shú, shū, chù)--sdug (pretty, nice)thǝuk (be worth, have certain value; be lucky)-- -enough, sufficient
*-hmang zohmang zo/hmang ralinthām/inral-------Leng--use up, exhaust
*[ph]raṭha ṭhaṭha-----ghay-Kaham/Cha pha-good
*chēŋ (green)hring hringhring青 (qīng)chieŋshēŋ----Kwkhwrang/Kukhurang--green
*ch[ē]tsât sat/chan/tanvat/tan/sat切 (qiē, qiè)chietshītzedćhać--tan-di/Hra-di('di' is suffix to denote 'to' here) -to cut
References for the above table:[11][12]

Mizo and Burmese

The following few words suggest that Mizo and the Burmese are of the same family: kun ("to bend"), kam ("bank of a river"), kha ("bitter"), sam ("hair"), mei ("fire"), that ("to kill"), ni ("sun"), hnih ("two"), li ("four"), nga ("five") etc.

Phonology

Monophthongs

The Mizo language has eight tones and intonations for each of the vowels a, aw, e, i and u, four of which are reduced tones and the other four long tones. The vowel o has only three tones, all of them of the reduced type; it has almost exactly the same sound as the diphthong /oʊ/ found in American English. However, the vowels can be represented as follows:[13]

Front Central Back
Close i [i], [ɨ], []   u [u], [ʊ], [ʊː]
Mid e [e], [ɛ], [ɛː]   aw [o], [ɔ], [ɔː]
Open a [ʌ], [a], [ɑ], [ɑː], [ä]

Diphthongs

Starting with aStarting with eStarting with iStarting with u
ai (/aɪ̯/, /ɑːi/ or /ai/) ei (/eɪ̯/, /ɛi/ or /ɛɪ̯/) ia (/ɪə̯/ /ɪa/, /ja/ or /ɪa̭/) ua (/u̯a/ or /ua̭/)
au (/aʊ̯/, /ɑːʊ̯/) eu (/ɛu/, /eʊ/ or /eʊ̯/) iu (/ɪʊ̯/ or /iw/) ui (/ɥi/ or /ʔwi/)

Triphthongs

Mizo has the following triphthongs:

  • iai, as in iai, piai
  • iau as in riau ruau, tiau tuau etc.
  • uai, as in uai, zuai, tuai, vuai
  • uau, as in riau ruau, tiau tuau, suau suau

Consonants

Mizo has the following consonants, with the first symbol being its orthographical form and the second one its representation in the IPA:[13]

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar Glottal
central lateral
Plosive voiceless p [p] t [t] k [k] h [ʔ]1
aspirated ph [pʰ] th [tʰ] kh [kʰ]
voiced b [b] d [d]
Affricate voiceless ch [t͡s]
aspirated chh [t͡sʰ], [ʰ]
lateral tl [t͡l]
aspirated lateral thl [t͡lʰ]
flap ṭ [t͡r]
aspirated flap ṭh [t͡rʰ]
Fricative voiceless f [f] s [s] h [h]
voiced v [v] z [z] l [l]
Nasal plain m [m] n [n] ng [ŋ]
aspirated hm [ʰm] hn [ʰn] ngh [ʰŋ]
Liquid plain r [r] l l
aspirated hr [ʰr] hl [ʰl]
glottalized1 rh [rʔ] lh [lʔ]
  1. The glottal and glottalised consonants appear only in final position.

Tone

As Mizo is a tonal language, differences in pitch and pitch contour can change the meanings of words. Tone systems have developed independently in many daughter languages, largely by simplifications in the set of possible syllable-final and syllable-initial consonants. Typically, a distinction between voiceless and voiced initial consonants is replaced by a distinction between high and low tone, and falling and rising tones developed from syllable-final h and glottal stop, which themselves often reflect earlier consonants.

The eight tones and intonations that the vowel a (and the vowels aw, e, i, u, and this constitutes all the tones in the Mizo language) can have are shown by the letter sequence p-a-n-g, as follows:[14]

  • long high tone: páng as in páng (which has the same intonation as sáng in the sentence Thingküng sáng tak kan huanah a ding).
  • long low tone: pàng as in Tui a kawt pàng pâng mai (which has the same intonation as vàng in the word vànglaini).
  • peaking tone: pâng as in Tui a kawt pàng pâng mai (which has the same intonation as thlûk in I hla phuah thlûk chu a va mawi ve).
  • dipping tone: päng as in Tuibur a hmuam päng mai (which has the same intonation as säm in Kan huan ka säm vêl mai mai).
  • short rising tone: pǎng as in naupǎng (which has the same intonation as thǎng in Kan huanah thǎng ka kam).
  • short falling tone: pȧng as in I va inkhuih pȧng ve? (which has the same intonation as pȧn in I lam ka rawn pȧn)
  • short mid tone: pang as in A dik lo nghâl pang (which has the same tone as man in Sazu ka man)
  • short low tone: pạng as in I pạng a sá a nih kha (which has the same tone as chạl in I chạlah thosí a ).
Notation of vowels with intonation
Short tones Long tones
mid risingfallinglow peaking highdippinglow
a(ǎ / ă) / ả(ȧ / ã) / ą âáäà
o (ǒ / ŏ) / ỏ / (ó) ọ / (ò)  
aw(ǎw / ăw) / ảw(ȧw / ãw) / ąwạw âwáwäwàw
u(ǔ / ŭ) / ủ(ů / ũ) / ų ûúüù
e(ě / ĕ) / ẻ(ė / ẽ) / ę êéëè
i(ǐ / ĭ) / ỉ(ĩ) / į îíïì

Note that the exact orthography of tones with diacritics is still not standardised (notably for differentiating the four short tones with confusive or conflicting choices of diacritics) except for the differentiation of long versus short tones using the circumflex. As well, the need of at least 7 diacritics may cause complications to design easy keyboard layouts, even if they use dead keys, and even if not all basic Latin letters are needed for Mizo itself, so publications may represent the short tones using digrams (e.g. by appending some apostrophe or glottal letter) to reduce the number of diacritics needed to only 4 (those used now for the long tones) on only two dead keys.

Sample sentences

The following table illustrates the pronunciations of various consonants, vowels and diphthongs found in the Mizo language:

SentencePronunciation
Zạwhtë ka hmùzɒʔ.teː kʌ ʰmuː
Thlàpǔi a ëngtlʰaː.pwi ʔʌ ʔɛːŋ
Tlángah kǎn láwntlaː.ŋʌʔ kʌn loːn
Phengphehlep chi hrang paruk ṭhu chungin ka enpʰeːŋ.pʰɛ.lʰɛp tsi ʰraŋ pʌ.rʊk trʰʊ tsʊ.ŋin kʌ ɛn
Ṭahbelh chu chhunah kan hruai ve lo vang.trʌʔ.bɛlʔ tsʊ tʃuː.nʌʔ kʌn ʰrwai veː loʊ vʌŋ(or lɔ.vʌŋ)
I va berh ve!ʔɪ vʌ berʔ ve:
Khàuphár thạwvẹn vè êm êm rịngawt mai che u hian.kʰauː.pʰaːr tʰɔ.vɛn veː ʔɛːm ʔɛːm ri.ŋɔt mai/mʌj tsɛ ʔʊ hjaːn
Nghakuai kan chiahʰŋa.kua̯ːi kan tsjaʔ
I zuan kai ngam ka ring.ʔi zua̯ːn kaːi ŋam ka riŋ
Hläu miah lovin.ʰlaṷ mjʌʔ lɔ.vin
Kuai tliakkwai tljaːk
I tán liau liaui taːn ljaʊ ljaʊ
I uar a ni lo maw?ʔɪ ʔʊar ʔʌ nɪ loʊ ˈmɔː
Sakeisʌ.ˈkeɪ
Paih darh suhpʌɪʔ dʌrʔ sʊʔ
References and further reading for this section.[15][16][17][18]

Grammar

Mizo contains many analyzable polysyllables, which are polysyllabic units in which the individual syllables have meaning by themselves. In a true monosyllabic language, polysyllables are mostly confined to compound words, such as "lighthouse". The first syllables of compounds tend over time to be de-stressed, and may eventually be reduced to prefixed consonants. The word nuntheihna ("survival") is composed of nung ("to live"), theih ("possible") and na (a nominalising suffix); likewise, theihna means "possibility". Virtually all polysyllabic morphemes in Mizo can be shown to have originated in this way. For example, the disyllabic form bakhwan ("butterfly"), which occurs in one dialect of the Trung (or Dulung) language of Yunnan, is actually a reduced form of the compound blak kwar, found in a closely related dialect. It is reported over 18 of the dialects share about 850 words with the same meaning. For example, ban ("arm"), ke ("leg"), thla ("wing", "month"), lu ("head") and kut ("hand").

Word order

The declarative word order in Mizo is Object-subject-verb (OSV). For example:

Lehkhabukaziak
bookIwrite
  • Lehkhabu ka ziak (I write/am writing a book)

However, even if one says Ka ziak lehkhabu, its meaning is not changed, nor does it become incorrect; the word order becomes Subject-verb-object. But this form is used only in particular situations.

Conjugation

The verbs (called thiltih in Mizo)[19] are not conjugated as in languages such as English and French by changing the desinence of words, but the tense (in a sentence) is clarified by the aspect and the addition of some particles, such as[20]

etc.

Modification of verbs

Mizo verbs are often used in the Gerund, and most verbs change desinence in the Gerund; this modification is called tihdanglamna. This modified form is also used as the past participle. Some verbs which undergo modification are tabulated below:

Mizo verbTihdanglam (modified form)English meaning
ziakziahziak – to write
ziah – writing (g.), written
tâttahtât – to whet (such as a knife)
tah – whetting (g.), whetted
mâkmà – to divorce (said of a man divorcing his wife)
mâk – divorcing (g.), divorced

However, even if the spelling of a verb is not changed, its tone is sometimes changed. For example, the verbs tum (to aim), hum (to protect) etc. change tones; the tone is lowered in the modified form. There is a third class of verbs – those which neither change tone nor are inflected (modified). Examples include hneh (to conquer), hnek (to strike with one's fist).

Modification of words is not restricted to verbs; adjectives, adverbs etc. are also modified.

Construction

There is no gender for nouns, and there are no articles. There are some specific suffixes for forming nouns from verbs and adjectives, the most common of which are -na and -zia. The suffix -na is used for forming nouns from both verbs and adjectives, whereas -zia is used specifically for nominalising adjectives. For example,

  • tlù (v. to fall) – tlûkna (n. fall)
  • hmù (v. to see) – hmuhna (n. sight, seeing, vision)
  • suäl (adj. evil) – suàlna (n. sin)/suàlzia (n. evilness)

Declension of nouns

Mizo nouns undergo declension into cases. The main cases can be classified as follows:[21]

CaseDesinenceTone (in pronunciation)Examples
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
no change -
-
-
1. tui
2. nula
3. hmangaihna
Ergative suffix -in for non-proper nouns, 'n for proper nouns short low pitch for -in 1. tuiin
2. nulain
3. hmangaihnain
Instrumental short high pitch on -in
Locative suffix -ah 1. tuiah
2. nulaah
3. hmangaihnaah

Pluralisation

Nouns are pluralized by suffixing -te, -ho, -teho or -hote, for example:

NounPluralsMeaning
mipamipate
mipaho
mipa – man
mipate/mipaho – men
naupangnaupangte
naupangho
naupang – child
naupangte/-ho – children

Forms

All Mizo pronouns occur in two forms, namely in free form and clitic form:[21]

Free formClitic form
kei(I)ka (I)
keimah (I)[22]
keini (we)kan (we)
keimahni (we)[22]
nang(you, singular)i (you, singular)
nangmah (you)[22]
nangni (you, plural)in (you, plural)
nangmahni (you, plural)[22]
ani (he, she, it)a (he, she, it)
amah (he, she, it)[22]
anni (they)an (they)
anmahni (they)[22]

The free form is mostly used for emphasis, and has to be used in conjunction with either the clitic form or an appropriate pronominal particle, as shown in the following examples:

  1. Kei (=I free form) ka (=I clitic form)lo tel ve kher a ngai em?. This is a somewhat emphatic way of saying Ka lo tel ve kher a ngai em?
  2. Nangni (=you pl., free form) in (you pl., clitic form) zo tawh em? This is a somewhat emphatic way of saying Nangni in zo tawh em?
  3. Ani (he/she) a (s/he) kal ve chuan a ṭha lo vang.

The clitic form is also used as a genitive form of the pronoun.

Declension

Mizo pronouns, like Mizo nouns, are declined into cases as follows:

Pronoun (Nominative case)Genitive caseAccusative caseErgative case
clitic form
kakami, minkeimahin=keima'n
kankanminkeimahni-in=keimahnin
iichenangmahin=nangma'n
ininche unangmahni-in=nangmahnin
aaamahamahin=ama'n
anananmahnianmahni-in=anmahni'n
free form
keikeimakeimah, keimah minkeimahin=keima'n
keimahkeimakeimah, keimah minkeimahin=keima'n
keinikeinikeini, keini minkeini-in=keini'n
keimahnikeimahnikeimahni, keimahni minkeimahni-in=keimahni'n
annianniannianni'n
anmahnianmahnianmahnianmahni-in=anmahni'n

Adjectives

Mizo adjectives (Mizo: hrilhfiahna) follow the nouns they describe, as follows:

1.naupangfel a good child
childgood
2.lehkhabuchhiartlâk a readable book
bookreadable
3.hmasawnnachhenfâkawm sustainable development
developmentsustainable

Negation

For declarative sentences, negation is achieved by adding the particle lo (not) at the end of a sentence. For example,

SentenceNegation
Lala a lo kal
Lala is coming/Lala came
Lala a lo kal lo
Lala did not come
Pathumin paruk a sem thei
Three divides six
Pathumin paruk a sem thei lo
Three does not divide six

Also, for words such as engmah (nothing), tumah (nobody) etc., unlike English we have to add the negation particle lo; for example

1. Tumah
nobody
ka
I
hmu
see
lo
not
2. Engmah
nothing
ka
I
rawn keng
bring
lo
not

Thus we have to use double negation for such cases.

Unique parts of speech

All kinds of Parts of Speech like noun, pronoun, verbs, etc. can be found in Mizo language with some additional unique kinds – post-positions and double adverbs.

Sample texts

The following is a sample text in Mizo of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:[23]

Mizo ṭawngEnglish
Mi zawng zawng hi zalèna piang kan ni a, zahawmna leh dikna chanvoah intluk tlâng vek kan ni. Chhia leh ṭha hriatna fîm neia siam kan nih avangin kan mihring puite chungah inunauna thinlung kan pu tlat tur a ni.All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Some Mizo words and phrases

MizoEnglishMizoEnglish
Ka läwm eThank youRusteal
I dam mâw/I dam em?How are you?HminRipe
TuiWaterTharNew
ChâwFoodLianBig
SanghâFishGive
RûlSnakeSakeiTiger
KhúaVillage/town/cityLalChief/Lord/King
Day/the sunSikeisenMars
ThlàMoon/monthChawngmawiiVenus
KumYear/ageHrangchhuanaJupiter
Ṭhà mâw? (informal)How are you?/What's up?TukṭhuanBreakfast
VànSkyChhumCloud
BoruakAirKhuSmoke
Thlawh(theih)naAeroplaneArsiStar
ṬumhmunAirportMeiFire
Zinto travelUiDog
LeiEarthHmulFeather
KhawvelWorld
Thlàthe moon
Head
MitEye
Mouth
KhabèChin
BengEar
HnarNose
MiPeople
ZangnadawmnaAssurance
Meat
Engtin?/Engtiangin?How?
MangṭhaGood night
Dár engzât nge?What time is it now?
ThingpuiTea
Khaw'nge i kal dáwn?Where are you going?
Dam takin [(u) le]Goodbye/Go in peace
Engtikah?When?
Khawiah?Where?
Eng(nge)?What?
AmaherawhchuHowever

Cardinal numbers

(Pa)khatOne
(Pa)hnihTwo
(Pa)thumThree
(Pa)liFour
(Pa)ngáFive
(Pa)rukSix
(Pa)sarihSeven
(Pa)riatEight
(Pa)kuaNine
SàwmTen
SàwmpakhatEleven
SàwmpakuaNineteen
SawmhnihTwenty
SawmthumThirty
SawmküaNinety
Hundred
ZangáFive hundred
Säng(khat)One thousand
Sïng(khat)Ten thousand
Nûai(khat)Hundred thousand/One lakh in Indian English
MaktadûaiMillion
VaibelchhiaTen million
VaibelchhetakHundred million
TlûklehdingäwnBillion


Literature

Books

Mizo has a thriving literature with Mizo departments in Mizoram University and Manipur University . The governing body is the Mizo Academy of Letters, which awards the annual literary prize MAL Book of the Year since 1989. The books awarded so far and their authors are tabulated below along with the years:[24]

YearBookAuthorComments on the book
1989Ka LungkhamB. Lalthangliana
1990HmangaihzualiC. LaizawnaNovel
1991Zoram Khawvel-IL. KeivomContemporary Mizo history
1992Ṭhangthar TaitesenaRomawia
1993Mizo LiteratureB. Lalthangliana
1994Kum za Kristian Zofate hmabâkBangalore Mizo Christian Fellowship
1995Ram leh i tan chauhH. Lallungmuana
1996Bible leh ScienceP.C. BiaksiamaCreationism
1997Pasalṭha KhuangcheraLaltluangliana KhiangteDrama
1998AnitaC. LaizawnaNovel
1999Tlawm ve lo Lalnu RopuilianiLalsangzuali SailoMizo history
2000Chawngmawii leh HrangchhuanaR. RozikaNovel
2001Ka khualzin kawngRobuanga
2002Runlum NuthaiL.Z. SailoEulogy
2003Kan Bible hiZairemaTheology
2004ZorinpariH. LalngurlianaNovel
2005Damlai thlipuiLalhriataNovel
2006Pasalṭhate ni hnuhnungC. LalnunchangaHistorical adventure novel
2007Zofate zinkawngah zalenna mei a mit tur a ni loR. ZamawiaFactual description and idealisation of Mizo uprising
2008Chun chawi lohLalhriataNovel
2009Rintei zùnléngLalrammawia NgenteNovel
2010Beiseina MittuiSamson ThanrumaNovel
2011Zodinpuii (posthumously awarded)LalchhantluangaNovel
2012SihlipuiRomuanpuii ZadengNovel
2013ThinglubulLalpekkimaNovel
2014Ka ZalennaB. LalhriattiraEssay collection
2015Kawlkil piah LamtluangC. LalnunchangaFantasy Novel
2016Aizawl AizawlerLalhruaitluanga ChawngteContemporary Social Essays[25]

This award is only for books originally written in Mizo, not for translations, and it has been awarded every year since 1989. The award has been given to books on history and religion, but most of its winners are novels. Each year, the academy examines about 100 books (in 2011, 149 books were examined),[26] out of which it selects the top 20, and then first shortlistling it further to top 10, and then to top 5, then top 3, finally chooses the winner.

The academy also awards lifetime achievement in Mizo literature.

Some of the best-known Mizo writers include James Dokhuma, Ṭhuamtea Khawlhring, C. Laizawna, C. Lalnunchanga, Vanneihtluanga etc.

Newspaper

The Mizoram Press Information Bureau lists some twenty Mizo daily newspapers just in Aizawl city, as of March 2013.[27] The following list gives some of the most well-known newspapers published in the Mizo language.

Name of newspaperPublication frequencyEditorPlace
ChhawkhleiDailyLalhminglianaChamphai
ChhawrpialDailyC.LalzamlovaAizawl
Chhim AwDailyBaithaSaiha
ChhinlungDailyVanhnunaLunglei
DumdeDailyF. Lalbiakmawia (Fam)Champhai
HarhnaDailyC.VulluaiaAizawl
HnamdamnaDailyChawngchhumaLunglei
Hruaitu ArsiDailyZosanglianaAizawl
Khawpui AwDailyZaithankhumaAizawl
LaisuihDailyC.LalhminghluaSerchhip
Lengzem chanchinbuMonthlyVanneihtluangaAizawl
LenkawlDailyRemmawia KawlniSerchhip
LenrualDailyLalhlupuiaChamphai
PasalthaDailyLalhmingmawia PachuauChamphai
Ramlai ArsiDailyLalremruata RalteSerchhip
RihlipuiDailyDK LalhruaitluangaChamphai
RomeiDailyRobert LalchhuanaAizawl
Thu TharDailyA.RodinglianaAizawl
TurnipuiDailyS.LalhmachhuanaKolasib

The Zozam Times| Daily| H.Laldinmawia| Aizawl

Vanglaini chanchinbu,[28]DailyK. SapdangaAizawl
ZalenDailyVanlalrema VantawlAizawl
Zawlbuk AwDailyHranghmingthangaThenzawl
Zoram ThlirtuDailyLalrinmawia SailoAizawl
Zoram TlangauDailyL.PachuauAizawl
ZorinDailyLalkungaAizawl

Most of them are daily newspapers.

Statistics

There are around 850,000 speakers of the Mizo language: 830,846 speakers in India (2011 census); 1,041 speakers in Bangladesh (1981 census); 12,500 speakers in Burma (1983 census).

See also

References

  1. "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. "Mizo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  3. Lalthangliana, B., 'Mizo tihin ṭawng a nei lo' tih kha, see also Matisoff, 'Language names' section
  4. "Requests to include 38 languages in Constitution pending: Govt". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  5. Lalthangliana, B.: 2001, History and Culture of Mizo in India, Burma and Bangladesh, Aizawl. "Baptist Missionary Conference, 1892", p. 745
  6. The Mizo Wiktionary uses the additional symbols , ǎ, ȧ, and likewise for the other vowels aw, e, i and u, to differentiate these
  7. See the guide here
  8. Mc Kinnon, John and Wanat Bruksasri (Editors): The Higlangders of Thailand, Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 65.
  9. "Vanglaini". www.vanglaini.org. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  10. STEDT database.See also
  11. "Search for data in: Sino-Tibetan etymology". starling.rinet.ru. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  12. "STEDT Database (Beta)". stedt.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  13. Weidert, Alfons, Component Analysis of Lushai Phonology, Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series IV – Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, volume 2, Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V., 1975.
  14. Zoppen Club, Mizo ṭawng thumal thar
  15. "Sarmah, Priyankoo & Caroline Wiltshire, An acoustic study of Mizo tones and morpho-tonology." (PDF). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  16. Govind, D., Priyankoo Sarmah, S.R. Mahadeva Prasanna, Role of pitch slope and duration in synthesized Mizo tones.
  17. Khoi Lam Thang, A phonological reconstruction of Proto-chin.
  18. Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Workshop on Tone and Intonation: Theory, Typology and Computation.
  19. SCERT, Mizo Grammar, class XI & XII textbook (2002–).
  20. SCERT, Mizo Grammar and Composition, 2002.
  21. "Chhangte, Lalnunthangi, The Grammar of Simple Clauses in Mizo" (PDF). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  22. This form is also used as the accusative
  23. UDHR in Mizo (Unicode Website) or OHCHR Website
  24. vanglaini.org
  25. "Mizo Academy of Letters Book of the Year list". dcserchhip.mizoram.gov.in. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  26. "Vanglaini, April 24, 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  27. "See the website". Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  28. "Vanglaini – Mizo Daily Since 1978". vanglaini.org. Retrieved 30 June 2010.

Sources

  1. The Ethnologue, 13th Edition, Barbara F. Grimes, Editor, 1996, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc.
  2. K. S. Singh: 1995, People of India-Mizoram, Volume XXXIII, Anthropological Survey of India, Calcutta.
  3. Grierson, G. A. (Ed.) (1904b). Tibeto-Burman Family: Specimens of the Kuki-Chin and Burma Groups, Volume III Part III of Linguistic Survey of India. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta.
  4. Grierson, G. A: 1995, Languages of North-Eastern India, Gian Publishing House, New Delhi.
  5. Lunghnema, V., Mizo chanchin (B.C. 300 aṭanga 1929 A.D.), 1993.
  6. Zoramdinthara, Dr., Mizo Fiction: Emergence and Development. Ruby Press & Co.(New Delhi). 2013. ISBN 978-93-82395-16-4
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