Moro Province

Moro Province
Provincia del Moro
Moro Province ; Provincia del Moro
	Former province of the Philippines
	1903-1914
	Flag Seal
	; Location of the historical Moro Province.
Capital	Zamboanga City
Historical era	U.S. Occupation
• Established	June 1 1903
• Disestablished	July 23 1914
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Sultanate of Sulu
	Sultanate of Maguindanao
	Lanao confederation of sultanates
	Republic of Zamboanga
Department of Mindanao and Sulu
Today part of	Cotabato (North), Cotabato City, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Basilan, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga City, South Cotabato, General Santos, Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental, Davao Oriental, Davao City, Maguindanao, Sarangani, Iligan, Lanao del Norte, and Lanao del Sur.

Moro Province (Spanish: Provincia del Moro) is the name of a former province of the Philippines consisting of the former provinces and regions of Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, Davao, and Jolo.[1] It was later split into provinces and regions organized under the Department of Mindanao and Sulu, along with the former provinces of Agusan, Surigao and current province of Bukidnon, but excluding Lanao.[2]

Government

The province was governed under a civil government that has an executive, judicial and legislative branch and is divided into military districts.

The governor served also as the commander of the Army Department of Mindanao-Jolo. Most of the district governors and their deputies were members of the U.S. military. In 1913, the military governor was replaced by a civil governor.

The Moro Council served as the legislative body of the province. The governor and its members were appointed by and with the consent of the Philippine Commission.

Justice was administered for the province by two (2) Courts of First Instance, Justice of the Peace Courts and by the Municipal Courts.

The province had its own Department of Public Instruction, separate from the education system that covered the rest of the Philippine Islands.[3]

Districts

The province was divided into five districts, with U.S. officers serving as district governors and deputy governors. These districts included: Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Jolo, and Zamboanga. The district government is composed of the governor, the secretary, and the treasurer who were all appointed by the provincial governor.

The district officials also form as the District Board which had the power to enact ordinances although subject to the approval of the Legislative Council.

Tribal Wards

The districts were sub-divided into tribal wards, with major datus serving as ward chiefs and minor datus serving as deputies, judges, and sheriffs.

The head of the tribe has the power to sub-divide his wards and appoint deputies into these sub-wards with the approval of the district governor.

Christian communities

The tribal wards were applied only to Muslim communities. Meanwhile, the minority Christian communities were merged into regular municipalities.

The government of each municipality was composed of a president, vice-president and a municipal council. The President and half of the councilors were elected by qualified voters and the other half is appointed by the district governor.

History

After the dissolution of the Republic of Zamboanga and others part of Mindanao are under U.S. rule, the U.S. civil government led by Governor William Howard Taft authorized the creation of the Moro Province that includes "all of the territory of the Philippines lying south of the eight parallel of latitude, excepting the island of Palawan and the eastern portion of the northwest peninsula of Mindanao."[4] The Province was created by the virtue of Act No. 787 on June 1, 1903. Major General Leonard Wood, with the capacity of commander of the Army Department of Mindanao-Sulu was appointed governor of the province on August 6, 1903.

Governors


PICTURE	GOVERNOR	TERM

	Major General Leonard Wood	July 25, 1903–April 16, 1906
	Major General Tasker Howard Bliss	April 16, 1906–February 3, 1909
	Colonel Ralph Hoyt	June 30, 1909–September 6, 1909
	Captain Charles Hagedon	September 6, 1909–November 9, 1909
	Major General John J. Pershing	November 9, 1909–December 15, 1913
	Frank Carpenter	December 15, 1913–July 23, 1914

Military to Civilian Government

By 1913, Governor Pershing agreed that the Moro Province needed to transition to civil government. This was prompted by the Moro's personalistic approach to government, which was based on personal ties rather than a respect for an abstract office. To the Moros, a change of administration meant not just a change in leadership but a change in regime, and was a traumatic experience. Rotation within the military meant that each military governor could serve only for a limited time. Until 1911, every district governor and secretary had been a military officer. By November 1913, only one officer still held a civil office – Pershing himself. In December 1913, Pershing was replaced as governor of Moro Province by a civilian, Frank Carpenter.

Dissolution

On July 23, 1914, the Moro Province was officially replaced by an agency named the Department of Mindanao and Sulu including the whole island of Mindanao except Lanao. The agency was tasked to administer all Muslim-dominated areas in the territory. Frank Carpenter remained as governor of the agency.

References

Jose Arnaldo Dris. "Maguindanao". Retrieved October 13, 2008.
Bob Hilkens. "The Moro Lands". Archived from the original on July 29, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
Milligan, Jeffrey Ayala (2020). Islamic Identity, Postcoloniality, and Educational Policy: Schooling and Ethno-Religious Conflict in the Southern Philippines. Springer Nature. p. 68. ISBN 9789811512285.
Hurley, Vic; Harris, Christopher L. (2010). "The Formation of the Moro Province". Swish of the Kris, the Story of the Moros, Authorized and Enhanced Edition. Cerberus Books. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-615-38242-5.

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[1] Jose Arnaldo Dris. "Maguindanao". Retrieved October 13, 2008.

[2] Bob Hilkens. "The Moro Lands". Archived from the original on July 29, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

[3] Milligan, Jeffrey Ayala (2020). Islamic Identity, Postcoloniality, and Educational Policy: Schooling and Ethno-Religious Conflict in the Southern Philippines. Springer Nature. p. 68. ISBN 9789811512285.

[Hurley-4] Hurley, Vic; Harris, Christopher L. (2010). "The Formation of the Moro Province". Swish of the Kris, the Story of the Moros, Authorized and Enhanced Edition. Cerberus Books. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-615-38242-5.

Former Philippine provinces, sub-provinces, and cities
Provinces	Agusan Ambos Camarines Cotabato Davao Ilocos Kalinga-Apayao Lanao Lepanto-Bontoc Manila Mindoro Misamis Moro Province Morong Negros Negros del Norte Samar Shariff Kabunsuan Surigao Zamboanga
Sub-provinces^*	Abra (1905–1917)¹ Amburayan (1902–1920)² Apayao (1907–1995)¹ Aurora (1951–1979)¹ Batanes (1907–1909)¹ Benguet (1908–1966)¹ Biliran (1959–1992)¹ Bontoc (1902–1966)³ Bukidnon (1907–1914)¹ Butuan (1907–1914)⁴ Camiguin (1956–1966)¹ Catanduanes (1905–1945)¹ Guimaras (1966–1992)¹ Ifugao (1908–1966)¹ Kalinga (1907–1995)¹ Lepanto (1902–1920)² Marinduque (1907–1920)¹ Masbate (1906–1920)¹ Quirino (1966–1971)¹ Romblon (1907–1917)¹ Siquijor (1907–1971)¹
Cities	Basilan⁵ Jaro Greater Manila Legazpi⁶ Nueva Cáceres Nueva Segovia
^* All sub-provinces were temporarily abolished during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942–1945). ¹ Converted to full-fledged province. ² Dissolved and divided between neighboring (sub-)provinces. ³ Became the only sub-province left comprising Mountain Province in 1966, and therefore assumed the name of the mother province. ⁴ Became the only sub-province left comprising Agusan in 1914, and therefore assumed the name of the mother province. ⁵ Delimited to the downtown area of present-day Isabela City in 1973; dissolved in 1975. ⁶ Legazpi City from 1948 to 1954 consisted of the present-day territories of Legazpi City and Daraga; this city was dissolved in 1954 into its two former constituent municipalities. Legazpi became a city on its own in 1959.