Multi-function printer

An All-in-one is a small desktop unit, designed for home or home-office use.

These devices focus on scan and print functionality for home use, and may come with bundled software for organising photos, simple OCR and other uses of interest to a home user. An All-in-one will always include the basic functions of Print and Scan, with most also including Copy functionality and a lesser number with Fax capabilities.

In the past, these devices were usually not networked, and were generally connected by USB or Parallel. As of 2013 even inexpensive all-in-one devices support ethernet and/or Wi-Fi connections. In some cases the wireless devices require connection to a host computer by wire (usually USB) to initialize the device, and once initial setup is done, support wireless operations for all the work performed thereafter.

All-in-one devices may have features oriented to home and personal use that are not found in larger devices. These functions include smart card readers, direct connection to digital cameras (e.g. PictBridge technology) and other similar uses.

The print engine of most All-in-one devices is based either on a home desktop inkjet printer, or on a home desktop laser printer. They may be black-and-white or colour capable. Laser models provide a better result for text while inkjet gives a more convincing result for images and they are a cheaper multifunctional.[3]

Some of these devices, like the Hewlett-Packard Photosmart C8180 printer, have a DVD burner and LightScribe functionality where the user could burn DVDs and create an image on a special Lightscribe DVD or CD using special software like Roxio or Nero AG Software Suite to create the image. To create a Lightscribe image takes about 10 to 25 minutes.

A large desktop or small freestanding unit, designed for Small Office/Home Office use. Often, the form factor of the MFP (desktop or freestanding) depends on the options added, such as extra paper trays.

Generally a SOHO MFP will have basic Print, Copy, Scan and Fax functionality only, but towards the larger end of the scale, may include simple document storage and retrieval, basic authentication functions and so on, making the higher end of the "SOHO" scale difficult to differentiate from the lower end of the "Office" MFP scale.

SOHO MFPs are usually networked, however may also be connected via USB or, less frequently, parallel. SOHO MFPs may have basic finishing functionality such as duplexing, stapling and hole-punching, however this is rare. In general, document output offset, sorting and collation are standard capabilities.

By comparison to an All-in-one product, a SOHO MFP is more likely to have an automatic document feeder, greater fax capabilities and faster output-performance. Most SOHO MFPs have their history in low-end black and white photocopiers, and the print engine is accordingly based around this type of technology.

A mid-sized free-standing unit, designed as a central office system.

These units are usually the most fully featured type of MFP. They include the basic Print, Copy and Scan functions with optional Fax functionality as well as networked document storage with security, authentication using common network user credentials, ability to run custom software (often a manufacturer will supply a Software development kit), advanced network scan destinations such as FTP, WebDAV, Email, SMB and NFS stores, encryption for data transmission and so on.

Office MFPs usually have moderately advanced finishing functions as options such as duplexing, stapling, holepunching, offset modes and booklet-creation.

Office MFPs are almost always networked, however some have optional or standard (but infrequently used) USB and parallel connections. Most Office MFPs have their history in mid-range photocopiers (both colour and black-and-white), and the print engine is therefore based around this type of technology, however, Hewlett-Packard recently introduced two Office MFPs based on fixed-head inkjet technology.

A large free-standing unit, designed as a central printing-device or reprographic-department device.

These devices, while far larger and more expensive than Office MFPs, generally do not have all of the advanced network functionality of their smaller relations. They instead concentrate on high-speed, high-quality output, and highly advanced finishing functionality including book creation with cover insertion (including hot-glue binding) and so on. Production printing itself is often further divided into "light" production printing and "heavy" production printing, with the differentiating factor being the speed. A 100ppm device for example, falls into the light production printing category by the standards of most manufacturers.

Because of the focus on printing, while most Production Printing MFPs have a scanner, it is infrequently used and often only has very basic functionality.

There are a variety of different print engines for Production Printing MFPs, however in the "light" end of the Production Printing market, most are based on the large Office MFPs, which themselves are based on photocopier technology as described above. Production Printing MFPs may also be known as "Print on demand" devices, or "Digital presses". This latter term can also be used to refer to the print controller controlling the MFP, however.

• Input
  • Network print types available (Raw, LPR, IPP, FTP printing, print via email etc.)
  • Network, USB, Parallel or other connection types
  • PDLs (PostScript, PCL, XPS etc.) and direct interpreters (PDF, TIFF, etc.) supported
  • Printer drivers available for different operating systems
• Output
  • Ability to print directly to the MFP's internal storage function
  • Capability of using the MFP's finishing functions (see below under Copy features/functions)
  • Direct CD/DVD Label Printing (usually only available on some InkJet AIO models)
  • Duplex printing capability - Whether the MFP can print on both sides of a sheet of paper without manual intervention by the user
  • Paper formats (what kind of paper sizes and stocks the MFP can output)
  • Printer technology (e.g. InkJet/Laser/Color Laser)
  • Printing speed (typically given in pages per minute or ppm)
  • Resolution DPI - this is an important metric for both printing and scanning quality. (Note that print DPI is rarely greater than 600dpi actual. Some MFPs use a system similar to sub-pixel rendering on computer displays to give "enhanced" resolutions of 1200x600 or 1800x600, however it is important to note that this is not a true resolution)

• Input
  • Ability to retrieve a document from internal storage and send it as if it was a new "scan"
  • Automatic document feeder (ADF) - this allows multiple sheets of paper to be input without manually placing each piece of paper on the platen glass.
  • Duplex scanning capability (depends on the ADF) - Whether the MFP can scan both sides of a sheet of paper without manual intervention by the user.
• Output
  • Scan file formats available (e.g. PDF, TIFF, JPEG, XPS, etc.)
  • Scan transfer methods available (e.g. FTP, WebDAV, Email, SMB, NFS, TWAIN)
  • Security of scanned documents - such as PDF encryption, digital signatures and so on.

• Answering machine
• Cordless telephone (generally only a consideration for AIO or smaller SOHO products)
• Color Fax capability
• PC Fax send and receive capability
• Sent / Received Faxes Forwarding to E-mail capability (via SMTP)
• TCP/IP Fax methods such as SIP Fax (Fax over IP), Network Fax (via SMTP), Internet Fax and so on

• Document Finishing capabilities
  • Duplex output
  • Stapling
    • Single point
    • Staple positioning
    • Two point
  • Hole punching
    • International standard ISO 838 2-hole
    • Swedish "triohålning" 4-hole
    • US 3-hole
    • "888" 4-hole
  • Folding
    • Cover binding (generally only available on production printing models) - differs from "cover insertion", in that a cover is physically bound to the book instead of simply placing it around the other pages. Cover binding often uses hot glue to bind the cover to the finished book.
    • Cover insertion for booklets
    • Fold and centre staple (for Booklet pagination)
    • Half fold / crease
    • Tri-fold / Envelope-folding
    • Trimming for folded documents to avoid "creep"
• Document editing modes
  • Booklet pagination / "perfect binding" booklet pagination
  • Image scaling / rotation
  • n-in-one (2 in 1, 4 in 1 etc.)
  • Page numbering / text & image stamping / watermarking
• Plus, see items under "Print features/functions" output and "Scan features/functions" input

• Documents storage capability the MFP
• Storage (HDD) capacity
• User authentication for the stored document, and any relationship to the user authentication of the MFP (e.g. Network authentication with a server or custom software, internal only, etc.)

• Active Directory or other authentication functionality
• Data encryption
• IPv6 support
• SNMP support - both private and public MIB specifications
• Wireless network capability

• SDK availability and licensing model
• Software - Many MFPs support advanced functionality through third party software such as optical character recognition. In some cases, these software components are not specific to the MFP being used, however it is important to determine this, as in other cases proprietary technologies are used that effectively tie the software to the platform.
• User interface - By their nature, MFPs are complex devices. Many MFPs now include LCD screens and other user interface aids. Generally, AIO and SOHO products contain simple LCD displays, while Office MFPs contain advanced LCD panels resembling a custom computer-like user interface (some MFPs also offer optional keyboard and mouse attachments).

MFPs, like most external peripherals that are capable of functioning without a computer, are essentially a type of computer themselves. They contain memory, one or more processors, and often some kind of local storage, such as a hard disk drive or flash memory. As mentioned in the Types of MFP section, the physical print engine may be based on several technologies, however most larger MFPs are an evolution of a digital photocopier.

When disposing of old printers with local storage, one should keep in mind that confidential documents (print, scan, copy jobs) are potentially still unencrypted on the printer's local storage and can be undeleted.[4][5] Crypto-shredding can be a countermeasure.

MFPs also run a set of instructions from their internal storage, which is comparable to a computer's operating system.

Generally, as the size and complexity of an MFP increases, the more like a computer the device becomes. It is uncommon for a small AIO or even a SOHO MFP to use a general purpose operating system, however many larger MFPs run Linux[6] or VxWorks.[7]

Additionally, many print controllers, separate, but integral to the MFP, also run computer operating systems, with GNU/Linux[8] and Microsoft Windows (often Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, Windows XP Embedded[9]).

On top of the core operating system and firmware, the MFP will also provide several functions, equivalent to applications or in some cases daemons or services.

These functions may include (amongst many others):

• Bytecode interpreters or virtual machines for internally hosted third party applications
• Image conversion and processing functions
• MFP Panel control for user input
• Network service clients for sending of documents to different destinations
• Network service servers for receiving documents for print or storage
• Raster image processing functions (although, often this task is handled by a separate print controller unit instead)
• Web server for remote management functions