Najash

Najash is an extinct genus of basal snake from the Late Cretaceous Candeleros Formation of Patagonia.[1] Like a number of other Cretaceous and living snakes it retained hindlimbs, but Najash is unusual in having well-developed legs that extend outside the rib cage, and a pelvis connected to the spine. Fossils of Najash were found in the terrestrial Candeleros Formation, in Rio Negro Province, Argentina, and date to roughly 90 million years ago. The skull and spine of Najash show primitive features that resemble other Cretaceous snakes, such as Dinilysia and Madtsoiidae.[2] Also, several characteristics of the neck and tail of Najash and Dinilysia show how the body plan of snakes evolved from a lizard-like ancestor.[3]

Najash
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 90 Ma
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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Clade: Ophidia
Genus: †Najash
Apesteguía & Zaher, 2006
Type species
Najash rionegrina
Apesteguía & Zaher, 2006

Najash had not lost its sacrum, the pelvic bone composed of several fused vertebrae, nor its pelvic girdle, which are absent in modern snakes, and in all other known fossil snakes as well.[4] Nearly all phylogenetic analyses place Najash as an early shoot of the snake tree, outside of all living snakes.[1][2][3][5]

The generic name comes from the Spanish transliteration of the biblical legged snake of Genesis, Naḥásh, who tempted Adam and Eve to eat from a forbidden fruit tree.

References
  1. Apesteguía, S.; Zaher, H. (2006). "A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum". Nature. 440 (7087): 1037–1040. Bibcode:2006Natur.440.1037A. doi:10.1038/nature04413. PMID 16625194. S2CID 4417196.
  2. Garberoglio, Fernando F.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Caldwell, Michael W.; Sánchez, María L.; Veiga, Gonzalo (2019-02-04). "A new specimen with skull and vertebrae of Najash rionegrina (Lepidosauria: Ophidia) from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (18): 1313–1330. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1534288. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 91780191.
  3. Garberoglio, Fernando F.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Simões, Tiago R.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Apesteguía, Sebastián (2019). "The evolution of the axial skeleton intercentrum system in snakes revealed by new data from the Cretaceous snakes Dinilysia and Najash". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 1276. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.1276G. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36979-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6362196. PMID 30718525.
  4. Other known fossil snakes with developed hindlimbs, Haasiophis, Pachyrhachis and Eupodophis—all found in marine environments—all lack a sacral region.
  5. Longrich, N. R.; Bhullar, B.-A. S.; et al. (2012). "A transitional snake from the Late Cretaceous period of North America" (PDF). Nature. 488 (7410): 205–208. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..205L. doi:10.1038/nature11227. PMID 22832579. S2CID 4411744.


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