Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879
The Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 occurred during the late Qing dynasty in China. It is usually referred to as Dīngwù Qíhuāng (丁戊奇荒) in China. A drought began in northern China during 1875, resulting in crop failures during the years succeeding. The provinces of Shanxi, Zhili (now mostly part of Hebei), Henan, Shandong and the northern parts of Jiangsu were affected. Between 9 and 13 million people died as a result of the famine, out of 108 million in the five affected provinces.[1]
| Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 | |
|---|---|
| Country | China |
| Period | 1876–1879 |
| Total deaths | 8-9 million |
| Observations | drought, El Niño-Southern Oscillation |
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The drought was influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.[2]
Relief efforts
British missionary Timothy Richard first publicized a drought-caused famine in Shandong during the summer of 1876. He appealed to the foreign community in Shanghai for money to help the victims. In March 1877, the Shandong Famine Relief Committee was established with the participation of diplomats, businessmen, and Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries.[3]
Richard became aware that drought conditions were even worse in neighboring Shanxi province, which at that time was virtually unknown to foreigners. During early 1878, Richard journeyed to Shanxi. His "famine diary" described conditions. "That people pull down their houses, sell their wives and daughters, eat roots and carrion, clay and leaves is news which nobody wonders at...The sight of men and women lying helpless on the roadside, or if dead, torn by hungry dogs and magpies [and] of children being boiled and eaten up is so fearful as to make one shudder."[4]
Shanxi was the most seriously affected province in the famine, with an estimated 5.5 million dead out of a total population of 15 million people. Remote and inaccessible rural districts suffered most.[5]
To combat the famine, an international network was established to solicit donations, most of which came from England and foreign businesses in China. These efforts brought in 204,000 silver taels, the equivalent of $7–10 million in 2012 silver prices. The Roman Catholics raised at least 125,000 taels (about $5 million) and their greater physical presence in the famine area permitted them to work effectively at the local level.
More than 40 Roman Catholic and 31 Protestant missionaries administered the relief efforts in the field, which helped about 3.4 million people in Shanxi alone. The Protestants included Arthur Henderson Smith and William Scott Ament, who would later achieve prominence. Three Protestant missionaries died of disease, probably typhus, which was rampant in the famine area.[6][7]
The Qing government, Chinese philanthropists, and businessmen also responded to the famine, raising funds with an illustrated pamphlet titled "Pictures to Draw Tears from Iron". There was rivalry between the foreign and Chinese relief efforts. The Chinese feared the missionaries would use their famine work to spread Christianity and to adopt and Christianize orphaned children. They raised large sums of money to establish orphanages and to redeem women and children who had been sold into slavery. While most foreign relief emphasized Shanxi, the private Chinese effort was mostly in Henan, whose people they believed to be fiercely anti-foreign, and Shandong.[1]
The rains return
During June 1879, heavy rains began to fall in much of the famine area, and with the harvest that autumn, the worst of the famine was over. However, many rural areas had been depopulated by starvation, disease, and the migration of destitute people to urban areas. To the foreigners, the huge loss of life during the famine was due to the "backwardness" of China and the inefficiency and corruption of the Qing government. The famine made Chinese, in the words of one scholar, increasingly aware of their "material inferiority and insulted cultural pride", increasing their dissatisfaction with the Qing.[3] The Protestant missionaries believed their work during the famine would establish good will among the Chinese for foreigners and create opportunities for missionary work.[8] Missionaries, including the Oberlin Band, began to work in sizable numbers in Shanxi province after the famine.
References
- Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn. "Pictures to Draw Tears from Iron". Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12.
- Janku, Andrea (2001). "The North-China Famine of 1876–1879: Performance and Impact of a Non-Event" (PDF). Measuring Historical Heat: Event, Performance, and Impact in China and the West. Symposium in Honour of Rudolf G. Wagner on His 60th Birthday. Heidelberg, November 3rd–4th. pp. 127–134.
- Thompson, Larry Clinton (2009). William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-4008-5.
- "Epidemic Chinese Famine". Retrieved 6 December 2012.
- China Famine Relief Fund Shanghai Committee. 1879. pp. 1, 88, 128, 157.
- "Epidemic Chinese Famine". Retrieved 6 December 2012.
- Brandt, Nat (1994). Massacre in Shansi. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8156-0282-0.
Further reading
- Bohr, Paul R. Famine in China and the Missionary: Timothy Richard as Relief Administrator and Advocate of National Reform, 1876-1884 (1972)
- Davis, Mike (2003). Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1859843826.
- Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn, and Cormac O'gr. Tears from iron: cultural responses to famine in nineteenth-century China (U of California Press, 2008).