Old Catalan

Old Catalan is the modern denomination for Romance varieties that during the Middle Ages were spoken in territories that spanned roughly the territories of the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and the island of Sardinia; all of them then part of the Crown of Aragon. These varieties were part of a dialect continuum with what today is called Old Occitan that reached the Loire Valley in the north and Northern Italy in the east. Consequently Old Catalan can be considered a dialect group of Old Occitan, or be classified as an Occitano-Romance variety side by side with Old Occitan (also known as Old Provençal).[2]

Old Catalan
catalanesch
RegionPrincipality of Catalonia, Kingdom of Valencia, Balearic islands, Sardinia
Eraevolved into Modern Catalan by the 16th century[1]
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
Catalan language
Overview
Dialects
Grammar
Organizations

The modern separation of Catalan and Occitan should not be confused with a clear separation between the languages in the mindset of their speakers historically. The dialects of Modern Catalan were still considered to be part of the same language as the dialects of Occitan in the 19th century, when Catalans still could call their language Lengua lemosina, using the name of the Limousin dialect as a metonymy for Occitan.

Phonology

Consonants
Consonants of Old Catalan[3][4]
Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Palatal Velar
plain labialised
Nasal m n ɲ (ŋ)
Stop voiceless p t k kʷ
voiced b d ɡ ɡʷ
Affricate voiceless ts tʃ
voiced dz dʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ
voiced v z (ʒ)
Approximant central j w
lateral l ʎ, jl
Rhotic r ~ ɾ

Laterals

It is believed that Old Catalan had two lateral palatal phonemes. One, /ʎ/, was written as ⟨ll⟩ and has remained unchanged. The other, reconstructed as /jl/, came from the Latin groups C'L, G'L, LE, and LI; written as ⟨yl⟩ and ⟨il⟩, it never appeared in initial position. It has merged into /ʎ/ in most dialects but into /j/ in a few dialects.[5]

Around the 12th century, word-initial /l/ became /ʎ/, but it continued to be spelled as ⟨l⟩ until the 15th century.[6]

Labiodentals

/v/ began to merge into /b/ in some dialects around the 14th century, a process called betacism.[7] Now, the distinction is maintained only in Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and southern Tarragona.[8]

Vowels
Vowels of Old Catalan[3]
 Front  Central  Back 
Close i   u  
Close-mid e   ə o  
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a  

The system features a modification of the original Proto-Romance /e/ and /ɛ/. First, /e/ was centralized to /ə/ and then, /ɛ/ was raised to /e/. In Modern Central Catalan, stressed /ə/ has been fronted to /ɛ/, thus partially inverting the original Proto-Romance distribution still found in Italian and Portuguese. Balearic varieties still keep stressed /ə/.

It is assumed that during the preliterary period, all Catalan dialects featured a weak realization of the pretonic vowels. Around the 13th century, pretonic /a/ and /e/ began to be confused in writing in the Eastern dialects, and the confusion later spread to all unstressed instances of /a/ and /e/, a process that was almost complete by the 15th century.[9][10]

Final post-tonic /e, o/ were lost[3] during the formation of Catalan. According to some historic studies,[11] final nasals were velarised and assimilated before being lost in Modern Catalan: [ˈpãŋ] → [ˈpã] → [ˈpa]).

Orthography

Current Catalan orthography is mostly based on mediaeval practice, but some of the pronunciations and conventions have changed.

  • Accents (such as ⟨´⟩ and ⟨`⟩) and the diaeresis ⟨¨⟩ were used less frequently.
  • The tilde ⟨~⟩ was sometimes used above a vowel to replace a following ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩.
  • The interpunct ⟨·⟩ was often used to indicate elision and hyphenation.
  • ⟨c⟩ in front of ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩; ⟨ç⟩ and final ⟨z⟩ (also spelled ⟨ç⟩, and ⟨s⟩ after merging with /s/) represented /ts/ instead of modern /s/: Old Catalan /ˈtsɛl/, modern cel /ˈsɛl/
  • ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨rh⟩ and ⟨th⟩ represented /k/, /f/, /r/ and /t/. Mediaeval scribes often confused them with ⟨c⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨r⟩ and ⟨t⟩
  • ⟨ch⟩ represented /tʃ/, especially in the Valencian variant
  • ⟨ch⟩ at the end of the word was used for /k/ , instead of modern ⟨c⟩, until the early 20th century; for example, modern amic was written amich ("friend").
  • ⟨yl⟩, ⟨il⟩, were used for the phoneme /jl/. In the modern language, the sound has come to be pronounced /ʎ/ or /j/ depending on the dialect. Both are now written as ⟨ll⟩: modern mirall was written mirail or mirayl ("mirror"), cf. Latin miraculus.
  • Initial /ʎ/, which appeared in the 12th century from initial /l/, was written as ⟨l⟩ until the 15th century to maintain connections with Latin etyma.[6] In the modern language, it is written as ⟨ll⟩: e.g. modern llibre was written libre ("book"). Cf. Latin liber.
  • ⟨h⟩ was frequently omitted: modern haver was written aver ("to have"), cf. Latin habere.
  • ⟨h⟩ was sometimes used to mark hiatus: modern veí was written vehi ("neighbour")
  • Final unvoiced obstruents were often written as such. In the modern language, the characters for their voiced counterparts may be used to reflect Latin etymology: modern fred was written fret ("cold"), cf. Latin frigidus.

History

Early Middle Ages
Les Homilies d'Organyà (12th century), first written in Catalan.

By the 9th century, the Catalan language had developed from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees mountains (counties of Rosselló, Empúries, Besalú, Cerdanya, Urgell, Pallars and Ribagorça), as well as in the territories of the Roman province and later archdiocese of Tarraconensis to the south.[12] From the 8th century on, the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards, conquering territories then occupied by Muslims, bringing their language with them.[12]

This phenomenon gained momentum with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988 AD.[12] By the 9th century, the Christian rulers occupied the northern parts of present-day Catalonia, usually termed "Old Catalonia", and during the 11th and 12th centuries they expanded their domains to the region north of the Ebro river, a land known as "New Catalonia".[12] During the 13th century, the Catalans expanded to the Land of Valencia and across to the Balearic Islands and Alghero in Sardinia.[12]

Greuges of Guitard Isarn, Lord of Caboet (ca. 1080–1095)[13][14]
Hec est memoria de ipsas rancuras que abet dominus Guitardus Isarnus, senior Caputense, de rancuras filio Guillelm Arnall et que ag de suo pater, Guilelm Arnall; et non voluit facere directum in sua vita de ipso castro Caputense che li comannà. Et si Guilelm Arnal me facia tal cosa que dreçar no·m volgués ho no poqués, ho ssi·s partia de mi, che Mir Arnall me romasés aisí com lo·m avia al dia che ad él lo commanné. Et in ipsa onor a Guillelm Arnal no li doné negú domenge ni establiment de cavaler ni de pedó per gitar ni per metre quan l·i comanné Mir Arnall.

Lines 1–4. Passages in Catalan in italics

According to historian Jaume Villanueva (1756–1824), the first attested Catalan sentence is thought to be found in an 8th-century manuscript from Ripoll that has since been lost. It was a whimsical note in 10th- or early 11th-century calligraphy: Magister m[eu]s no vol que em miras novel ("my master does not want you to watch me, newbie").[15]

During the 11th century, several feudal documents (especially oaths and complaints) written in macaronic Latin began to exhibit elements of Catalan, with proper names or even sentences in Romance.[16] Of special historical and linguistic importance is the Memorial of Complaints of Ponç I[17] (ca. 1050–1060), featuring whole sentences in Romance.[16] By the end of the 11th century, documents written completely or mostly in Catalan begin to appear, like the Complaints of Guitard Isarn, Lord of Caboet (ca. 1080–1095), or The Oath of peace and truce of count Pere Ramon (1098).[16] Catalan shares many features with Gallo-Romance languages, which are mostly located in France and Northern Italy. Old Catalan diverged from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries.[18]

Late Middle Ages

Catalan lived a golden age during the Late Middle Ages, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural plenitude.[12] Examples of this can be seen in the works of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th-14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry which culminated in Ausiàs March (1397–1459).[12]

By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the center of social and cultural dynamism, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world.[12] The belief that political splendor was correlated with linguistic consolidation was voiced through the Royal Chancery, which promoted a highly standardized language.[12]

The outstanding[12] novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490), by Joanot Martorell, shows the transition from medieval to Renaissance values, something than can also be seen in the works of Bernat Metge and Andreu Febrer.[12] During this period, Catalan was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".[12] The flowering of the Renaissance was closely associated with the advent of the printing press, and the first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Valencia in 1474: Trobes en llaors de la Verge maria ("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary").[12]

See also

References
  1. Ferrando i Francès, Antoni; Nicolás Amorós, Miquel (2005). Història de la llengua catalana. Barcelona: UOC. pp. 173–177. ISBN 9788490290545. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  2. Juge, Matthew. "The Position of Catalan in the Romance Language Family: Evidence from the Algherese Dialect". Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  3. Rasico, Philip D. (2004). Fundación San Millán de la Cogolla (ed.). "Sobre l'evolució fonològica de la llengua catalana a l'època dels orígens" [On the phonological evolution of the Catalan language in its origins] (PDF). Aemilianense (in Catalan). Vol. 1. pp. 457–480. ISSN 2172-7872. OCLC 758102409.
  4. Wheeler, Max (1977). "Els fonemes catalans: alguns problemes". eLS Marges (9): 7–22.
  5. Rasico, Philip (1982). Estudis sobre la fonologia del català preliterari. Curial/Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat. p. 194.
  6. Moll 1993, p. 93.
  7. Recasens 1991, p. 196.
  8. "La /v/ labiovelar" (PDF). IEC. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  9. Rasico, Philip D. (1986). "Entorn d'una llei fonètica catalana observada fa temps" [Setting of a Catalan phonological rule analyzed some time ago] (PDF). Estudis romànics (in Catalan). Vol. 19. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 9-205. ISSN 2013-9500.
  10. Coromines, Joan (1974). "Les "Vides de sants" rosselloneses". Lleures i converses d'un filòleg (in Catalan). Barcelona: Club Editor. p. 295. ISBN 9788473290012. A l'Edat Mitjana, les abundoses confusions ortogràfiques dels manuscrits demostren que el fet ja estava consumat des d'una data primerenca, pel que fa a la posició pretònica; en final absoluta sovintegen menys les confusions de a amb e si bé no constitueixen una raresa; en síl·laba posttònica interna, i en la final quan segueix consonant, no es troben confusions abans del segle XV si no és en textos sospitosos i molt excepcionalment.
  11. Alsina, Àlex; Duarte, Carles (1984). Gramàtica històrica del català [Historical grammar of Catalan] (in Catalan). 1. Curial Edicions Catalanes (published 1998). pp. 206–207. ISBN 9788472562356.
  12. Costa Carreras 2009, pp. 6–7.
  13. Veny 1997, pp. 9–18.
  14. The source book has reconstructed elided fragments and written out abbreviations in full, like et. Capitalization, the use of u-v, i-j, and c-ç have all been regularized. Accents apostrophes and diaeresis have been added according to the modern orthography. Used punctuation according to modern usage.
  15. Moran 1994, pp. 55–93.
  16. Moran 2004, pp. 37–38.
  17. Memorial de greuges de Ponç I, comte d'Empúries, contra Jofre, comte de Rosselló
  18. Riquer 1964.

Bibliography
  • Duarte i Montserrat, Carles; Alsina i Keith, Àlex (1984), Gramàtica històrica del català, Curial, ISBN 8472562344
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