Old Head of Kinsale

The Old Head of Kinsale (in Irish, An Seancheann) is a headland near Kinsale, County Cork, Ireland.

Old Head of Kinsale
Native name
Irish: An Seancheann
Lighthouse on the Old Head
TypeCastle, golf course, lighthouse
Coordinates51°36.287′N 8°32.018′W[1]
Location of Old Head of Kinsale in Ireland

A castle has been on the headland since at least the 3rd century, with the current iteration built in 1223. An early lighthouse was established here in the 17th century by Robert Reading. The area is the nearest point of land (11 miles/18 km) to where the RMS Lusitania was sunk in 1915.[2] Currently, access to the Old Head is restricted as it is on the site of a private golf course, which has proven to be controversial.

Geography

The Old Head of Kinsale was formed by differential erosion. An outcrop of hard sandstone is lodged between two layers of shale. The shale is eroded by marine action at a faster rate than the sandstone. The sandstone anticlines were much more resistant to erosion than the slate filled synclines. Thus over time the headland was formed.

Castle
Old Head Castle, c. 1830

The Old Head Castle is made up of a long wall with several towers along it, which closes off the headland of the Old Head from the rest of the mainland. It is reported to have been built around the 3rd century AD by the Irish chieftain Cearmna. It was originally named Dún Cearmna (Cearmna's fort). The land was given to Milo de Cogan by King Henry II.[3]

Following de Cogan's death, ownership passed to his son Richard, whose daughter married Milo de Courcy. De Courcy built a new castle around 1223. Consequently, the castle is sometimes called De Courcy Castle. In the 16th century, ownership of the castle passed to Owen MacCarthy, seizing it from the de Courcys. The English regained control of the castle in 1600, ahead of the Spanish invasion of Kinsale.[3]

Lighthouse

On 13 November 1665 Charles II granted letters patent to Sir Robert Reading to construct six lighthouses around the coast of Ireland. One of these was established on the Old Head of Kinsale.[1] The lighthouse was a brazier on the roof of a cottage. There had been earlier beacons, but this was the first proper building which is still extant.[1] Some time after 1683 the light was discontinued, and a petition presented to the House of Commons for its reinstatement.[1]

In 1804 the Revenue Commissioners replaced the brazier with a temporary 6 feet (1.8 m) lantern list by oil lamps. Eight years later it was recommended that the temporary light be replaced by a permanent tower lighthouse with keepers' cottages at its base. The new light opened on 16 May 1814.[1] This tower was too high (at 294 feet (90 m) above high water) and was often hidden by low lying clouds. Trinity House recommended a new lighthouse lower down right at the point of the Old Head. Construction started on 20 March 1850 and was completed three years later and first shone on the 1 October 1853.[1] Between 1855 and 1907 a red sector covered Courtmacsherry Bay. In 1893 a fog signal was established which was maintained until 2011.[1]

A new lantern was installed in 1907 with the current character of "Gp Fl(2) W 10s" (a group of 2 white flashes repeated every 10 seconds). In 1972 the paraffin lamp was replaced by electricity and the range increased to 25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi). Between 1974 and 1992 a radio beacon was transmitted. In 1987 the lighthouse was converted to automatic operation. In 2005 the range was reduced to 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi). In January 2009 an AIS station was established.[1]

RMS Lusitania

On 7 May 1915, the RMS Lusitania passenger liner was travelling from New York to Liverpool, when it was torpedoed by a German U-Boat, around 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the Old Head of Kinsale. The liner sank in 18 minutes, killing 1,198 of the 1,959 passengers and crew. The bodies were subsequently transported to Queenstown. In 2015, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the sinking, a museum opened at the signal tower of the Old Head lighthouse. The owner of the wreck of the Lusitania lent various artefacts to house in the museum, which were recovered by Eoin McGarry four years earlier during an authorised dive.[4]

Golf
The lighthouse and a portion of the Old Head Golf Links

Today, the Old Head of Kinsale is popular with golfers who come to play on its 18-hole golf course that opened in 1997.[5] The course offers views of the ocean from every hole.[6]

Since the golf course opened, access to the Old Head of Kinsale has been restricted to golfers and guests only, and there has been a long-running campaign for the restoration of public access organised by the Free the Old Head of Kinsale Campaign. This has mainly taken the format of "People's Picnics", some of them involving "incursions" onto the headland and holding the picnics at the Old Head lighthouse.[7][8]

See also

References
  1. Old Head of Kinsale Lighthouse Commissioners of Irish Lighthouses
  2. "The Lusitania". The American Journal of International Law. 12 (4): 862–888. October 1918. doi:10.2307/2187795. JSTOR 2187795.
  3. "Old Head Castle". castles.nl. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  4. "New Lusitania museum opens at Old Head of Kinsale". Irish Times. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  5. "The Old Head Story". oldhead.com. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
  6. Strandoo, Orv (2007). The Essential Driving Guide for England, Scotland and Ireland. Danforth. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-887-54259-3.
  7. , People's Picnic at the Old Head of Kinsale
  8. , People Power At Old Head of Kinsale
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