Otzma Yehudit

Otzma Yehudit (Hebrew: עוֹצְמָה יְהוּדִית‎; lit., Jewish Power or Jewish Strength) is a far-right[6] political party in Israel, which has been referred to as Kahanist and anti-Arab.[2][7][8] It was originally formed as Otzma LeYisrael (Hebrew: עָצְמָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל‎; lit., Strength for Israel),[9][10] and was established on 13 November 2012 by MKs Aryeh Eldad and Michael Ben-Ari, who split from the National Union to form a new party ahead of the 2013 elections.[11] Despite coming to an agreement with the Jewish Home to contest the 2020 Israeli legislative election as the United Jewish Home,[12] Otzma was left to run independently when the Jewish Home, the New Right, and Tkuma re-formed Yamina.[13]

Otzma Yehudit

עוצמה יהודית‎
LeaderItamar Ben-Gvir
ChairmanMichael Ben-Ari
SpokespersonMichael Ben-Ari
Founded13 November 2012
Merger ofJewish National Front
Hatikva
Split fromNational Union
Eretz Yisrael Shelanu
HeadquartersJerusalem
IdeologyReligious Zionism
Kahanism[1]
Anti-Arabism[2]
Ultranationalism[3]
Religious conservatism
Social conservatism
Right-wing populism
Political positionFar-right[4]
ReligionOrthodox Judaism
National affiliationReligious Zionist Party (from 2021)
Slogan"There are no rights, without duties"[5]
Knesset
0 / 120
Most MKs2 (2012)
Election symbol
נץ‎ (2013, 2020),
כף‎ (2019)
Website
440.co.il

Otzma Yehudit is the ideological descendant of the outlawed Kach party.[2][7][14][15][16] Michael Ben-Ari is the party's spokesman and chairman.[17] The party's executive director is Zvi Sukkot.[18][19]

The party ran in the 2013 election, but failed to pass the minimum 2% voting threshold by 9,000 votes, and did not receive any seats in the 19th Knesset.[20] In the 2015 election, they ran on a joint list with Yachad; however, the list narrowly failed to pass the 3.25% threshold.[21] Otzma Yehudit formed a technical bloc named the Union of Right-Wing Parties with the Jewish Home party and Tkuma in advance of the April 2019 election,[22][23] though it announced on 25 June that it would leave the technical bloc over the refusal of the Jewish Home party to seat Itamar Ben-Gvir in the Knesset using the Norwegian law.[24] Tkuma leader Bezalel Smotrich has indicated that the application of the Norwegian law would not be possible in a temporary government.[25]

Background

Eldad was first elected to the Knesset on the National Union list in 2003.[26] In November 2007, Eldad formed a new secular far-right party named Hatikva.[27] Ultimately, Hatikva ran as a faction of the National Union in the 2009 elections, and Eldad retained his seat.[28] Ben-Ari ran for Knesset unsuccessfully in the 2003 elections with the Herut – The National Movement party, and in the 2006 elections with the Jewish National Front party; both times, the parties failed to pass the threshold. Leading up to the 2009 elections, the Jewish National Front, headed by a long-time Kach party activist Baruch Marzel, allied with Eretz Yisrael Shelanu, a new party founded by Chabad Rabbi Shalom Dov Wolpo. The joint list ran as part of the National Union, with Michael Ben-Ari, its representative, taking the fourth spot on the alliance's list. The National Union won four seats, allowing Ben-Ari to enter the Knesset.[29]

Eldad, a secular hard-liner, and Ben-Ari, an Orthodox Jew and former Kach activist,[30][31] decided to form the new faction Otzma LeYisrael in October 2012, before the 2013 election, after months of infighting within the National Union, over if the party should hold primaries or not. Eldad was chosen to lead the party's list, followed by Ben-Ari and Marzel; the party was officially formed as a breakaway of the National Union on 13 November 2013.[11] The party has affiliations with, and shared their office with, the anti-assimilation group Lehava, whose Director-General Bentzi Gopshtain is a member of the party. The office of Lehava and Otzma Yehudit was raided in 2014.[32][33][34][35] The party's anthem is the "Jingle of Otzma LeYisrael".[36][37]

Ideology

The party is considered to be Religious Zionist, Kahanist, ultra-nationalist, anti-Arab, and far-right,[2][7][8][38] and has also been described as racist,[39][40][41] though the party disputes this.[42]

Otzma Yehudit calls for a one-state solution, including the annexation of the West Bank and complete Israeli rule of the land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea.[43] The party is against the formation of a Palestinian state, and advocates cancellation of the Oslo accords, as well as for imposing Israeli sovereignty over the Temple Mount.

The party advocates for increased emphasis on the teaching of Jewish history in all elementary schools to "deepen Jewish identity in students".[8] The party is against "freezing construction of Jewish settlements, releasing terrorists, or negotiating with the PA".[44] The party advocates deportation of "Arab extremists".[44] On 24 February 2019, party member Itamar Ben Gvir called for the expulsion of Arab citizens of Israel who are not loyal to Israel.[45] The party advocates what it calls "Jewish capitalism" as its economic system; and claims that its approach would save "billions of shekels from the reduction of the defense budget following the removal of the enemy," which would be directed at infrastructure development, reducing bureaucracy and regulations, as well as allocating resources to strengthen "weak populations." The party also supports aiding the elderly and disabled. The party is also opposed to abortion.[46] The party supports easing restrictions on the IDFs rules of engagement.[47] The party is against price tag attacks.[48]

Election campaigns

In November 2012, Michael Ben-Ari announced the campaign slogan for the 2013 elections: "There are no rights without duties".[2] The party failed to pass the election threshold.[49]

Otzma LeYisrael campaign banner for the 2013 elections.

In 2014, police raided the offices of Otzma Yehudit, due to the offices being shared with the organization Lehava.[32][33] This was also the year that the party announced they would be participating in the 2015 election; they announced that their slogan would be: "Those on the right vote Otzma Yehudit! Autonomy? Two states? There's Meretz for that. One state - Otzma Yehudit!"[50]

In 2015, the party chose to contest the 2015 Knesset election as part of a joint list with Yachad; Baruch Marzel was the only candidate from the party to run on the list.[51] There was a conflict during the negotiations between the parties due to Yachad being worried that if the parties ran on a list together, and failed to pass the threshold, it would put the right-wing coalition at risk.[44] It was speculated before the election that the joint list would win as many as 5 seats in the Knesset.[52] Though in the election, Yachad only won 125,106 votes (2.97%) votes, falling short of the 3.25% threshold needed for winning seats in the Knesset.[21] Members of the ultra-Orthodox Shas party were accused of tampering with the ballots of Yachad,[53] as well as creating a straw party with the election symbol of Otzma Yehudit to trick Yachad voters.[54]

After the elections, the party announced that they were planning on establishing an alternative media source. Michael Ben-Ari also said that the party was unsure if it planned on competing in other elections, instead hoping to focus on extra-parliamentary activism.[55]

On 5 November 2018, the party announced it was running for the April 2019 Israeli legislative election.[56] They also launched a crowd-funding page to fund their campaign.[57] The funding campaign resulted in the party receiving NIS 820,000.[58] After Naftali Bennett announced that he was leaving The Jewish Home party to form the New Right party, Otzma Yehudit called on Bezalel Smotrich and Eli Yishai to create an Orthodox-nationalist bloc for running in the 2019 elections.[59]

Otzma Yehudit logo during 2019–2020 elections

In January 2019, the party entered talks with the Tkuma party in order to create an alliance.[60] In February, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu reached out to Otzma Yehudit in an attempt to try and get the party to run on a list with Tkuma and The Jewish Home, leading to criticism from opposition Knesset members.[61] The chairman of Tkuma, Bezalel Smotrich, responded by saying that the Likud should merge with Otzma Yehudit.[62] Negotiations for a joint list with Tkuma ended on 11 February 2019,[63] and Otzma Yehudit indicated it would run with another party instead.[64] On 20 February 2019, Otzma Yehudit and The Jewish Home reached a deal that would give Otzma Yehudit the 5th and 8th seats on a technical bloc.[65] On 21 February 2019, the party announced that their candidates for the list would be Michael Ben-Ari and Itamar Ben-Gvir.[66] On 17 March 2019, Michael Ben-Ari was banned from running for the Knesset ahead of the April 2019 Israeli legislative election.[67] In response, Ben-Ari stated: "We will win. This is not the end... We will put an end to the judicial junta."[68]

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's role in brokering the deal with Jewish Home was widely condemned; AIPAC and the American Jewish Committee preemptively announced that even if Otzma Yehudit entered the government, they would not meet with them.[69] The American Israel Public Affairs Committee, noted that "AIPAC has a long-standing policy not to meet with members of this racist and reprehensible party".[70]

On 25 June 2019, Otzma Yehudit split from the Union of Right-Wing Parties.[24] Subsequently, it was reported that the party had discussed alliances for the September 2019 elections with former Likud MK Oren Hazan,[71] Zehut leader Moshe Feiglin,[72] and New Right leader Ayelet Shaked.[73] Despite initially partnering with the Noam party, the two parties split over Otzma's insistence on fielding a secular candidate, and Otzma chose to run independently.[74]

On 21 August 2019, Otzma Yehudit and Likud submitted an ultimately unsuccessful petition to the Supreme Court requesting that the Joint List be banned from contesting the September 2019 elections.[75]

On 25 August 2019, the Supreme Court ruled that Otzma Yehudit candidates Baruch Marzel and Ben-Zion Gopstein were banned from running in the September 2019 elections.[76]

On 26 August 2019, Likud representative Natan Eshel met with Ben-Gvir to urge Otzma Yehudit to drop out of the race.[77] However, Ben-Gvir subsequently claimed that he had requested the meeting to enlist Likud's assistance for the Otzma campaign, on the grounds that Netanyahu would be unable to command a Knesset majority unless Otzma passed the electoral threshold.[78]

On 20 December 2019, Otzma Yehudit and the Jewish Home party agreed to run on a joint list called the United Jewish Home ahead of the 2020 Israeli legislative election.[79][12]

On 15 January 2020, the New Right, Tkuma and the Jewish Home reformed Yamina, leaving Otzma outside of the list.[13]

On 31 January 2021, Otzma Yehudit formed a joint list with Noam ahead of the 2021 Israeli legislative election. Ben-Gvir and Noam head Avi Maoz urged The Jewish Home and the Religious Zionist Party to also unite with Otzma Yehudit.[80] The Religious Zionist Party subsequently did so on 3 February.[81]

History

2016

In June 2016, Otzma Yehudit organized a march from 'Ara to Ar'ara.[82][83] The march started in Ara due to it being the village which Nashat Melhem was from, who was a terrorist responsible for an attack in Tel Aviv.[84] The application for the march was originally denied; however, after an appeal to the Supreme Court, the march was allowed to go on, though they had to respect the conditions set by the police.[82]

2017

On 19 July, the party requested a permit from police to organize a march in Umm al-Fahm.[85][86] On 21 July, the party distributed food to security forces in Jerusalem.[87] On 23 July, dozens of party members demonstrated outside of the Prime Minister's Office in Jerusalem in the evening; the demonstrators called upon Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman to resign.[88] On the evening of 24 July, their party blockaded a junction just outside Nablus, preventing both the entry and exit of Palestinians.[6] On 24 September, the party's planned conference in Lod was cancelled by orders of the Lod City Hall; it was instead held in Gandhi Garden.[89][90] After it was re-scheduled, the party's leader, Michael Ben-Ari, released a video calling for Arabs to leave Israel and move to Arab countries. The conference was condemned by the Coalition Against Racism in Israel.[91] On 1 November, the party put up billboards for the memorial of Meir Kahane, though the billboards were taken down after pressure from left-wing lawmakers, as well as NGOs.[15] On 4 December, in protest of stone-throwing against a group of Jewish children,[92] activists from the party announced that they would hike to the same cave that the kids went to.[93][94]

2018

In January 2018, Baruch Marzel and Michael Ben-Ari distributed Tigrinya-language flyers in Tel Aviv inviting refugees to the houses of Meretz MKs and left-wing activists.[95]

On 9 April 2018, it was reported that the police withdrew their permit for them to demonstrate in Umm al-Fahm; however, under the Eldad Yaniv precedent, they would continue with their protest which was planned a year earlier[85] without police permission.[96][97] The protest occurred on 10 April, with dozens of activists attending; however, the police blocked the party from entering the city, although Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan said that they were allowed to earlier that morning.[98] Party leaders, Michael Ben Ari, Baruch Marzel, Zvi Sukkot, and Itamar Ben Gvir were arrested en route.[99][100] The protest included leader of Lehava, Benzi Gopstein.[34] On 6 August, the party received permission to march in Umm al-Fahm after petitioning the Supreme Court.[101][102] The march occurred without incident on 9 August.[103]

Controversies

In December 2012, Otzma LeYisrael ran an ad campaign on billboards and bus advertisements that included words in Arabic such as "equality" and "taxes". One of the signs was banned by the Israeli Central Elections Committee on the ground that the ad was seen as racist. The ad shows the Arabic word "loyalty" with the Hebrew caption "Because without duties, there are no rights".[104] This ban was later reversed by the Supreme Court of Israel.[105]

Aryeh King, a Ma'ale HaZeitim resident, ran as number four on the party list for the 2013 Knesset elections. Later that year, he was elected into the Jerusalem municipal council, where he became Chairman of the Environment Committee, Deputy Chairperson of the Emergency and Security Committee, and a council member on the Regional Planning and Building Committee. While holding these positions, in January 2014, he distributed thousands of flyers to the Arab residents of Jerusalem asking them to leave the Land of Israel in exchange for a negotiated amount, due to the Jewish rights to the land, as written down in the Torah and acknowledged in the Koran.[106][107] In the 2018 municipal elections, King's United party again won two seats in the Jerusalem Municipality.[108]

Ein L'zion Project
See also: Palestinian stone-throwing

On 14 January 2018, the party announced its plan to catch individuals throwing rocks at Jews in the West Bank, and to seek prosecution of the rock-throwers after submitting evidence to the police. The party planned to film evidence through the use of drones piloted by trained volunteers. Training volunteers, and buying the drones, was paid via a successful crowd-funding campaign.[109][110][111][112][113]

On 31 January 2018, the party succeed in recording rock-throwers attacking Jewish youth who were planting trees at a Tu Bishvat festival.[113] On 1 February 2019, during a stone-throwing incident outside the Adei Ad settlement during the unrest following a death in the village of al-Mughayyir the previous week, "over a hundred residents" of the village were photographed by an Otzma Yehudit photographer as part of the project, with the intention of handing it over to the IDF and the police, alongside an appeal to "liquidate the terrorist nest" of the neighboring village.[112]

Leaders

Leader Took office Left office
Aryeh Eldad 2012 2013
Michael Ben-Ari 2013 2019
Itamar Ben-Gvir 2019 Incumbent

Election results
Election Leader Votes % Seats +/–
2013 Aryeh Eldad 64,782 1.76
0 / 120
 2
2015 Michael Ben-Ari Part of Yachad
0 / 120
 –
April 2019 Michael Ben-Ari Part of the URWP
0 / 120
 –
September 2019 Itamar Ben-Gvir 83,609 1.88
0 / 120
 –
2020 Itamar Ben-Gvir 19,402 0.42
0 / 120
 –

Knesset members
Knesset Members Notes
18th Aryeh Eldad,[114] Michael Ben-Ari[29] Party breaks away from the National Union in 2012

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