Pat Boone

Patrick Charles Eugene Boone[1] (born June 1, 1934) is an American singer, composer, actor, writer, television personality, motivational speaker, and spokesman. He was a successful pop singer in the United States during the 1950s and early 1960s. He sold more than 45 million records, had 38 Top 40 hits, and appeared in more than 12 Hollywood films.

Pat Boone
Boone in February 2011
Background information
Birth namePatrick Charles Eugene Boone
Born (1934-06-01) June 1, 1934
Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.
OriginNashville, Tennessee
Genres
Occupation(s)Singer, actor, motivational speaker, spokesman
InstrumentsVocals
Years active1954–present
Labels
Associated actsDebby Boone
Websitepatboone.com

According to Billboard, Boone was the second-biggest charting artist of the late 1950s, behind only Elvis Presley, and was ranked at No. 9 in its listing of the Top 100 Top 40 Artists 1955–1995.[2] Until the 2010s, Boone held the Billboard record for spending 220 consecutive weeks on the charts with one or more songs each week.

At the age of 23, he began hosting a half-hour ABC variety television series, The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, which aired for 115 episodes (1957–1960). Many musical performers, including Edie Adams, Andy Williams, Pearl Bailey, and Johnny Mathis, made appearances on the show. His cover versions of rhythm and blues hits had a noticeable effect on the development of the broad popularity of rock and roll. Elvis Presley was the opening act for a 1955 Pat Boone show in Cleveland, Ohio.[3]

As an author, Boone had a number-one bestseller in the 1950s (Twixt Twelve and Twenty, Prentice-Hall). In the 1960s, he focused on gospel music and is a member of the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. He continues to perform and speak as a motivational speaker, a television personality, and a conservative political commentator.

Early life

Boone was born on June 1, 1934, in Jacksonville, Florida, the son of Margaret Virginia (née Pritchard) and Archie Altman Boone. He was raised in Nashville, Tennessee, where his family moved when he was two years old. Boone attended and graduated in 1952 from David Lipscomb High School in Nashville. His younger brother, whose professional name is Nick Todd, was also a pop singer in the 1950s and is now a church music leader.[4]

Boone's handprints and shoe prints in front of The Great Movie Ride at Disney World's Disney's Hollywood Studios

In a 2007 interview on The 700 Club, Boone claimed that he is the great-great-great-great grandson of the American pioneer Daniel Boone.[5]

In November 1953, when he was 19 years old, Boone married Chicago-born[6] Tennesseean Shirley Lee Foley (April 24, 1934 – January 11, 2019[7]), also 19 years old, daughter of country music great Red Foley and his wife, singer Judy Martin. They had four daughters: Cheryl "Cherry" Lynn, Linda "Lindy" Lee, Deborah "Debby" Ann, and Laura "Laury" Gene. Starting in the late 1950s, Boone and his family were residents of Leonia, New Jersey.[8] Shirley Boone was a lesser known recording artist and television personality than her husband. She also founded a hunger-relief Christian ministry, Mercy Corps. She died in 2019, aged 84, at the couple's Beverly Hills home from complications from vasculitis, which she had contracted less than a year earlier.[7]

Pat primarily attended David Lipscomb College, and later Lipscomb University in Nashville. He graduated in 1958 from Columbia University School of General Studies magna cum laude[9] having previously attended North Texas State University, now known as the University of North Texas, in Denton, Texas.[10]

Career

Music

Boone began his career by performing in Nashville's Centennial Park.[11] He began recording in 1954 for Republic Records (not to be confused with the current label with that name), and by 1955, for Dot Records. His 1955 version of Fats Domino's "Ain't That a Shame" was a hit. This set the stage for the early part of Boone's career, which focused on covering R&B songs by black artists for a white American market.[12] Randy Wood, the owner of Dot, had issued an R&B single by the Griffin Brothers in 1951 called "Tra La La-a"—a different song from the later LaVern Baker one—and he was keen to put out another version after the original had failed. This became the B-side of the first Boone single "Two Hearts Two Kisses", originally by the Charms – whose "Hearts Of Stone" had been covered by the label's Fontane Sisters.

A number-one single in 1956 by Boone was a second cover and a revival of a then seven-year-old song "I Almost Lost My Mind", by Ivory Joe Hunter, which was originally covered by another black star, Nat King Cole. According to an opinion poll of high-school students in 1957, the singer was nearly the "two-to-one favorite over Elvis Presley among boys and preferred almost three-to-one by girls ..."[13] During the late 1950s, he made regular appearances on ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee, hosted by his father-in-law. He cultivated a safe, wholesome, advertiser-friendly image that won him a long-term product endorsement contract from General Motors during the late 1950s, lasting through the 1960s. He succeeded Dinah Shore singing the praises of the GM product: "See the USA in your Chevrolet ... drive your Chevrolet through the USA, America's the greatest land of all!" GM had also sponsored The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom. In the 1989 documentary Roger & Me, Boone stated that he first was given a Chevrolet Corvette from the GM product line, but after his wife and he started having children, at one child a year over five years, GM supplied him with a station wagon, as well.

Many of Boone's hit singles were covers of hits from black Rock and Roll artists. These included: "Ain't That a Shame" by Fats Domino; "Tutti Frutti" and "Long Tall Sally" by Little Richard;[14] "At My Front Door (Crazy Little Mama)" by The El Dorados; and the blues ballads "I Almost Lost My Mind" by Ivory Joe Hunter, "I'll be Home" by the Flamingos and "Don't Forbid Me" by Charles Singleton. Boone also wrote the lyrics for the instrumental theme song for the movie Exodus, which he titled "This Land Is Mine". (Ernest Gold had composed the music.)

As a conservative Christian, Boone declined certain songs and movie roles that he felt might compromise his beliefs—including a role with sex symbol Marilyn Monroe. In one of his first films, April Love, the director, Henry Levin, wanted him to give co-star Shirley Jones a kiss (which was not in the script). Since this would be his first onscreen kiss, Boone said that he wanted to talk to his wife first, to make sure it was all right with her.[15] He had his own film production company, Cooga Mooga Productions.[16]

He appeared as a regular performer on Arthur Godfrey and His Friends from 1955 through 1957, and later hosted his own The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, on Thursday evenings. In 1959, Boone's likeness was licensed to DC Comics, first appearing in Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane No. 9 (May 1959) before starring in his own series from the publisher which lasted for five issues from September 1959 to May 1960.[17][18] In the early 1960s, he began writing a series of self-help books for adolescents, including Twixt Twelve and Twenty. The British Invasion ended Boone's career as a hitmaker, though he continued recording throughout the 1960s. In the 1970s, he switched to gospel and country, and he continued performing in other media, as well. In the 1960s and 1970s. the Boone family toured as gospel singers and made gospel albums, such as The Pat Boone Family and The Family Who Prays.[19]

Pat and Debby Boone singing for a fan, 1997

In the early 1970s, Boone founded the record label Lamb & Lion Records. It featured artists such as Pat, the Pat Boone Family, Debby Boone, Dan Peek, DeGarmo and Key, and Dogwood.[20] In 1974, Boone was signed to the Motown country subsidiary Melodyland. The label was later to be renamed Hitsville after a Christian church sued Motown's president Berry Gordy over the use of the earlier name. The country subsidiary was closed in 1977.

In 1978, Boone became the first target in the Federal Trade Commission's crackdown on false-claim product endorsements by celebrities. He had appeared with his daughter Debby in a commercial to claim that all four of his daughters had found a preparation named Acne-Statin a "real help" in keeping their skin clear. The FTC filed a complaint against the manufacturer, contending that the product did not really keep skin free of blemishes. Boone eventually signed a consent order in which he promised not only to stop appearing in the ads, but also to pay about 2.5% of any money that the FTC or the courts might eventually order the manufacturer to refund to consumers. Boone said, through a lawyer, that his daughters actually did use Acne-Statin, and that he was "dismayed to learn that the product's efficacy had not been scientifically established as he believed."[21]

On June 25, 2019, The New York Times Magazine listed Pat Boone among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.[22]

Film
Pat Boone, circa 1960

In 1956 Boone was one of the biggest recording stars in the US. Several film studios pursued him for movies; he decided to go with 20th Century Fox, which had made Elvis Presley's first movie.[23] Fox reworked a play he had bought, Bernardine, into a vehicle for Boone. The resulting film was a solid hit, earning $3.75 million in the US.[24]

Even more popular was April Love (1957), a remake of Home in Indiana. Boone regards it as one of his favourites, "the kind of movie I wish I could have made 20 more of: a musical, appealing characters, some drama, a good storyline, a happy ending, it's the kind of film which makes you feel good. I never wanted to make a depressing or immoral film."[25]

Less popular was a musical comedy Mardi Gras (1958), which was the last movie of Edmund Goulding. However, Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959), a science fiction adventure tale, was a huge hit. Boone had been reluctant to do it, and needed to be persuaded by being offered the chance to sing several songs and given a percentage of the profits, but was glad he did.[26]

He produced and starred in a documentary, Salute to the Teenagers (1960), but did not make a film for a while, studying acting with Sanford Meisner. He returned with a military comedy, All Hands on Deck (1961), a mild hit.[27]

He was one of several names in another remake, State Fair (1962), a box office disappointment. Musicals were becoming less fashionable in Hollywood, so Boone decided to take on a dramatic role in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer-distributed movie The Main Attraction (1962) for Seven Arts Productions, his first movie outside Fox. It was an unhappy experience for Boone as he disliked the implication his character had sex with Nancy Kwan's and he got into several public fights with the producers.[28] He had a deal with Fox to make three films at $200,000 a film with his production company. This was meant to start with a thriller, The Yellow Canary (1963), in which Boone would play an unsympathetic character. New management came in at the studio which was unenthusiastic about the picture but because Boone had a pay or play deal, they decided to make it anyway, only with a much shorter budget. Boone even paid some money out of his own pocket to help complete it.[29]

Boone's next movie for Fox was another low-budget effort, The Horror of It All (1963), shot in England. He shot a comedy in Ireland, Never Put It in Writing (1964) for Allied Artists. Boone's third film for Fox was an "A" production, Goodbye Charlie (1964), but Boone was in support of Debbie Reynolds and Tony Curtis. He was one of the many names in The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965). He appeared in The Perils of Pauline (1967), a pilot for a TV series that did not eventuate, which was screened in some theatres. Boone's last film of note was The Cross and the Switchblade (1970).

Later work

In 1997, Boone released In a Metal Mood: No More Mr. Nice Guy, a collection of heavy metal covers.[19] To promote the album, he appeared at the American Music Awards in black leather. He was then dismissed from Gospel America, a TV show on the Trinity Broadcasting Network. After making a special appearance on TBN with the president of the network, Paul Crouch, and his pastor, Jack Hayford, many fans accepted his explanation of the leather outfit being a "parody of himself". Trinity Broadcasting then reinstated him, and Gospel America was brought back.[30]

In 2003, the Nashville Gospel Music Association recognized his gospel recording work by inducting him into its Gospel Music Hall of Fame. In September 2006, Boone released We Are Family: R&B Classics, featuring cover versions of 11 R&B hits, including the title track, plus "Papa's Got A Brand New Bag", "Soul Man", "Get Down Tonight", "A Woman Needs Love", and six other classics.[31]

In 2010, plans were announced for the Pat Boone Family Theater at Broadway at the Beach in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.[32] The attraction was never built.[33]

In 2011, Boone acted as a spokesperson for Security One Lending, a reverse mortgage company.[34] Since at least 2007[35] Boone has acted as a spokesperson for Swiss America Trading Corporation, a broker of gold and silver coins that warns of "America's Economic Collapse".[36]

Personal life

Religion

Boone grew up in the Church of Christ.[37] In the 1960s, Boone's marriage nearly came to an end because of his use of alcohol and his preference for attending parties. However, after coming into contact with the Charismatic Movement, Shirley began to focus more on her religion and eventually influenced Pat and their daughters toward a similar religious focus.[38] At this time, they attended the Inglewood Church of Christ.

In the spring of 1964, Boone spoke at a "Project Prayer" rally attended by 2,500 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The gathering, which was hosted by Anthony Eisley, a star of ABC's Hawaiian Eye series, sought to flood the United States Congress with letters in support of mandatory school prayer, following two decisions in 1962 and 1963 of the United States Supreme Court which struck down mandatory prayer as conflicting with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.[39] Joining Boone and Eisley at the Project Prayer rally were Walter Brennan, Lloyd Nolan, Rhonda Fleming, Gloria Swanson, and Dale Evans. Boone declared, "what the communists want is to subvert and undermine our young people. ... I believe in the power of aroused Americans, I believe in the wisdom of our Constitution. ... the power of God."[39] It was noted that Roy Rogers, John Wayne, Ronald Reagan, Mary Pickford, Jane Russell, Ginger Rogers, and Pat Buttram had endorsed the goals of the rally and would also have attended had their schedules not been in conflict.[39]

In the early 1970s, the Boones hosted Bible studies for celebrities such as Doris Day, Glenn Ford, Zsa Zsa Gabor, and Priscilla Presley at their Beverly Hills home. The family then began attending The Church on the Way in Van Nuys, a Foursquare Gospel megachurch pastored by Jack Hayford.[30]

On an April 22, 2016, broadcast of Fox News Radio's The Alan Colmes Show, Boone discussed an episode of Saturday Night Live which included a sketch entitled God Is a Boob Man; the sketch parodied the film God's Not Dead 2, in which Boone had a role.[40] He described the sketch as "blasphemy", stating that the Federal Communications Commission should forbid any such content, and that it should revoke the broadcast licenses of any "network, or whoever is responsible for the shows".[40]

Politics

Boone supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election.[41]

In the 2007 Kentucky gubernatorial election, Boone campaigned unsuccessfully for incumbent Republican Ernie Fletcher with a recorded automated telephone message stating that the Democratic Party candidate Steve Beshear would support "every homosexual cause." As part of the campaign, Boone asked, "Now do you want a governor who'd like Kentucky to be another San Francisco?"[42]

On August 29, 2009, Boone wrote an article comparing liberalism to cancer, likening it to "black filthy cells".[43]

In December 2009, Boone endorsed conservative Republican John Wayne Tucker's campaign in Missouri's 3rd congressional district against incumbent Russ Carnahan (D) in the 2010 midterm elections.[44]

Boone promoted conspiracy theories about Barack Obama's citizenship and religion, claiming that Obama was born in Kenya, is fluent in Arabic, and is a Muslim who "hasn't celebrated any Christian holidays in the White House."[45][46][47][48]

Boone received a lifetime achievement award at the 38th annual Conservative Political Action Conference held in February 2011.[49]

In June 2016, Boone, along with Mike Huckabee and executive producer Troy Duhon, all of whom were involved in the film God's Not Dead 2, sent a letter to California Governor Jerry Brown in opposition to Senate Bill 1146[50] which "prohibits a person from being subjected to discrimination" at California colleges. Other than schools that train pastors and theology teachers, schools "might no longer be allowed to hire Christian-only staff, teach religious ideas in regular classes, require attendance at chapel services, or keep bathrooms and dormitories restricted to either males or females."[51]

Basketball

Boone is a basketball fan and had ownership interests in two teams. He owned a team in the Hollywood Studio League called the Cooga Moogas. The Cooga Moogas included Bill Cosby, Rafer Johnson, Gardner McKay, Don Murray, and Denny "Tarzan" Miller.[52]

With the founding of the American Basketball Association, Boone became the majority owner of the league's team in Oakland, California, on February 2, 1967.[52] The team was first named the Oakland Americans, but was later renamed as the Oakland Oaks, the name under which it played from 1967 to 1969.[52] The Oaks won the 1969 ABA championship.[53]

Despite the Oaks' success on the court, the team had severe financial problems. By August 1969, the Bank of America was threatening to foreclose on a $1.2 million loan to the Oaks,[54] and the team was sold to a group of businessmen in Washington, D.C., and became the Washington Caps.[55]

Boone later played for the Virginia Creepers, an 80–84 age group Senior Olympic team that narrowly lost to the gold medal-winning team; Boone aged out (by turning 85) on June 1, 2019.[56]

Discography
Main article: Pat Boone discography

Filmography

Box-office ranking

Boone was considered one of the most popular box-office stars in the U.S. as judged by the Quigley Poll of Movie Exhibitors in its Annual "Top Ten MoneyMakers Poll":[57]

  • 1957: 3rd most popular star
  • 1958: 11th most popular
  • 1959: 22nd most popular
  • 1960: 22nd most popular

Bibliography (works published by Boone)
  • Twixt Twelve and Twenty: Pat talks to Teenagers (1958) Prentice Hall
  • "Between You, Me and the Gatepost" (1960) Prentice Hall
  • The Solution to Crisis-America (1970) F. H. Revell Co, ISBN 0-8007-8081-7
  • A Miracle Saved My Family (1971) Oliphants, ISBN 0-551-00640-4
  • The Real Christmas (1972) F. H. Revell Co, ISBN 0-8007-0546-7
  • Joy! (1973) Creation House, ISBN 0-88419-060-9
  • My Brother's Keeper? (1975) Victory Press, ISBN 0-85476-237-X
  • My Faith (1976) C. R. Gibson Co, ISBN 0-8378-1764-1
  • To Be or Not to Be an SOB: A Reaffirmation of Business Ethics (1979) Wordware Publishing, Incorporated, ISBN 0-89015-737-5
  • The Honeymoon Is Over (1980) Creation House, ISBN 0-88419-130-3
  • Marrying for Life: A Handbook of Marriage Skills (1982) HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 0-86683-674-8
  • Pray to Win (1982) Putnam Pub Group, ISBN 0-399-12494-2
  • Pat Boone's Favorite Bible Stories (1984) Creation House, ISBN 0-88419-245-8
  • Pat Boone's Favorite Bible Stories for the Very Young (1984) Random House of Canada, Limited, ISBN 0-394-85891-3
  • A Miracle a Day Keeps the Devil Away (1986) Revell, ISBN 0-8007-0693-5
  • New Song (1988) Impact Books, ISBN 0-86608-003-1
  • Miracle of Prayer (1989) Zondervan, ISBN 0-310-22131-5
  • The Human Touch: The Story of the National Easter Seal (1990) Certification Review, ISBN 0-914373-22-6
  • Jesus Is Alive (1990) Thomas Nelson Inc, ISBN 1-55894-219-X
  • Double Agent (2002) Publish America, Incorporated, ISBN 1-59129-469-X
  • Goodnight, Whatever You Are!: My Journey with Zacherley, the Cool Ghoul (2006) Tradeselect Limited, ISBN 1-933384-03-4
  • Pat Boone's America: A Pop Culture Treasury of the Past Fifty Years (2006) B&H Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8054-4376-2
  • Culture-Wise Family: Upholding Christian Values in A Mass-Media World (2007) Gospel Light Publications, ISBN 0-8307-4355-3
  • The Marriage Game (2007) New Leaf Press, Inc., ISBN 0-89221-114-8
  • Questions About God: And the Answers That Could Change Your Life (2008) Lighthouse Publishing, ISBN 1-935079-13-1
  • Pat Boone Devotional Book (2009) G. K. Hall, ISBN 0-8161-6630-7

Bibliography

References
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  2. Joel Whitburn (1996). Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, The. Billboard. p. 806.
  3. "Pat Boone Remembers Elvis Presley : Elvis Articles: Official Elvis Presley Fan Club : Elvis Australia : Pat Boone". Elvis.com.au. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
  4. Parish, James Robert; Pitts, Michael R. (July 2003). Hollywood Songsters: Allyson to Funicello. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-415-94332-1. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  5. Woodland, Shannon & Ross, Scott. "BETWEEN THE LINER NOTES: Pat Boone and the New American Revolution". Christian Broadcasting Network. Retrieved May 7, 2007.
  6. "Ancestry Library Edition". ancestrylibrary.proquest.com. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
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  8. Staff. "Kings for A Day", Boston Globe, June 16, 1958. Retrieved March 30, 2011. "Singer Pat Boone and family leave Leonia, NJ home for church. Front, Cherry, 3 1/2; Debbie, 1 1/2, and Linda, 2 1/2."
  9. Gerstenzang, Peter. "Pat 'n Leather", Columbia, Winter 2007–2008.
  10. "Fond memories prompt Boone to appear at UNT – Higher Education". Denton Record-Chronicle. September 6, 2011.
  11. Evans, Jim (July 16, 1964). "'Music City' Tour Set Up". The Kingsport Times. Kingsport, Tennessee. p. 11. Retrieved April 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. The folks are shown where Pat Boone attended school and told how Pat got his start with the Sunday concerts in Centennial Park
  12. Karen Schoemer Archived September 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine "More Mr. Nice Guy", American Heritage, Feb/March 2006.
  13. See the statistics in Ennis, Philip H., The Seventh Stream: The Emergence of Rocknroll in American Popular Music (Wesleyan University Press, 1992), pp. 251–52
  14. "Show 6 – Hail, Hail, Rock 'n' Roll: The rock revolution gets underway". Digital.library.unt.edu. March 16, 1969. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
  15. King, Susan. "A Pat Boone kiss-and-tell". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
  16. Scheuer, Philip K. (October 11, 1960). "Boone to Expand, Buys Two Stories: West Claims Hugh Marlowe; Big Brother's '1984' to Stage". Los Angeles Times. p. 23.
  17. "Pat Boone No. 1 (Issue)". Comic Vine. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  18. Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2019). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4654-8578-6.
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  21. "Let the Stellar Seller Beware". Time. May 22, 1978. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
  22. Rosen, Jody (June 25, 2019). "Here Are Hundreds More Artists Whose Tapes Were Destroyed in the UMG Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  23. Hopper, Hedda (November 16, 1956). "Bidding is hot as Pat Boone signs multi-movie contract". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. A4.
  24. Schallert, Edwin (January 24, 1957). "Dean Jagger romances Gaynor; Deal to join Fairbanks and Dragon". Los Angeles Times. p. C9.
  25. Verswijver, Leo (2003). "Movies Were Always Magical": Interviews with 19 Actors, Directors, and Producers from the Hollywood of the 1930s through the 1950s. McFarland. p. 6. ISBN 9780786411290.
  26. Vagg, Stephen (September 10, 2019). "The Surprisingly Interesting Cinema of Pat Boone". Diabolique Magazine.
  27. Dorothy Kilgallen (March 12, 1961). "Rumors Have Marlon Married to Movita". The Washington Post, Times Herald. p. G3.
  28. Ryon, Art (December 15, 1962). "Boone Fights Use of Movie That Lacks OK". Los Angeles Times. p. B5.
  29. Mark Thomas McGee, Talk's Cheap, Action's Expensive: The Films of Robert L. Lippert, Bear Manor Media, 2014, pp. 271–72
  30. Gilbreath, Edward. "Why Pat Boone Went 'Bad'". Christianity Today. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
  31. "We Are Family: R&B Classics – Pat Boone | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  32. Spring, Jake (December 31, 2010). "Pat Boone Family Theater replaces NASCAR café in Myrtle Beach". The Sun News. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
  33. Bryant, Dawn (January 13, 2014). "Hollywood Wax Museum on track for summer debut in Myrtle Beach". The Sun News.
  34. kpb92651 (October 5, 2011), Security One Lending – Innovative Direct Response, retrieved February 6, 2017
  35. swissamerica (September 11, 2007), Swiss America-Free Gold Info w/ Pat Boone, retrieved February 6, 2017
  36. "Investment Market & News Reports | Swiss America Trading". Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  37. "The religion of Pat Boone, singer". Adherents.com. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  38. Neitz, Mary Jo (1987). Charisma and Community: A Study of Religious Commitment Within the Charismatic Renewal. New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-88738-130-0.
  39. ""The Washington Merry-Go-Round", Drew Pearson column, May 14, 1964" (PDF). Dspace.wrlc.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  40. Pat Boone: The FCC Should Punish Blasphemy, on The Alan Colmes Show; published April 22, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2016
  41. Critchlow, Donald T. (October 21, 2013). When Hollywood Was Right: How Movie Stars, Studio Moguls, and Big Business Remade American Politics. ISBN 9781107650282.
  42. Kleefeld, Eric (November 4, 2007). "Kentucky GOP Pushing Anti-Gay Message in Final Days Of Gov Race". TPM Election Central. Archived from the original on November 5, 2007. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
  43. "Pat Boone: 'Obama's Birth Certificate Will Be Proven As Fake By September'". Uproxx.com. June 26, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  44. "Pat Boone Endorses John Wayne Tucker for Congress". JohnWayneTucker.com. December 15, 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
  45. Marinucci, Carla (September 16, 2011). "50's heartthrob Pat Boone revives golden oldie: Obama born in Kenya, a "photoshopping fraud"". San Francisco Chronicle.
  46. Koppelman, Alex (June 29, 2009). "Pat Boone goes Birther". Salon.
  47. Palash Ghosh, Obama is a Kenya-Born Muslim: Pat Boone, International Business Times (September 17, 2011).
  48. Jessica Hopper, Pat Boone's Not Convinced, Still a Birther, ABC News (September 21, 2011).
  49. GXS http://gxs.net (February 9, 2011). "60 Plus Association | Boone Honored By CPAC Lifetime Achievement Award". 60plus.org. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  50. "Bill Text – SB-1146 Discrimination: postsecondary education". Leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  51. Bond, Paul (June 30, 2016). "God's Not Dead 2 Filmmakers Wade into California Politics". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
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  53. "1968–69 ABA Regular Season Standings". Remember the ABA. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
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  56. "NSGA Basketball Results". NSGA. Archived from the original on June 14, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  57. Quigley Top 10 Box Office stars Archived April 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine accessed August 31, 2014
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