Peaches (musician)

Merrill Nisker (born 11 November 1966), better known by her stage name Peaches, is a Canadian musician, producer, director, visual artist, and performance artist.

Not to be confused with Peaches & Herb.

Peaches
Peaches in 2009
Background information
Birth nameMerrill Nisker
Born (1966-11-11) 11 November 1966
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Genres
Occupation(s)Singer-songwriter, record producer, multi-instrumentalist, disc jockey, performance artist, visual artist, director, actress, rapper
InstrumentsVocals, synthesizer, drum machine, guitar, keytar, laser harp, theremin, bass guitar
Years active1990–present
LabelsXL, Kitty-Yo, teenage USA
Associated actsChilly Gonzales, Feist, Mocky, JD Samson, Samantha Maloney, Radio Sloan, Iggy Pop, Mignon, Amanda Palmer
Websitepeachesrocks.com

Born in Ontario to a Jewish family, Peaches began her musical career in the 1990s as part of a folk trio, Mermaid Cafe. In 1995, she established a rock band, the Shit. That year she also released her first solo album, Fancypants Hoodlum. After moving to Berlin, Germany, she was signed to the Kitty-Yo label and released her second album, The Teaches of Peaches (2000).[1] Touring as the opening act for bands like Marilyn Manson and Queens of the Stone Age, she subsequently released her third album, Fatherfucker (2003).

Peaches' songs have been featured in movies such as Mean Girls, Waiting..., Jackass Number Two, My Little Eye, Drive Angry and Lost in Translation. Her music has also been featured on television shows such as Orphan Black, Lost Girl, The L Word, South Park, Skam, The Handmaid's Tale, 30 Rock, True Blood, Fresh Meat, Full Frontal with Samantha Bee , The Boys and Letterkenny, and has been used for the promotion of Dirt. Peaches performed guest vocals on Pink's album Try This, on the song "Oh My God"; on the Chicks on Speed album 99 Cents, on the song "We Don't Play Guitars"; on Christina Aguilera's 2010 album Bionic, on the song "My Girls" (which was produced and co-written with Le Tigre), and Major Lazer's 2013 album Free the Universe on the song "Scare Me" featuring Timberlee.

Early life

Born Merrill Nisker in 1966 in Toronto, Ontario, she attended a private Jewish school. Nisker was a class clown, who "wasn't particularly smart. I was interested in creative performance stuff, but that turned out to be difficult for me because it was all so structured," she told Kitty Empire of The Observer.[2]

Nisker's family was culturally Jewish, though not religious.[3] Her maternal grandparents immigrated to Canada from Ustrzyki Dolne in Poland; her paternal grandparents were from Galicia in what is now Ukraine.[4][5][6] In an interview in URB magazine, she recounted how growing up she experienced antisemitism; on her walks home from school, students from a nearby Catholic school would throw stones at her and call her a "dirty Jew".[7]

Peaches is bisexual.[8]

Career

1990–99: Mermaid Cafe, Fancypants Hoodlum, the Shit

During the early 1990s, Nisker was part of folk trio Mermaid Cafe. The name was taken from the Joni Mitchell song "Carey".[9] She later released her first solo album, Fancypants Hoodlum, under the name Merrill Nisker in 1995, and subsequently developed the style and persona known as Peaches. In 1995, she started the Shit, a noisy four-piece combo with Chilly Gonzales (a.k.a. Jason Beck), bassist Sticky (later of Weeping Tile and Music Maul), and Dominique Salole (a.k.a. Mocky). Their absurd, highly sexual rock music was a harbinger for what Nisker would become, as it was during this time that she adopted the Peaches name.[2] The Peaches moniker was taken from the Nina Simone song "Four Women" where Simone screams at the end, "My name is Peaches!"[10] In Toronto, before rising to fame, she lived above Come As You Are with fellow recording artist Feist.[11][12] Feist worked the back of the stage at Peaches' shows, using a sock puppet and calling herself "Bitch Lap Lap".[13] The two also toured together in England from 2000–2001, staying with Justine Frischmann of Elastica and M.I.A.[14] M.I.A. went on to video-document Peaches' 2000 US tour and made clothes for the musician, while Peaches inspired M.I.A. to use the Roland MC-505 in her own compositions.[15][16]

2000–02: The Teaches of Peaches

After creating a six-track EP, Lovertits, Peaches moved to Berlin, Germany. While visiting her old friend Jason Beck, who was enjoying modest European success as Chilly Gonzales in his new home base of Berlin, Peaches landed a one-night gig. On the merits of that show alone, Berlin's Kitty-Yo label signed her on the spot. The label offered her the chance to record a new album, The Teaches of Peaches, back home in Toronto, and the already-completed Lovertits EP was released in the summer of 2000. The full-length album The Teaches of Peaches, was released that fall.[17] The album contains her signature song Fuck the Pain Away.[18]

Peaches appeared on the British TV show Top of the Pops, but her performance was deemed too racy to be aired.[19]

Nisker signed to a European contract with Sony following the release of The Teaches of Peaches. She later made a big-budget video for the song "Set It Off", in which she sat in a locker room as her pubic and armpit hair grew to Rapunzel length. Sony subsequently dropped her. "Now they want their money back," Peaches said.[19]

In 2001, Nisker's 34AA bust was one of the first female busts cast by famous 1960s groupie Cynthia Plaster Caster, who was better known for making molds of male rockers' genitalia.[20][21]

In 2002, Peaches appeared in "Hideous Man", a short film directed by John Malkovich. The short was created as a showcase for clothing designed by Bella Freud, and featured the poetry of Gary Sinise.[22]

2003–05: Fatherfucker

In 2003, Peaches released her second album Fatherfucker on XL/Kitty-Yo after years of touring and opening for artists like Marilyn Manson and Queens of the Stone Age. She once again wrote and programmed all of the album's music herself. The single "Kick It", which features Iggy Pop, was described by Peaches to Rolling Stone as "more about rock 'n' roll than sex."[23]

For her album Fatherfucker, Peaches was nominated in the "Outstanding Music Artist" category for the 15th GLAAD Media Awards along with Rufus Wainwright, Meshell Ndegeocello, Junior Senior, and Bitch and Animal, but lost to Wainwright.[24]

2006–08: Impeach My Bush

In 2007 Peaches posed as a model for an advertisement by the Vestal Watches company. The advertisement was shown in The Fader magazine.[25]

Peaches was nominated for her album Impeach My Bush in the category "Outstanding Music Artist" at the 18th GLAAD Media Awards along with the Ditty Bops, Owen Pallett, Pet Shop Boys, and the Scissor Sisters, but lost to the Scissor Sisters.[26]

Her song "Boys Wanna Be Her" is the theme song for the TBS series Full Frontal with Samantha Bee.

2009–12: I Feel Cream and other work

Peaches' fourth album I Feel Cream, was released on 4 May 2009 in Europe, and 5 May in North America.[27] The first single from the album is a double A-side of "Talk to Me" and "More".[28] Peaches enlisted some of her contemporaries to co-produce a number of tracks including Simian Mobile Disco, Soulwax, Digitalism and Shapemod. Long time friend and collaborator Gonzales co-wrote some of the songs on I Feel Cream and Shunda K (the voice of Yo Majesty) featured on the track "Billionaire".[29]

Peaches has been noted for her stage costumes and flamboyant sense of style. Her looks are often both nostalgic and futuristic; aggressive and glamorous; and push the limits of gender identity. Peaches and her band Sweet Machine wear costumes from a variety of designers but most notably she works closely with stylist/designer Vaughan Alexander, celebrity hairstylist Charlie Le Mindu, and young American fashion designer, John Renaud.

In 2010, Peaches and backing band Sweet Machine once again toured Australia performing at the sold out Big Day Out festivals and at a series of sideshows. Peaches was supported on this tour by Shunda K who performed her collaboration "Billionaire" at BDO festivals and at the sideshows,[29] and was also the opening act at the sideshows along with Evil Beaver in Melbourne.

On 14 March 2010, Peaches won the 'Electronic Artist of the Year' award at the 10th Annual Independent Music Awards held in Toronto, Canada.[30][31]

In March 2010, the copyright owners of the musical Jesus Christ Superstar denied Peaches permission to perform her one-woman version that she was planning to stage in Berlin. After receiving the attention of several media outlets, Peaches successfully negotiated with those rights-holders, and the musical was performed on 25–27 March at Berlin's HAU1.[32] Gonzales accompanied Peaches on piano.[33] Travis Jeppesen stated in his review for Artforum, "Not only did Peaches set it off, she managed to surprise us all by showing off an expansive vocal range, a musician's natural sensitivity to the dynamics of Andrew Lloyd Webber's score, and an emotive prowess that is rarely if ever displayed in her own, less holy, music."[34]

Peaches appeared in a film called Ivory Tower, which also includes spots from Feist, Chilly Gonzales, Tiga and Gonzales' mother. Peaches stars as Marsha, a performance artist engaged to a man named Thaddeus (Tiga). Things get complicated when her ex, Hershall (Gonzales) comes back into her life. The movie is set in Toronto and was shot over 13 days in late winter and early spring 2010. It was co-written by Gonzales and Céline Sciamma (who directed/wrote Water Lilies), was directed by Adam Traynor and produced by Nicolas Kazarnia. Ivory Tower was given a limited theatrical release in August 2010.[35]

In May 2010, Christina Aguilera announced that Peaches was among the collaborators on her fourth studio album Bionic. Peaches is featured on a track called "My Girls".[36][37] The song was co-written and produced by Le Tigre.

On 30 August 2010, Peaches released a new single titled "Jonny". The single is part of a tribute series to Alan Vega from the band Suicide. Other musicians who have released tribute singles as part of the series include The Horrors, Primal Scream, Klaxons and Bruce Springsteen.[38][39]

Peaches also appears as a guest musician on R.E.M.'s 2011 release Collapse into Now, contributing vocals to the song "Alligator_Aviator_Autopilot_Antimatter".[40]

Peaches' song "Boys Wanna Be Her" is featured in an online teaser for the live action feature film Bad Kids Go to Hell (2012), based on the best selling graphic novel of the same name. It also serves as the theme music for the late-night television series Full Frontal with Samantha Bee. It was also featured in an episode of Orphan Black.

2012: New music and Peaches Does Herself

It was announced in 2012 that a semi-biographical musical/concert film would be premièred at the Toronto Film Festival, utilising 22 songs from Peaches' back catalog and backed by her band the Sweet Machine.

Peaches Does Herself premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 13 September 2012.

On 2 October 2012, Peaches released her new single "Burst!" as a digital single backed with several remixes.

2015–present: What Else Is In the Teaches of Peaches and Rub

Photographer Holger Talinski collaborated with Peaches on a book of photographs, What Else Is In the Teaches of Peaches, released on 2 June 2015. The book, published by Akashic Books, also includes text written by Peaches, R.E.M. lead singer Michael Stipe, artist and singer Yoko Ono and actor Elliot Page.

Peaches' sixth studio album, Rub, was released 25 September 2015. It was produced by Vice Cooler with Peaches in her Los Angeles garage. In June 2015 it was announced to contain guest vocal appearances by Kim Gordon, Feist, and Simonne Jones.[41]

An unused track from the Rub sessions titled "Bodyline" was released by Adult Swim on 20 July 2015. The Vice Cooler-produced track features Nick Zinner on guitar and was described as "a heavy, chugging guitar line over which Peaches half raps, half sings a high-octane space jam."[42] In May 2016, Peaches appeared in a fourth-season episode of the Canadian TV series Orphan Black as herself, performing "Bodyline" in a club. She performed "Boys Wanna Be Her" at the Not the White House Correspondents’ Dinner on 29 April 2017. In February 2019, Peaches made her debut with the Staatstheater Stuttgart, performing as Anna in Kurt Weill's Die sieben Todsünden.

Art

Peaches opened her first institutional solo art exhibition "Whose Jizz Is This?" at the Kunstverein in Hamburg on 9 August 2019 (through 20 October 2019) Taking a bold and unexpected approach to the topics of sex, feminism, queerness, gender, and new millennium politics, Peaches calls her WJIT presentation “a deconstructed musical in 14 scenes.” At the heart of this presentation are the “Fleshies,” who have renamed themselves as such to rewrite their narrative, break away from humans and human interactions, do away with words like sex toys and masturbators in a quest to find sexual equality amongst themselves.[43]

Themes

Gender identity is one theme of Peaches' music, often playing with traditional notions of gender roles representation. Her lyrics and live shows consciously blur the distinction between male and female; for example, she appears on the cover of her album Fatherfucker with a full beard. When asked if she had chosen the title for shock value, she commented:

Motherfucker's so over. You call everybody a motherfucker - you call your mother a motherfucker. It's a pretty extreme and intense word. Instead of shying away from that, I thought I'd bring the fact that we're using the word motherfucker in a really mainstream way to the fore.[44]

She disputes accusations of "penis envy", preferring the term "hermaphrodite envy",[45] since "there is so much male and female in us all."[46]

Age has been another theme of Peaches' music in recent years. The lyrics from several songs from her 2009 album I Feel Cream tackle the issue of age, including "Trick or Treat" ("you lick my crow's feet"), "Show Stopper" ("Never mind my age, it's like we're breaking out of a cage") and "Mommy Complex". Peaches has criticized ageism directed against her,[47] telling the New York Daily News that "I'm going to make aging cool".[48]

Inspiration

Peaches lists John Waters, Cindy Sherman, Paul McCarthy and the films Tron, Grease, Liquid Sky and Phantom of the Paradise as inspiration for the visuals in her live shows.[49]

Discography
Main article: Peaches discography

Albums

Filmography

Film
Year Title Role Notes
2001 Chromezone XXX[50] HerselfSuper-8 bike porn that Peaches directed and starred in
2002 Hideous Man[19] Beat PoetPart of ensemble for short film collaboration with John Malkovich and Bella Freud
2009 Life on the Road with Mr. and Mrs. Brown HerselfDocumentary film about James Brown and Tomi Rae Brown
2010 Ivory Tower[35] Marsha ThirteenPlays performance artist in collaboration with Gonzales, Feist and Tiga
2012 Peaches Does Herself HerselfMusical film about Peaches' life and career. Debuted at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival and went on to play at the 2012 Festival du nouveau cinéma, the 2013 Sundance London Festival and the 2013 Locarno International Film Festival, where Peaches was a member of the official Jury.

Television
Peaches television work
Year Title Role Notes
2001 SexTV Herself1 episode
2004 Clash of Cultures HerselfTV documentary about the electroclash music scene
2004 Sex 'n' Pop Herself1 episode, TV mini-series
2004 Durch die Nacht mit … Herself1 episode alongside Heike Makatsch and Marilyn Manson, TV documentary series
2005 The L Word Herself1 episode
2006 Current TV HerselfEpisodes unknown
2006 Flight of the Conchords: A Texan Odyssey HerselfTV documentary aired in New Zealand
2006–2007 The Henry Rollins Show[51] Herself2 episodes in 2006 and 2007
2008 What Perez Sez[52] Herself1 episode
2008 Nightline[53] HerselfInterview
2009 Last Call with Carson Daly[54][55] Herself2 episodes
2009 House of Venus Show[56] Herself1 episode
2009 Canal+ Album de la Semaine[57] Herself1 episode
2010 Q TV Herself1 episode
2010 Subterranean[58][59] HerselfHost for 1 episode
2016 Orphan Black[60] Herself1 episode

Awards and nominations
Peaches award nominations
Year Awards Category Recording Result
2006 Best Art Vinyl[61] Best Vinyl Art Impeach My Bush Nominated
2007 MVPA Awards[62] Best Make-up "Boys Wanna Be Her" Nominated
2009 UK Music Video Awards[63] Best Styling "Talk to Me" Nominated
2010 International Dance Music Awards[64] Best Electro Dance Track "Talk to Me" Nominated
2015 Polaris Music Prize[65] Heritage Award The Teaches of Peaches Won
2016 Polaris Music Prize[66] Album of the Year (Longlist) Rub Nominated
2016 A2IM Libera Awards[67] Video of the Year "Dick in the Air" Nominated

See also

References
  1. "A Completely Biased Ranking of the 60 Best Canadian Indie Rock Songs of the 00s Part II". Vice, Cam Lindsay 10 April 2017,
  2. Taylor, Ken (2003). "Peaches Biography". Musician Guide. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  3. "Peaches Christ Superstar – 3SAT "FOYER" feature". YouTube and 3sat. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  4. "Peaches DJ Extravaganza". New Horizons Film Festival. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  5. "Peaches First Time in Poland [Teaches of Peaches, 2001]". YouTube and TVP Wrocław. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  6. "Peaches, czyli ostra jazda genderowa [ROZMOWA]". Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  7. "Urb Feature 2003 (with Peaches)". URB Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  8. "Peaches speaks to Attitude: 'I like women, I like men, I like combinations'". Attitude.co.uk. 20 September 2015.
  9. (2008-01-31). Mermaid Cafe Archived 8 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine The Canadian Music Forum. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
  10. "Exclaim! Canada's Music Authority". Exclaim.ca. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  11. "Feist documentary to be released soon". 24 September 2010.
  12. "All mouth, no trousers". The Age. Melbourne. 2 July 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
  13. Everett-Green, Robert (9 February 2008). "Grammy girl: Feist". The Globe and Mail. pp. R1, R19. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009.
  14. Feist (5 May 2005). "A Torch Singer with an ancient sound". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  15. Presenter: Sackur, Steven (21 February 2009). "BBC iPlayer – Profile: MIA". Profiles. London. 13:33 minutes in. BBC. BBC Radio 4.
  16. Harrington, Richard (16 September 2005). "M.I.A., No Loss For Words". Washington Post. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  17. "Peaches Biography: Contemporary Musicians". Enotes.com. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  18. Sullivan, Caroline (24 July 2006). "Filth and fury". The Guardian. p. 23. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  19. William V. Meter (23 June 2003). Peaches: She's a Very Kinky Girl SPIN. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  20. "Cynthia Plaster Caster". Cynthia Plaster Caster. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  21. "Cynthia P Caster". Cynthia P Caster Foundation. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  22. "Hideous Man". Bellafreud.co.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  23. "Pop Show!". Nme.Com. 17 April 2003. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  24. "Nominees for the 15th Annual GLAAD Media Awards". GLAAD Publication Archives. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  25. "Electric Raunch to High Fashion in 60-Seconds". Advertising Age. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  26. "GLAAD: 18th ANNUAL GLAAD MEDIA AWARDS NOMINEES". Archive.glaad.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  27. "I Feel Cream release date". Peachesrocks.com. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  28. "Peaches Leaks Cream". CHARTattack. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  29. "Shunda K". Fanaticpromotion.blogspot.com. 28 January 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  30. Stevenson, Jane (14 March 2010). "Pop-punk band Marianas Trench top Indies". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  31. "XL Recordings / 'Favorite Electronic Artist of the Year'". Xlrecordings.com. 14 March 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  32. "News in Brief: The Strokes, Peaches, Dr. Dog, Ether Festival". Pitchfork. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  33. Veronica (27 March 2010). "Peaches Christ Superstar". Peachesrocks.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  34. "Teaches of Peaches". Artforum. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  35. Harper, Kate (7 April 2010). Peaches, Feist, Gonzales, Tiga In Indie Flick Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Chartattack. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  36. (2010-04-24). Christina Aguilera Interview Archived 28 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Saturday Night Online Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  37. "Retrieved 2010-04-03". Chartattack.com. 24 April 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  38. "New Peaches Single Due: Tribute to Alan Vega". Clash Music. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  39. "Peaches to Release Tribute To Alan Vega". URB Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  40. "Video Of The Day: R.E.M.'s "Alligator Aviator Autopilot Antimatter" (Featuring Peaches)". Chartattack. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  41. "Peaches teams with Feist and Kim Gordon for new album, Rub". 23 June 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  42. "Peaches and Yeah Yeah Yeahs' Nick Zinner join forces for "Bodyline" — listen". 20 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  43. "Kunstverein in Hamburg". Kunstverein.de. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  44. Kitty Empire (17 August 2003). "Ripe for stardom". The Observer. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  45. "She tells interviewers she has hermaphrodite envy, not penis envy." Jessica Suarez, Review Archived 19 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine: "Peaches – Impeach My Bush (XL)", Rhino Review.
  46. "Profile from Peaches". bebo.com. 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  47. "Urb Feature 2003 (with Peaches)". Princess Superstar. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  48. Jim Farber (14 May 2009). "Rock star Peaches promises to make aging cool". Nydailynews.com. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  49. "Interview with Peaches". Lifelounge. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
  50. Lee, Albert (21 March 2001). Peachy Keen. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  51. "Henry Rollins Ep 301: Promo". IFC.com. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  52. "What Perez Says About Divas". VH1. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  53. "Full interview with Peaches – Video". 3 News. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  54. "T.V. Eye: June 15–21". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  55. "TiVo Party Tonight: Peaches". Magnet Magazine. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  56. "THE HOUSE OF VENUS SHOW – EPISODE #13". Mark Kenneth Words. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  57. "Talk to Me – CanalPlus". Canal+. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  58. "Peaches Gives a Quick History Lesson". MTV 2. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  59. "Peaches on MTV2's Subterranean". Peaches' Official Website. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  60. "Peaches Performed on 'Orphan Black' Last Night, Providing Blissful Queer Background Noise". flavorwire.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  61. "Best Art Vinyl Awards 2006 | ArtVinyl". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  62. "Retrieved 2010-05-26". Residentadvisor.net. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  63. "UK Music Video Awards 2009 – here are the nominations!". Promo News. Promonews.tv. 28 September 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  64. "31st Annual International Dance Music Awards - Winter Music Conference 2017 - WMC 2017". 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  65. "Peaches, Sloan Members And More Announced For Heritage Prize Concert". Polaris Music Prize. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  66. "Polaris Prize Announces 2016 Long List Including Drake, Peaches, Grimes, Justin Bieber, Suuns". Billboard. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  67. "SoundExchange Presents The 2016 A2IM Libera Awards". Shore Fire Media. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.