Pholidophorus

Pholidophorus; Temporal range: Middle Triassic–Late Triassic PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Pachycormiformes
Family:	Pholidophoridae
Genus:	Pholidophorus; Agassiz, 1832
Species
	P. latiusculus Agassiz, 1832 (type); P. granulatus Egerton, 1854;

Pholidophorus is an extinct genus of teleost fish from the Triassic period of Africa, Europe, and South America.

Taxonomy

The nominal species "Pholidophorus" friedeni Delsate, 1999 and "Pholidophorus" gervasuttii Zambelli, 1980 were renamed Luxembourgichthys and Lombardichthys by Taverne and Steurbaut (2017) and Arratia (2017) respectively.[1][2] Likewise, the Early Jurassic form "Pholidophorus" bechei was renamed Dorsetichthys and moved to its own family, Dorsetichthyiformes, by Arratia (2013).[3] The Late Jurassic nominal species "Pholidophorus" purbeckensis was renamed Ichthyokentema by Arthur Woodward in 1941.[4]

Description

Restoration

Pholidophorus was a herring-like fish about 40 centimetres (16 in) long, although it was not closely related to modern herring. Like them, however, it had a single dorsal fin, a symmetrical tail, and an anal fin placed towards the rear of the body. It had large eyes and was probably a fast-swimming predator, hunting planktonic crustaceans and smaller fish.[5]

A very early teleost, Pholidophorus had many primitive characteristics such as ganoid scales and a spine that was partially composed of cartilage, rather than bone.[5]

References

L. Taverne and E. Steurbaut. 2017. Osteology and relationships of Luxembourgichthys ("Pholidophorus") friedeni gen. nov. (Teleostei, "Pholidophoriformes") from the Lower Jurassic of Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Geologica Belgica 20:53-67
Gloria Arratia (2017). "New Triassic teleosts (Actinopterygii, Teleosteomorpha) from northern Italy and their phylogenetic relationships among the most basal teleosts". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (2): e1312690. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1312690.
G. Arratia. 2013. Morphology, taxonomy, and phylogeny of Triassic Pholidophorid fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33:1-138.
Griffith J. & Patterson C. 1963. The structure and relationships of the Jurassic fish Ichthyokentema purbeckensis. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 8 (1): 1–43. Available from https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36370444
Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 38–39. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.

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[1] L. Taverne and E. Steurbaut. 2017. Osteology and relationships of Luxembourgichthys ("Pholidophorus") friedeni gen. nov. (Teleostei, "Pholidophoriformes") from the Lower Jurassic of Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Geologica Belgica 20:53-67

[2] Gloria Arratia (2017). "New Triassic teleosts (Actinopterygii, Teleosteomorpha) from northern Italy and their phylogenetic relationships among the most basal teleosts". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (2): e1312690. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1312690.

[3] G. Arratia. 2013. Morphology, taxonomy, and phylogeny of Triassic Pholidophorid fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33:1-138.

[4] Griffith J. & Patterson C. 1963. The structure and relationships of the Jurassic fish Ichthyokentema purbeckensis. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 8 (1): 1–43. Available from https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36370444

[EoDP-5] Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 38–39. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.