Plug-in electric vehicles in Australia

The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Australia is driven mostly by customer demand due to the lack of government policies or monetary incentives to support the adoption and deployment of low or zero emission vehicles.

Tesla Model 3 made available in Australia in August 2019 for $66,000 AUD is Australia's most popular electric vehicle accounting for 70% of EV sales in 2019.[1][2][3]
Volvo XC40 PHEV with Volvo launching a new BEV each year until 2025 in Australia. Volvo also only sell plug-in electric cars in Australia as of 2021.[4]
The Mercedes-Benz EQC was named the best car in Australia in 2019.
The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV was once Australia's top selling plug-in electric vehicle, with over 2,906 units sold through March 2018.[5]

Electric vehicle ownership

The total stock of electric vehicles in Australia is approximately 21,000 as of 2020.[6] 6,718 of these electric cars were sold in 2019 alone with the other sales occurring since 2011.[6][7][8][9][10] 10,051 of the Australian electric vehicle stock comprise of Teslas with 30% of these Teslas sold in 2020 alone.[11] Approximately 20% of new car sales are either full-electric or hybrid electric vehicles without any government incentive.[12] Nearly 2% of vehicles in Australia are either BEVs or PHEVs.[13] However, it has been determined that approximately 66% of Australians will be driving electric cars within the next 10 years.[14] Moreover, 56% of Australians would consider and electric car when they next bought a vehicle.[15] In early 2020, electric vehicle registrations nearly doubled the registrations of the previous year, showing the rapidly increasing popularity of electric vehicles in Australia.[16]

The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV SUV was the country's initial top-selling plug-in electric vehicle, with over 2,906 sold through March 2018.[5] However, Tesla accounted for 70% of the 6,718 electric car sales in 2019 with the full-electric Tesla Model 3 comprising two-thirds of electric car sales in the year.[17] Specifically the Tesla Model 3 comprised 90% of Tesla sales in Australia in 2020.[18] Australia is Tesla's 14th largest electric car market with Australian Tesla owners having saved 42,856,005 lbs of CO2 from the atmosphere by early 2019.[19] Moreover, approximately 80% of plug-in electric vehicle sales in 2019 in Australia were pure BEVs.[15] The full-electric Tesla Model X and Model 3 are also Australia's second and third safest cars,[20] while the all-electric Mercedes-Benz EQC was named the "Best Car" in Australia in 2019.[21] Unsurprisingly the Tesla Model 3 was the most viewed electric vehicle on Carsales.com.au in 2020,[22] and the Mercedes-Benz EQC was the second most viewed electric vehicle.[22] Carsales.com.au data also highlighted a significant increase in views and enquiries overall for hybrid and full-electric vehicles in 2020.[22] Tesla and Volvo are currently the only two major car manufacturers to offer only electric cars to the Australian market from mid-2021.[23] Volkswagen will also only sell electric cars in Australia in 2026 at the latest, as the manufacturer will stop production of petrol-powered ICE vehicles by 2026.[24] Mercedes-Benz also intends to only sell electric vehicles in Australia in 2039 at the latest with plans to stop the production of petrol and diesel engine vehicles by 2039.[25] This transition will likely occur sooner due to Mercedes-Benz's commitment for 50% of its sales to be electric by 2030.[26] This is followed by General Motors who intend to only produce and sell 100% electric vehicles by 2035.[27] BMW also aim for 20% of its vehicle sales to be electric by 2023.[28]

The state of Victoria is Australia's largest and most important electric vehicle market, with the most electric vehicle purchases in Australia between 2011 and 2017, with a total of 1,324 car sales.[29] Victoria is also Australia's most significant electric vehicle market because it had the most electric vehicle chargers in the country.[29] Similarly, Victoria's capital city Melbourne had the highest concentration of charging stations in Australia in 2017.[29] Approximately 60% of the 2,307 existing electric vehicle chargers in Australia are located in Victoria and New South Wales alone,[10] and 60% of the 14,727 electric cars in Australia in early 2020 were registered in Victoria and New South Wales.[10] The eastern states of Australia (Victoria, NSW, ACT, South Australia, Queensland and Tasmania) alone account for more than 75% of the total electric car stock in Australia.[6] However, South Australia’s charger network is growing the fastest of any state with plans to install 560 additional electric vehicle chargers in the state beginning in 2021.[30] The Liberal South Australian government aim for 100% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2035,[31] and plan to ensure electric vehicles are mainstream and the "common choice" for new vehicle purchases in 2030, as well as the "default choice" by 2035.[30] As a key structural change to South Australia’s energy market, transport electrification is stated to deliver bill reductions of $20 to $84 per annum in 2025, increasing to $95 to $324 per annum in 2030.[31] The South Australian government committed to continue advocating for improved national vehicle fuel efficiency, fuel quality and smart charging standards.[31] South Australia's electric vehicle infrastructure investment will see the charger network grow by almost 340%.[30] This is followed by the ACT with 50 planned new chargers, Victoria with 24 planned new chargers, New South Wales with 20 planned chargers, Tasmania with 14 planned chargers and Queensland with 13 planned chargers.[32][33][34][35][36][37]

In 2020, Victoria even stated that non-electric car owners who park in designated electric vehicle parking areas would be fined up to $330.[38] Lexus stated they intend to showcase the electric UX 300e during the 2021 Melbourne Cup, showing their commitment to Victorian consumers, who are the second largest consumers of electric cars in Australia.[39][10] Kia also intend to advertise their electric e-Niro at the 2021 Australian Open in Melbourne.[40][41][42][43] Victoria also manufactures electric vehicles with a commercial electric vehicle manufacturing facility to be established in 2021, producing 2,400 vehicles per year.[44] The Victorian company SEA Electric also manufactures electric trucks and other vehicles for domestic and international markets.[45][46][47] $700 million has been allocated to create a Sydney and Moss Vale electric vehicle manufacturing industry including buses, passenger cars and trucks from Nexport.[47] Nexport aim for the 25,000 total taxis in Australia to be transitioned to electric by 2025.[47] $5 million has also been announced to create an EV manufacturing facility in Adelaide.[48] Overall, Victoria, ACT, NSW, South Australia and Tasmania represent the largest markets in the country for electric car sales.[29] This is in comparison to Western Australia where in 2020, there were only 1,500 electric vehicles in the state, equating to 1% of all vehicles in the state.[49]

In New South Wales, electric vehicle ownership is the highest in the Sydney CBD, the inner eastern suburbs and the North Shore.[50] Similarly, Teslas in New South Wales were most common in the Sydney CBD and the inner eastern suburbs.[51] Sydney suburbs with the most Teslas include Sydney CBD, Vaucluse, Mosman, Bondi, Rose Bay, Haymarket, Barangaroo, Centennial Park, Watsons Bay, Bellevue Hill, Lavender Bay, Darlinghurst, Dover Heights, Bronte, Castle Cove, Manly, Seaforth, Avalon, Curl Curl, Crows Nest, Baulkham Hills, Strathfield. Castlecrag, Chatswood, Hunters Hill, Lindfield, Lane Cove, Normanhurst, Saint Ives and Killara.[52][53] Similarly, electric vehicles were most commonly registered in the Sydney CBD, Lane Cove, St Ives, Vaucluse, Mosman, Bellevue Hill, Point Piper and Crows Nest.[54] In Victoria, Teslas were the most common in the Melbourne CBD, inner south-eastern and inner eastern suburbs.[51] Melbourne suburbs with the most Teslas include Melbourne CBD, Albert Park, Armadale, Brighton, Brighton East, Caulfield, South Yarra, Glen Iris, Toorak, Camberwell, Cremorne, Mount Waverley, Burnley, Hawthorn (Auburn), Kew, Glen Waverley and Balwyn.[52][53] Similarly, electric vehicles were most commonly registered in the inner city of Melbourne, Brighton, South Yarra, Toorak, Richmond, Kew and Glen Waverley.[55] In Queensland, Teslas were the most common in the Brisbane CBD.[51] Brisbane and Gold Coast suburbs with the most Teslas include Brisbane CBD, Ascot, Newstead, Fig Tree Pocket, Highgate Hill, Milton, Petrie Terrace, Chelmer, Chapel Hill, Teneriffe, South Stradbroke, Pinjarra Hills, Helensvale, Bundall, Kunda Park, Gold Coast, Benowa, Labrador, Gaythorne and Southern Lamington.[52][53] Teslas are also popular in the Adelaide CBD and Cottesloe in Perth.[52][53] However, the ACT had the highest uptake of Teslas per 100,000 people in the country.[56] While the Northern Territory had the smallest uptake of Teslas of all the states.[56] Electric car manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz have specifically catered to these high electric vehicle owner locations by employing electric vehicle sales agents in the nearest dealerships.[57]

Australia has a significant electric vehicle manufacturing industry focusing on electric utility vehicles, electric buses, electric passenger cars, electric micro mobility (scooters), electric motorbikes, electric emergency aircraft, electric light aircraft, electric boats and electric ferries.[58][59] Notable Australian electric vehicle manufacturers and researchers include SEA Electric, ACE EV Group, Savic, AVE Robotics, Precision Buses, Nexport (TrueGreen), Bustech, Zoox (Amazon), AutoCRC, Raine, BajaBoard, Vmoto, Jaunt, Fonzarelli, Zoomo, Augusta Golf Cars, EcoTeq, e-Motion Concepts, EMoS, EV Automotive (EV-A), Austal, Impact Boats, SkyBus, AMSL Aero and MagniX.[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][58] These companies sell both vehicles to the domestic and international markets.[60] ACE EV Group expect to offer 15,000 Australian made electric vehicles a year to the Australian market in 2021 and 2022.[60] Australian company GB Auto also expect to distribute 2,000 Tembo branded all-electric ute conversion kits in Australia by 2025.[78] Australian based Evee and Tesla Taxi allow electric vehicle owners to rent their car to other Australians.[79][80] Electric vehicle charging infrastructure operators and manufacturers in Australia include EVUp, Chargefox, Evie Networks, Linga Network, JET charge, Jolt Charge, Tritium, Chargepoint, EVSE, eGo Dock, Keba, NHP Electrical Engineering and EVERTY.[81][82][83][84] The majority of these charging stations from various operators can be found on the PlugShare Australia map.[85] Electric vehicle charger operators have also partnered with McDonalds, Woolworths, Coles, Dan Murphys, IKEA, Puma Energy, Caltex and others to ensure suitable charging locations across Australia.[86][87][88][83][89][90] Insurance providers such as RACV, RACT, NRMA, RAC, RACQ and RAA have also been key contributors to the expansion of the national electric vehicle charger network as well as Wilson Transformers.[91][92][24] RACV and NRMA also offer their EV owner customers 20% off charging costs at Chargefox chargers.[93] NRMA provide an electric vehicle driver training service as well.[94] Australia also has Green Car Loans offered in partnership with the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, whereby EV and low emission vehicle owners pay a reduce rate as low as 3.27% on their car loan.[95] Of the approximately 21,000 electric vehicle owners in Australia, 10,000 owners alone use the Chargefox electric vehicle charging network which is the largest in Australia.[24][6] Chargefox was also the first electric vehicle charger provider to offer 5 years of free unlimited charging with new electric car purchases from Volvo, BMW, Nissan, Audi, Mercedes, Jaguar, MG and Porsche.[96][24] Chargefox also have a partnership with the energy provider Powershop, to offer various incentives for electric vehicle owners.[97]

The 2018 Electric Vehicle Council report Recharging the Economy, stated a high adoption of electric vehicles has the potential to boost GDP by $3 billion and support almost 14,000 new jobs by 2030, and has other positive economic effects including lower fuel costs, better fuel security, improved public health and growth of EV supply chains.[98] Introducing better fuel efficiency standards like the Euro 6 fuel standard would not only improve air quality in cities but would also save $500 off the motorist’s bill every year.[99] A federal government-commissioned report had suggested Australian electric vehicle sales could reach 50% by 2030 under the right market conditions.[12] Also a study in 2020 by ClimateWorks Australia, stated that at least 50% of all new cars sold in 2030 will need to be electric vehicles to remain within 2C of global warming by 2050.[100] The study further found that Australia will require an accelerated rollout of electric vehicles to transition to net zero emissions by 2050 and to ensure 100% renewable energy by 2035.[100] Ernst and Young released a report in September of 2020, which found that each EV actually provided a net benefit to the Australian economy over a 10-year focus period, and in fact contributed more to government revenue than vehicles fuelled by petrol or diesel.[101] Moreover, Federal Government agency data had forecasted that 50% of new cars sold will be electric by 2035 even if there is no policy to support their uptake.[15] In 2019, it was stated that 61% of all passenger vehicle sales in Australia were expected to be electric by 2040.[102] Federal Government modelling had also suggested electric vehicles would account for 65% of new car sales by 2050, based on current policies.[103] Furthermore, in another study electric vehicles were projected to account for 70% to 100% of new vehicle sales by 2040 and at least 30% of the vehicle fleet in Australia.[104] In fact, if electric vehicle sales were to continue to double each year until 2028, electric vehicles would represent more than 50% of new car sales in Australia by 2028.[105] However, at the current growth rate, electric cars will account for 13% of new car sales by 2030 in Australia.[106] This is half of the federal government's most recent projection of 26% of car sales to be electric by 2030.[106]

Melbourne Water committed to transition to a 100% electric vehicle fleet by 2030.[107] IKEA Australia has committed to a 100% electric vehicle fleet by 2025 compromising a total of 350 electric vehicles.[108] 10% of IKEA Australia’s fleet already compromises electric vehicles.[108] Uber Australia also intend for all drivers to use electric vehicles by 2030.[109] Domino’s Australia uses eMOS electric delivery vehicles in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane.[110] While Woolworths, Australia Post and Linfox use a range of electric vehicle delivery vehicles.[111][112][113] AGL is an EV100 member and has committed to transition its 400 corporate vehicles to 100% electric vehicles by 2030.[114] AGL also offer an electric vehicle subscription service available in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane with its own electric vehicle owner power plan.[115][116][117] AGL also intends to provide free fast chargers to 250 battery-electric vehicle (BEV) owners as part of a trial between early-2021 to mid-2023, to assess EV charging and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology across Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland.[118] Origin Energy have already supplied 150 electric vehicle chargers to EV owners to conduct similar trials.[119] Energy providers such as Powershop, Red Energy and AGL all offer electric vehicle owner power plans and incentives.[120][121][122][123][116]

Volvo Australia plan to launch a dedicated battery-electric vehicle (BEV) each year in Australia until 2025.[124] Volvo Australia managing director Nick Connor said he would love to see more incentives from the federal and state governments to help increase the uptake of EVs in Australia, especially in comparison to other international markets.[124] However, Nick also stated "our plug-in hybrid (PHEV) variants are doing really well – we can sell all the PHEVs that we can get … they are being very well received and I think it’s a first step in this marketplace.[124] I think it’s really interesting that even without some of the incentives that exist elsewhere in the world that there is still a very significant demand for PHEVs.”[124] PHEVs occupy almost approximately 10% of Volvo's sales in Australia and this percentage is increasing rapidly.[124] Consequently, Volvo will only sell PHEVs, BEVs and hybrid vehicles to the Australian market from mid-2021.[23]

Evolution of electric vehicle market

Early development

In 2008 Australia started producing its first commercial all-electric vehicle. Originally called the Blade Runner, its name was changed to Electron, and was exported to New Zealand with one purchased by the then Environment Minister Dr. Nick Smith.[125][126] The Electron is based on the Hyundai Getz and has proven popular with government car pools.[127]

Better Place
Two Mitsubishi i MiEVs owned by ChargePoint and Better Place providing test drives during the 2010 Australian International Motor Show in Sydney.
A Better Place charging station in Canberra.

In October 2008, Better Place announced plans to deploy charging network to power electric cars in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane in partnership with Australian power company AGL and finance group Macquarie Capital.[128] The initial network deployment was planned to take place in Canberra in late 2011.[129] As of December 2011, 12 public charge spots (power outlets, not battery swap stations) had been installed in Australia.[130] The roll out of the Australian network was initially planned to begin 6 months to a year after the roll out of the network in Denmark.[131]

In December 2012, Renault announced that the launch of the Renault Fluence Z.E. was postponed indefinitely following delays with the roll out of Australia's electric vehicle infrastructure. The electric car was scheduled to go on sale to the public from a number of dealers across the country in the fourth quarter of 2012. Better Place explained that delays in the deployments in Israel and Denmark are reflecting in the Australian roll out, which would take place between 12 and 18 months behind the other markets.[132] Better Place ultimately went bankrupt with the only sign they ever existed being a few lone silver posts standing in (mostly university) car parks.

Introduction of series production electric vehicles

Beginning in mid-2009, a twelve-month field trial was conducted with the Mitsubishi i-MiEV with potential electric vehicle customers, such as local, state and federal government bodies, and major fleet operators.[133] Leasing for fleet customers began in Australia in August 2010.[134][135] As of May 2011, a total of 110 i-MiEVs had been leased to government and corporate fleets, while retail sales to the public began in August 2011. As of December 2012, 125 i-MiEVs had been sold in the country, 30 of which were sold by December 2011.[136]

A Mitsubishi i MiEV charging in Melbourne.

A two-year fleet trial of 10 converted Ford Focus Electric cars, that also included 14 i-MiEVs and 3 Toyota Prius PHEVs,[137] commenced in Western Australia in 2010.[138] Each converted car was equipped with a 23 kWh battery pack, a 27 kW DC motor and a 1000A motor controller. These cars were then used in the study as regular fleet vehicles to find their usability for everyday driving.[139]

In July 2011, Nissan Australia provided 16 Nissan Leaf vehicles, to be used by both personal and commercial users, for an electric vehicle trial in Victoria.[140] A total of 19 Leafs were registered in 2011, while sales of the Nissan Leaf in Australia began in June 2012—77 units were sold during 2012.[136][141] The Holden Volt, a plug-in hybrid model, was released onto the Australian market by late 2012 and a total of 80 units were delivered during that year.[136]

A total of 258 plug-in electric cars were sold during 2012, with the i-MiEV as the top selling model, with 95 units sold.[142] Sales during 2013 totaled 304 units, up 20% from 2012. The Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in car with 188 units followed by the Holden Volt with 101 units. The electric vehicle market share in 2013 was 0.036% of total new car sales in the country.[143][144]

As of September 2013, the largest public charging networks exist in the capital cities of Perth and Melbourne, with around 30 stations (7 kW AC) established in both cities—smaller networks exist in other capital cities. An Australian standard for charging connectors does not exist as of September 2013.[145]

Since 2014 Mitsubishi is no longer importing the i-MiEV after slow sales due to the high price and due to competition from the more successful Outlander plug-in hybrid electric vehicle for battery components. Sales during the first quarter of 2014 totaled 42 units, representing a 0.015% market share of new car sales,[146] and during the first half of 2014 sales reached 114 units.[147]

Deliveries of the Tesla Model S in Australia began in late 2014.[148] Deliveries of the BMW i3 also commenced at the end of 2014. Sales during 2014 totaled 1,228 units, up 288% from 2013.[149] The plug-in electric segment reached a 0.11% market share of total new car sales in the country, up threefold from 0.036% in 2013.[143][149] The surge in sales was due to the introduction of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, which sold 895 units during 2014, and became Australia's top selling plug-in electric vehicle.[149] Cumulative sales in the Australian market since 2010 reached over 1,950 units by the end of December 2014, up from 304 units in 2013.[136][143][149][150][151][152]

A total of 246 Holden Volts had been sold in the country by mid April 2015, with the stock of the first generation almost empty. General Motors announced that it will not build the second generation Volt in right-hand-drive configuration, so the Holden Volt will be discontinued in the country when the remaining stock is sold out.[153] As of April 2015, the following models are available in the Australian market: Nissan Leaf, Tesla Model S, both variants of the BMW i3 (REx and all-electric), BMW i8, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, and Porsche plug-in hybrids, 918 Spyder, Panamera and Cayenne.[153][154][155] Other models scheduled to be launched in the country include the Audi A3 e-tron and the Audi Q7 e-tron.[153]

Driver assistance vehicles operated by the Royal Automobile Club of Western Australia (left, BMW i3) and the National Roads and Motorists' Association (right, Mitsubishi i MiEV).

As of December 2014, a total of 65 Model S cars were registered in New South Wales and only four in Victoria.[150] At the end of March 2015, registrations totaled 119 in New South Wales and 54 in Victoria. Although there were no sales figures reported for Tesla in other states, the combined sales of these two states alone were enough for the Model S to rank as the top selling all-electric car in the country for the first quarter of 2015, ahead of the BMW i3 (46) and the Nissan Leaf (31).[150] Australia's top selling plug-in electric vehicle for the first quarter of 2015 was the Outlander P-HEV, with 198 units sold,[156] again in the first quarter of 2016 ranked as the top selling plug-in with 195 units,[157] and continued as the country's all-time best selling plug-in with 2,015 units sold through March 2016 since its introduction in 2013.[158]

As of December 2016, about 1,000 Nissan Leafs have been sold since its introduction in the country in 2012.[159] The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the country's all-time top-selling plug-in electric vehicle with 2,906 units sold through March 2018.[5]

Growth and availability of electric vehicles

Plug-in electric cars in Australia grew 300% from just 2,216 sales in 2018 to 6,718 in 2019.[9] Tesla accounted for 70% of these electric car sales, mostly through the release of the Tesla Model 3 in August which accounted for two-thirds of electric car sales in 2019.[17][160] Electric vehicle sales were also stated earlier to have doubled in Australia in 2019 compared to 2018.[161] In 2019, the Electric Vehicle Council expected electrical vehicle model choices to continue to expand which would consequently promote a significant increase in EV sales in Australia.[162] This is from 22 all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles available in 2019 to 31 by the end of 2020.[162] This compares to more than 150 electric car models being available in Europe and elsewhere.[17]

The MG ZS EV which received 100 pre-orders in November 2019 and since had its price reduced to $40,990, plan to introduce free charging along with supercharger network operators such as Chargefox for their 2021 model.[96] MG is also stated as intending to sell 3,000 ZS EVs in Australia in 2021 alone.[96]

In December 2020, there were almost 100 used electric cars listed on carsales.com.au.[163] 42% of used electric cars were listed under $50,000.[163] While 23% of used electric cars were listed under $20,000.[163] The lowest price for a used electric car in Australia was $11,990 as of December 2020.[163]

Electric vehicles by Australian state/territory in 2020[6]

STATE/TERRITORY ELECTRIC VEHICLES PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL (%)
New South Wales 6,400 30.51%
Victoria 5,800 27.65%
South Australia 2,412 11.5%
Australian Capital Territory 839 4%
Tasmania 340 1.62%
Queensland 3,400 16.21%
Western Australia 1,400 6.67%
Northern Territory 40 0.19%
Australia 20,978 100%

Electric Vehicle Policies

Government incentives

A National Electric Vehicle Strategy by the Federal Liberal Government was being developed which was set to be released in 2020.[164] This was due to include federal tax rebates and direct vehicle subsidies as offered through similar federal government policies in the US, Europe and China.[98] Also, a clean car "feebate" could have been offered as introduced in neighbouring New Zealand in July 2019 where a discount of $8,000 NZD ($7,700 AUD) is offered towards the purchase of a new electric car.[98] The federal governments electric vehicle strategy was criticised as being too heavily reliant on commercial buyers to increase the overall uptake of EVs in Australia, through fleet purchases.[165] This is despite the successfulness of policies in the UK, Japan, France, Germany, Norway and the US which offer approximately $10,000 in subsides each for consumer purchases of EVs.[165] Uber also stated it would be difficult for their drivers to transition to electric vehicles by 2030 in Australia without any subsidies or policies aimed to support consumer uptake of EVs.[165] NRMA also recommended the federal government offer subsidies for private EV purchases.[165][166] NRMA even called for urgent reforms including excluding battery electric cars from the luxury car tax and changing FBT to focus on emissions rather than price.[167] The Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI) called for federal and state governments to work together to banish unhelpful policies and regulations if the auto industry is to achieve net-zero goals.[168]

A target for 100% of car sales to be electric vehicles could also be included in the Federal Government's National Electric Vehicle Strategy as 50% of Australians would support shifting all sales of new cars to electric vehicles by 2025, according to polling by the Australia Institute.[169] This included 52% of Victorians and Western Australians supporting a shift of all sales of new cars to electric vehicles by 2025, which was the highest support of all the states.[169] In fact, as reported by the Electric Vehicle Council, 80% of Victorians believe the government should offer more incentives to purchase electric vehicles and encourage the transition to clean transportation.[167] Almost 50% of Victorians also stated they intend to purchase an electric vehicle the next time they buy a car.[170] A Federal Government target for 100% of car sales to be electric vehicles by 2050 is also highly likely in Australia, due to the Prime Minister stating in 2021 that the governments goal is to reach net zero emissions by 2050.[171]

A Comcar trial of electric cars within the federal government fleet is also to be undertaken until the end of 2022.[48] All government vehicles may be required to be electric in the near future with New Zealand mandating that all government agencies must only purchase electric vehicles in 2020.[172] The federal government even insisted that fleets should transition through hybrids first, and then electric vehicles. However, various independent studies have shown EVs are already competitive in leasing arrangements when compared to hybrids.[173] BMW Group Australia have a program offering a $1,500 incentive for new vehicle purchases for company use by small to medium enterprises seeking to purchase a new BMW or Mini electric vehicle.[174] The ACT Government have agreed to offer interest free loans of up to $15,000 to go towards the cost of buying an electric vehicle.[175] The governing agreement also states that that the first two years registration will be free after the purchase of a new electric vehicle.[175] NSW Transport Minister Andrew Constance said "We've got to be incredibly bullish on the incentive side, and signals to the market are important in this environment, because we need scale".[176] NSW Environment Minister Matt Kean also stated when referring to electric cars "I want to see NSW the leader not only in the country but on the global stage when it comes to that new economy that's coming whether we like it or not".[176] Therefore, it is highly likely NSW intend for 100% of new car sales to be fully electric vehicles before 2035 and to offer free registration and stamp duty on EVs to truly lead other states like South Australia and the ACT[31][37] NSW would also need to offer $15,000 interest free loans towards the purchase of EVs to remain ahead of the ACT's effective electric vehicle incentives.[37] This also includes New South Wales advocating with the South Australian Liberal Government for better national vehicle fuel efficiency and fuel quality.[31]

The Canberra Greens stated they would give consumers and businesses $10,000 towards buying an electric car or motorbike in 2020.[177][178][179] The Canberra Greens also supported free registration for electric vehicle owners.[177][178][179] Furthermore, they stated they would target 90% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2030.[177][178][179] As part of the plan, the ACT Greens also wanted to see public transport, garbage trucks, taxis and rideshare vehicles transition entirely to electric vehicles by 2035.[177][178][179] The Electric Vehicle Council and the principal clean energy transition advisor for Ernst and Young, urged the Australian government to introduce a complete ban on new petrol and diesel car sales from 2035 as seen in the UK, and add hybrids to the black list.[180] Two of the world’s largest right-hand-drive markets are intending to eliminate petrol and diesel vehicle sales by 2030.[181] For example, the British government plan to ban petrol and diesel sales by 2030 and Japan will ban the sale of internal-combustion engine vehicles by 2030 to effectively reach their net zero emissions target by 2050.[181] France, Germany, India, Sweden, Ireland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Israel, Solvenia, lceland and Taiwan have bans on internal-combustion engine vehicle sales between 2025 and 2030.[182][183][184] China, Singapore, Costa Rica and Sri Lanka also have bans on internal-combustion engine vehicle sales between 2040 and 2050.[183][184] Many US states also have bans on internal-combustion engine vehicle sales by 2050.[183] As of July 2019, the Australian government offers a higher luxury tax threshold for qualifying low emissions vehicles and the state of Victoria and Australian Capital Territory offer incentives for purchasing and owning electric vehicles e.g. stamp duty exemptions and registration discounts. The Luxury Car Tax threshold for low and zero emissions vehicles was lifted in 2020 to $77,565.[185]

The Victorian Government encourages the use of electric cars as part of its strategy to tackle climate change with a long-term target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.[186] The Victorian Government recognise that unless Victorians adopt zero emission vehicles at a faster pace than current trends, the state’s legislated target of net zero emissions by 2050 will not be met.[187] Victoria’s peak infrastructure advisory body also advised the Victorian Government to remove registration fees for EVs.[86] The Victorian peak infrastructure advisory body also recommended that the entire Victorian bus fleet should be transitioned to electric vehicles.[86] Additionally, it was recommended that Victoria establish a date for the ban on the sale of internal combustion-engine vehicles.[86] The Victorian Government is also preparing a Zero Emissions Vehicle Roadmap to be released in late 2020 to support the adoption of electric vehicles.[44] The New South Wales Liberal Government will also release an electric car strategy with incentives to encourage the use of such vehicles in late 2020.[98] The Liberal NSW government also intends to have 120 electric buses in operation in 2021 with the states entire bus fleet to be zero emissions by 2030.[188] The New South Wales Liberal Government have already attempted to electrify the 8,000 total buses in Sydney.[189] This is as well as the Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane airport shuttle buses already being electric vehicles with Adelaide Airport to have a 100% electric bus fleet in 2021.[189][190] Volvo’s first electric buses are due in Australia in mid-2021 with four Volvo electric buses set to commence operation in Perth in early 2022.[191] However, currently the ACT offers the most financial and non-financial incentives for purchasing electric vehicles of any state in Australia.[29] Accordingly, the Australian Capital Territory has the highest rate of EV sales of any state with 83 EVs per 10,000 new car sales.[179] Supporting this high rate is the fact that electric vehicles sold in the ACT are stamp duty exempt and receive a 20% reduction in registration fees.[179] While Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales have approximately 25 EV sales per 10,000.[179] The ACT government is further supporting electric vehicle adoption by trialing V2G technology with 50 EV owners.[192]

South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria also proposed road user chargers for electric vehicles, however there are legal complications and potential constitutionality issues relating to the tax.[48] The South Australian proposed EV tax is due to be defeated and shut down in 2021 by the majority of the parliament voting against the tax.[193] The proposed Victorian tax is also unlikely to occur due to the lack of support to pass the legislation in Parliament’s upper house.[194] Research from the University of Queensland showed that the Victorian tax would inhibit the state from reaching its climate targets.[194] The tax was also estimated to cost the average EV owner $300 a year after its proposed July start date.[194] 70% of Labor and Greens voters in the key seats of Richmond and Albert Park have a negative view towards the tax and would be more likely to support the Andrews government if they were to support EVs by making them cheaper through incentives and subsidies to reduce the overall cost.[194] This included 52% of Victorians supporting a target for 100% of new cars to be electric vehicles by 2025, which was the highest support of all the states.[169] The Electric Vehicle Council also found 80% of Victorians believe the government should offer more incentives to purchase electric vehicles and encourage the transition to clean transportation.[167] While approximately 50% of Victorians also stated they intend to purchase an electric vehicle the next time they buy a car.[170] 40% of Victorians believed the tax was motivated by a desire to raise revenue rather than balancing the burden of funding road maintenance between all drivers.[194] While 20% simply believed the government was acting to enshrine profits for petrol companies.[194] The Victorian Greens Party had been campaigning against the tax and aim to win over Labor voters in inner-city electorates where EVs are the most popular in the state such as in Richmond and Albert Park.[194] Major automakers such as Nissan Australia said EV take-up would not increase if taxes were added to the cost of ownership and called for the Victorian government to consult with the industry.[194] Similarly, Tesla Australia stated they would only support the levy on EV drivers if greater incentives to purchase electric vehicles were provided to more than outweigh the cost of the tax.[194] Volkswagen Australia also said “It’s a tax by stealth. We’re dead against disincentives” when referring to the “ridiculous” and “crazy” South Australian and Victorian EV tax.[195]

The opposition government in Australia in 2019 also proposed a 50% electric vehicle target by 2030.[196] The Coalition federal government has its carbon abatement policy anticipating electric vehicles to make up 50% of sales by 2030.[162] Furthermore, government analysis in 2019 forecasted 50% of all new cars sold in Australia by 2035 will be electric on the current path.[197] Another government forecast indicated the uptake of zero emissions vehicles in Australia would be at a minimum at least 27% by 2030.[198]

Overview of federal, state and territory government policy as of May 2018[199][29]

VIC ACT SA NSW TAS QLD WA NT Cwth
Uptake EV purchases 2011 - 2017 1324 165 957 1238 61 688 375 13 4821
EV sales per 10,000 vehicles (2017) 10 21 22 10 3 6 8 1 7
Regulation Vehicle CO2 emissions standards o
Building Code Changes (EVSE)* ✓
Financial incentives Stamp duty, registration and tax discounts ✓

Victorian EV drivers

pay a reduced

rate of stamp duty and $100 off registration fees[200]

peak infrastructure

advisory body recommended

the removal of registration

fees altogether for electric vehicles[86]

This will be presented

to the Victorian Government in

mid-2021[201]

 ✓

stamp duty exempt

and 20% reduction

in registration fees[179]

with the first 2 years

of registration free[37]

 o ✓ (<$250) ✓ ($660)

EVs pay less

stamp duty than

other vehicles[200]

 ✓ ✓
Direct Vehicle Incentive ✓
Direct vehicle subsidy ✓ $15,000 interest

free loan[37]

 o
Home charger installation subsidy ✓[202]
Fleet incentive ✓
Public charging infrastructure investment ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Charging infrastructure incentive ✓ ✓ ($5,000)[162] ✓ ✓ ✓ o ✓
Toll Lane Exemption
Discounted Parking ✓ (100%) ✓ (49%) ✓ (50%)
Private Charger Install Rebate (L2) ✓
Private Charger Install Rebate (L3) ✓
Free Govt Charging (L2) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Free Govt Charging (DCFC) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Non financial incentives Ban of internal combustion-engine vehicles advised by peak infrastructure

advisory body[86]

This will be presented

to the Victorian Government in

mid-2021[201]
Adopt Euro 6 Fuel Standard[203] ✓ South Australian government

committed to advocate for better national vehicle fuel

efficiency and fuel quality[31]
100% electric vehicle target ✓ The South Australian

Liberal government aim

for 100% of new car sales

to be fully electric vehicles by 2035[31]
Vehicle lane and parking privileges ✓[204] ACT committed

to allowing EVs to

drive in transit lanes until 2023[200]
Electric Micro-mobility (scooters/bikes) ✓[205] ✓[205] ✓[205] ✓[205]
Electric taxi service ✓

Taxis to be 100% electric vehicles by 2030[31]

Ride share fleet to be

100% electric vehicles by 2030[31]

 ✓[61] fleet of

120 electric taxis already deployed in Sydney[47]
Electric Police Cars and Emergency Vehicles ✓[206] police fleet will be 100% electric by 2029[207][208] Police intend to be electric in the future[207] ✓ 5 electric vehicles in Police force[31] Police fleet includes BEV and PHEVs[209][210]
Electric vehicle public transport ✓[211] peak infrastructure

advisory body

recommended transition

to 100% electric bus fleet

by 2025[86] This

will be presented

to the Victorian Government in

mid-2021[201]

 ✓[212] 90%-100% electric

bus fleet between 2024-2030[213][214][215][216]

first batch of electric buses

in the 2021–22

financial year[213]

100% electric public transport system by 2040

 ✓

Adelaide Airport

to have 100%

electric bus

fleet from early

2021[217]

 ✓[218][219] 100% electric buses

in NSW by 2030[188]

 ✓[220] 100% electric

bus fleet by 2030[221]

Trial electric buses from 2021 to 2022

[200]

 ✓[212] 60-strong electric

bus fleet expected

to be delivered

by late 2023[222]

 ✓[15] ✓ ✓
Electric council vehicles

(garbage truck, tipper trucks)

 ✓[223][224][225][226] ✓[227][228] ✓[229] ✓[230][231] ✓[232] ✓[233][234]
Government fleet policy or trials ✓[235][236][237] peak infrastructure

advisory body

recommended transition

to 100% electric

government fleet

by 2025[86] This

will be presented

to the Victorian Government in

mid-2021[201]

 ✓[179] 100% electric

fleet by 2020[238][239]

Other government

vehicles to be 100% electric by mid-2030[240]

 ✓ 6,800 total government vehicle

fleet to be 100% electric vehicles by 2030[31]

 ✓ NSW has a 30%

EV target for the

government fleet in 2021[241] 10% to

be pure electric[208]

 ✓

Government vehicle

fleet to be 100%

electric vehicles by 2030[242]

 ✓ plan to double the

number of EVs bought

for the government fleet each year[200]

In 2020 the City of Gold Coast

introduced 6 new electric vehicles into

the government fleet[243]

 ✓[49] will buy 25%

electric vehicles for

the fleet when possible[200]

 ✓[48]
Government building charging stations ✓ install EV charging

stations in government buildings.[200]
Company electric vehicle trial ✓[244] ✓[244] ✓[244]
Information and education programs ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Charging Infrastructure

Infrastructure Australia (IA) had identified the development of a fast-charging network for electric cars as one of Australia's highest national priorities from 2020 to 2025.[104] The Federal Government is contributing $15 million to a national electric vehicle charging network built by Evie Networks and connecting Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney, Adelaide and Brisbane.[245] Extra stations will also be built in Tasmania, Perth and regional Queensland.[245]

Chargepoint Charger

Public charging infrastructure in Australia in early 2020[10]

State / Territory DC Chargers AC Chargers Total Chargers Tesla Super Charger Locations Planned Chargers Electric

Vehicles (2019)

 Chargers per Electric Vehicle
Victoria 86 450 536 20 24[35] 4193 0.13
New South Wales 153 630 783 22 20[36] 4627 0.17
South Australia 19 216 235 4 560[30] 1787 0.13
Australian Capital Territory 11 39 50 2 50[37] 523 0.10
Tasmania 4 64 68 0 14[32][33] 195 0.35
Queensland 59 336 395 8 13[34] 2416 0.16
Western Australia 25 202 227 4 956 0.24
Northern Territory 0 13 13 0 30 0.43
Total 357 1950 2307 60 14727

Public charging infrastructure in Australia in 2018[29]

VIC ACT SA NSW TAS QLD NT WA
Total number of charging stations 216 20 76 161 21 162 5 122
Charging stations per 100,000 residents 3.40 3.17 4.40 2.04 4.02 3.27 2.03 4.72
Total # AC 208 17 70 148 21 138 5 107
DC 8 3 6 13 0 24 0 15
Total # Capital City 114 20 32 86 4 58 3 77
Regional 102 0 44 75 17 104 2 45

The number of charging stations in Australia has increased substantially, with a 64 per cent increase from 2017 to 2018 as data reveals that 476 charging locations available in 2017 has increased to 783 charging locations available in 2018.[29]

Sales
Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model in Australia between 2010 and April 2017
ModelTotal
2010–2017(1)		YTD
2017(1)[246]		2016[246]2015[246]2014[246]2013[246]2012[246]2011[246]2010[152][247]
Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV1,666149753863––––
Nissan Leaf6350421361731887719–
Tesla Model S323?150104(2)69(2)––––
BMW i3310349315033––––
Holden Volt2470085810180––
Mitsubishi i MiEV237000009530112
Mercedes-Benz C350e230541688–––––
Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid138077583––––
Audi A3 e-tron12860608–––––
BMW i8102632613––––
BMW 330e1022874––––––
Volvo XC90 T8982672––––––
BMW X5 xDrive40e7826016–––––
Mercedes-Benz GLE500e561640––––––
Tesla Roadster110000056–
Renault Kangoo Z.E.101405––––
Renault Fluence Z.E.4000031––
Total registrations4,4202829121,3021,20729225855112
Notes: (1) 2017 figures as of 25 April.
(2) Model S figures correspond only to registrations in New South Wales and Victoria.[150]

Plug-in electric vehicles available in Australia
CompanyNameTypeBodyAvailablePriceFuel per 100 km/Range ImageNotes
Tesla Tesla Model 3 BEV 4 Door Sedan $66,900 (SR)[248] V

($62,474)[249] $83,425 (LR)[248]

$92,425 (P)[248]

 508 km[250]

657 km (NEDC est.)[248]

628 km (NEDC est.)[248]

 (SR) - Standard Range

(LR) - Long Range

(P) - Performance

Prices are for base models (no options) and include $1,375 delivery fee but not local taxes.

Tesla Model S BEV 4 Door Sedan (Saloon) 2014 $126,275 (LR)

$145,275 (P)

 713 km range (NEDC)

671 km range (NEDC)

 (LR) - Long Range

(P) - Performance

Prices are for base models (no options) and include $1,375 delivery fee but not local taxes.

Tesla Model X BEV 5 Door SUV 2016 $135,275 (LR)

$153,275 (P)

 580 km range (NEDC)

553 km range (NEDC)

 (LR) - Long Range

(P) - Performance

Prices are for base models (no options) and include $1,375 delivery fee but not local taxes.

BMW i3 BEV 5 Door Hatchback 2014 $68,400[251] 246 km range (2019)[252] HEV (Range extender) option was available until 2018[253]
Hyundai IONIQ Electric BEV 5 Door Hatchback Dec 2018 $49,253 230 km range
Hyundai KONA BEV 5 Door SUV Apr 2019 $60,470[254][255] 449 km range[256]
Nissan Leaf BEV 5 Door Hatchback 2011 $51,500 363 km range
Jaguar I-PACE BEV 5 Door SUV 2019 $119,000 470 km range
Volvo XC40 Recharge Plug-in Hybrid PHEV SUV Q3 2020 $64,990[257] 46 km electric-only range[16]
Mini Cooper SE hatchback[258] BEV mid-2020 $59,999[259]
Mercedes-Benz EQC BEV SUV Medium 2019 $123,506[260] 353 km range[261]
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