Pomeroon (colony)

Pomeroon (also: Bouwerona[1]) is the name of a former Dutch plantation colony on the Pomeroon River in the Guiana region on the north coast of South America. After early colonization attempts in the late 16th century were attacked by Spaniards and local Indians, the original inhabitants fled the interior of Guiana, founding the colony of Essequibo around Fort Kyk-Over-Al shortly after. A second, and more serious attempt at colonization started in 1650, but was ultimately unsuccessful, as French privateers destroyed the colony in 1689. In the late 18th century, a third attempt of colonization was started, this time under the jurisdiction of the Essequibo colony.

Kolonie Pomeroon

Pomeroon
1581–ca.1596 (unofficial)
1650–1674
1685–1689
Flag
Coat of arms
The Pomeroon colony
StatusDutch colony
CapitalNew Middelburg
Common languagesDutch
History 
• Established
1650
• Destroyed by French privateers
1689
Succeeded by
Essequibo (colony)

History
Part of a series on the
History of Guyana
Essequibo 1616–1815
Berbice 1627–1815
Pomeroon 1650–1689
Demerara 1745–1815
British Guiana 1814–1966
Independence 1966–1970
Co-operative Republic 1970–present
 Guyana portal

On the banks of the Pomeroon River Dutch colonists from Zeeland established a trading post in 1581. This trading post was destroyed by local Indians and Spaniards around 1596. The colonists fled with their commander Joost van der Hooge[2] to an island on the Essequibo River, and started the new Essequibo colony there.[3]

A new, and more serious colonization attempt began in the 1650s, when under the command of the Dutch West India Company, plantations were set up on which African slaves were forced to work.[4] A group of Jewish planters lead by David Nassy briefly joined the colonists in 1658, however disagreements resulted in their departure the following year.[5] A small town called Nieuw Middelburg was formed, and the fortress Nova Zeelandia was built to protect the small colony.[4] In 1666, Pomeroon was occupied by the British causing most planters to flee. In 1667, the colony was returned,[2] however French privateers were a serious menace to the small colony. In 1674 Pomeroon became part of the Dutch colony Essequibo.[1]

In 1685, Jacob de Jong, a former owner, received permission to return to Pomeroon,[6] however the French assaulted the colony in 1689 and destroyed it completely, the buildings and sugar-mills were burned and the slaves were taken away to French colonies. The plantations were not restored, and the colony was abandoned.[4] On 15 November 1689, the colony was dissolved, and the territory given to Essequibo. Only a guard post with at least three soldiers remained.[7]

By the end of the 18th century planters started developing plantations again on the banks of the Pomeroon. In 1796 the British conquered the colony Essequibo and Demerara, because the Netherlands had become allies of France. In 1802 at the Treaty of Amiens the colony was returned to the Dutch,[8] It was reclaimed by the British the next year. At the London Convention of 1814 it was decided that Essequibo and Demerara (the Pomeroon River included) and Berbice had to be ceded to the United Kingdom,[8] and they were made part of British Guiana in 1831.[9]

  • The Pomeroon colony in 1688, one year before its destruction by French privateers.
  • Map of Essequibo and Demerara in 1798. To the left one can see that the colonization of the Pomeroon river had resumed.

Notes
  1. Hartsinck 1770, p. 250.
  2. "Nieuw Middelburg in de Guyana's" (PDF). De Wete via Lacode (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  3. "De menschetende aanbidders der zonneslang". Digital Library for Dutch Literature (in Dutch). 1907. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  4. Hartsinck 1770, pp. 258–259
  5. Henk den Heijer. "'Over warme en koude landen': Mislukte Nederlandse volksplantingen op de Wilde Kust in de zeventiende eeuw". Digital Library for Dutch Literature (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  6. Netscher 1888, p. 96.
  7. Netscher 1888, p. 97.
  8. Schomburgk 1840, p. 86.
  9. "37. The Beginning of British Guiana". Guyana.org. Retrieved 7 August 2020.

References

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