Poona Horse

The Poona Horse is an armoured regiment in the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army. The regiment, known before independence as The Poona Horse (17th Queen Victoria's Own Cavalry), was raised as a regular cavalry regiment in the Bombay Presidency army of the East India Company. It was formed from the 3rd Regiment of Bombay Light Cavalry, raised in 1820, and the Poona Auxiliary Horse, raised about 1817–18. The latter unit was absorbed into the regular forces about 1860 and the two regiments later became the 33rd Queen Victoria's Own Light Cavalry and the 34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse.[4]

The Poona Horse
Current Regimental Cap Badge
Active1817 - present
Country British India
 India
Branch British Indian Army
Indian Army
TypeCavalry
SizeRegiment
Part ofIndian Army Armoured Corps
Nickname(s)Poona Horse, Fakhr-e- Hind[1]
Motto(s)रण वीर जय सदा (Ran Vir Jai Sada)[2]
EquipmentT-72 tanks[3]
EngagementsBattle of Koregaum

First Afghan War
Battle of Kandahar-1842
Battle of Ghunzee-1842
Battle of Kabul-1842
Battle of Meanee-1843
Battle of Hyderabad-1843
Persian Conflict
Battle of Kooshab-1856
Indian Mutiny
Battle of Sindwaha-1858
Abyssinia 1867-68
Second Afghan War 1879-80
Battle of Girishk
Battle of Maiwand
Battle of Kandahar-1880
China
Boxer Rebellion
Battle of Peking-1900
World War I
First Battle of Ypres-1914
Battle of Givenchy
Battle of La Basse-1914
Battle of Armentiers-1914
Battle of the Somme-1916
Battle of Flers–Courcelette-1916
Battle of Cambrai-1917
Battle of Shaiba
Battle of Ctesiphon
Capture of Damascus
Third Afghan War
World War II
First Battle of El Alamein
Annexation of Hyderabad
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

These were amalgamated in 1921 into the present regiment, the battle honours of which tell of service in three Afghan wars, in Persia, Abyssinia and China, as well as in the Great War. The regiment has fought with distinction in the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani wars, with an officer winning India's highest gallantry award, the Param Vir Chakra, in each war.[5]

Commemorative postage stamp released on 11 February 2017 to celebrate the Bicentenary of the raising of the Poona Horse

History

In accordance with article VI of The Treaty of Poona between the British Governor-General of India Lord Hastings and Baji Rao II (The Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), a cavalry regiment was raised on 15 June 1817. As per the treaty, the force would be maintained by the Maratha Peshwa and was supposed to be permanently stationed in the territory of Peshwas. The treaty provided authority for the British to use the force against the Peshwa when necessary. The regiment was raised under the order of Mountstuart Elphinstone, the Governor of Bombay .[6]


The two regiments that would go on to form the Poona Horse were the 33rd Queen Victoria's Own Light Cavalry and the 34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse.[7][8]

33rd Queen Victoria's Own Light Cavalry

Raised at Sirur on 4 May 1820 by Major Peter Delamotte.

  • 1820 3rd Regiment of Bombay Light Cavalry
  • 1861 3rd Regiment of Bombay Silladar Light Cavalry
  • 1861 3rd Regiment of Bombay Light Cavalry
  • 1876 3rd (The Queen's Own) Regiment of Bombay Light Cavalry
  • 1903 33rd Queen Victoria's Own Light Cavalry
  • 1911 33rd Queen Victoria's Own Light Cavalry
  • 1921 33rd/34th Cavalry
  • 1922 17th Queen Victoria's Own Poona Horse
  • 1927 The Poona Horse (17th Queen Victoria's Own Cavalry)
  • 1947 To Indian Army
  • 1950 The Poona Horse (17 Horse)

34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse

Raised at Poona (now Pune) on 15 July 1817 as a result of the treaty between the HEIC and the Peshwa Bajee Rao II.[9]

  • 1817 The Auxiliary Horse
  • 1818 The Poona Auxiliary Horse
  • 1847 The Poona Irregular Horse
  • 1861 4th Regiment of Poona Silladar Horse
  • 1861 1st Regiment of Poona Horse
  • 1862 The Poona Horse
  • 1885 4th Bombay Cavalry (Poona Horse)
  • 1890 4th (Prince Albert Victor's Own) Bombay Cavalry (Poona Horse)
  • 1903 34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse
  • 1921 33rd/34th Cavalry
  • 1922 17th Queen Victoria's Own Poona Horse
  • 1927 The Poona Horse (17th Queen Victoria's Own Cavalry)
  • 1947 To Indian Army
  • 1950 The Poona Horse (17 Horse)

World War I

In August 1914, the Poona Horse was stationed at Secunderabad, as part of the 9th (Secunderabad) Cavalry Brigade. They were brigaded with the 7th Dragoon Guards and the 20th Deccan Horse.[10] The Brigade was dispatched to France and fought on the Western Front their first action being the First Battle of Ypres.[10]

France

On 2 November 1914 the regiment was sent to reinforce the 2nd Gurkhas in the Neuve Chapelle sector on arrival they discovered that the Gurkhas defences had been breached and overrun. The Poona Horse was asked to recapture the position. The Regiment launched a counterattack in daylight and without any artillery support. The Commanding Officer Lieutenant Colonel Swanston, who was leading the attack, was killed.[10] , In France the regiment would be involved in the Battle of Givenchy, Battle of La Basse, Battle of Armentiers, Battle of the Somme (1916), Battle of Flers–Courcelette and Battle of Cambrai (1917).[10] In February 1918, the Poona Horse and all the other Indian cavalry regiments in France were deployed to Palestine to join General Allenby's forces.[10]

Palestine

The Poona Horse arrived in Egypt in April 1918; they now formed the 14th Cavalry Brigade of the 5th Cavalry Division with the Deccan Horse and the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry.[10]

The force also consisted of the 4th Cavalry Division, the Australian Mounted Division and the ANZAC Mounted Division.[10]

On 19 September 1918, the allied offensive began. The Infantry broke through the Turkish defences and the Desert Mounted Corps followed up. When they reached the Gates of Damascus, the Poona Horse, along with rest of the 14th Cavalry Brigade, were tasked with patrolling the road from Homs to Damascus Road. When they charged a party of Arabs who ran off leaving a large car behind with a European seated inside the Risaldar Major Hamir Singh, believing him to be a spy, demanded his surrender. The European turned out to be Colonel T. E. Lawrence. "El Aurens" was not amused.[10]

At 10:15 on the morning of 1 October 1918, the Regiment entered Damascus and after the rest of the Brigade. The Regiment was ordered to take Rayak and then march onto Aleppo, which they reached on 25 October just before the Armistice was signed on 30 October in Mudros Harbour, abroad the battleship HMS Agamemnon.[10]

Mesopotamia

The 33rd Queen Victoria's Own were sent to Mesopotamia as part of the 6th (Poona) Division to counter Turkish advances and to protect the oil fields. They were involved in the Battle of Shaiba and the Battle of Ctesiphon.[10]

Between the wars

In 1919, the 33rd Light Cavalry, now part of the 1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade, was posted to Risalpur where they were brigaded with the 1st Lancers and M Battery, RHA. On 6 May 1919, they received the information that the Afghan Army had attacked the outpost at Landi Khanna, north of the Khyber Pass, and was advancing into India. The infantry attacked the Khyber Pass to push the Afghans back. Once the pass had been cleared the cavalry advanced and after some skirmishing, and two set piece battles, the Afghan Army was dispersed.[10]

Amalgamation

In 1920, the decision was made to reduce the number of Indian Cavalry Regiments from 39 to 21. This would leave the army with 18 amalgamated regiments, plus the 27th Light Cavalry, the 28th Light Cavalry and the Guides Cavalry. This change was promulgated under Indian Army Order No 1257 22 November 1921. Based on this decision, the 33rd Light Cavalry and 34th Poona Horse were amalgamated as the 33rd/34th Cavalry, which was changed in 1922 to the 17th Queen Victoria's Own Poona Horse.[10] The regiment's new organisation was now three sabre squadrons and a headquarters squadron, which would contain all the specialists, i.e., machine gunners, signallers etc., in one squadron.[10]

World War II

The Poona Horse was one of two Indian Army cavalry regiments selected to remain horsed while the rest of the cavalry was mechanised. This situation did not last long and just after the start of the war the regiment was mechanised. The Headquarters Squadron now had a mortar troop, signals troop, 'B' echelon administrative troop and light Aid Detachment for forward vehicle recovery and repair. The sabre Squadrons each now comprised a Squadron Headquarters, four armoured carrier troops and one rifle troop. Each troop had four Bren carriers and the rifle troop was mounted in four 15 cwt Chevrolet trucks now mechanised they become the Divisional reconnaissance regiment for the 6th Indian Division and deployed to Iraq.[10]

In 1942, the regiment was ordered to the Middle East to join the British Eighth Army. In the closing stages of the First Battle of El Alamein, the Poona Horse was the guard force for General Claude Auchinleck, the commander of the 8th Army at the tactical headquarters sited on the Ruweisat Ridge, the most prominent tactical feature of the Alamein position. This was the highlight of the Regiment's war for they were then ordered back to Iraq as part of the British Tenth Army.[10] In September 1944 the Regiment was sent to Cyprus on garrison duties and were still there in May 1945 when Germany surrendered.[10] The Regiment returned to India in October 1945 and were issued their first tanks, the Stuart MK IV.[10]

Post Independence
Annexation of Hyderabad

The Regiment with its Sherman tanks was part of the 1 Armoured Division and participated in Operation Polo leading to the integration of Hyderabad to the Union of India.[11]

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

The Poona Horse was part of the 1 Armoured Brigade, which also consisted of the 16th Cavalry and Hodson's Horse. The brigade was equipped with upgunned Sherman tanks and Centurion tanks. 1 Armoured Brigade was part of the 1 Armoured Division (of 1 Corps) along with the 43rd Lorried Infantry Brigade.

It participated in Operation Ablaze and Operation Nepal (Indian 1 Corps Offensive in Sialkot Sector).[12] The regiment brought home decisive victories in the Battle of Phillora on 11 September 1965 by sheer gallantry of legendary Lieutenant Colonel A B Tarapore. The regiment spearheaded the Indian advance into Pakistan and cleared the stronghold of Phillora after a gruelling close range tank battle against Patton tanks, in which 23 enemy tanks were destroyed.[13] The regiment captured Wazirwali on 13 September 1965 and Jassoran and Butur-Dograndi on 16 September 1965.[14]

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 (Battle of Basantar)

The Poona Horse under the command of 47 Infantry Brigade was ordered to establish a bridgehead across the Basantar river in the Shakargarh sector. The brigade’s engineers were in the process of breaching the enemy minefields and create a safe lane that would allow the induction of the tanks. In view of the alarming activity of Pakistani artillery, the Poona Horse with its Centurion tanks decided to push through the minefield despite it being only partially cleared by that time. En route, while crossing the Basantar River, the tank troops came under fire from Pakistani tanks as well as recoil gun nests that were still holding out. They retaliated fiercely — destroying tanks, capturing gun nests and over-running enemy defences.[15] 2nd Lieutenant Arun Khetrapal, who were posthumously awarded the prestigious Param Vir Chakra was responsible for the destruction of 7 Pakistani tanks.

The following days saw Indian troops making massive gains and conducting successive military thrusts deep inside enemy territory, coming threateningly close to the Pakistan Army base at Sialkot. India’s resounding victory in the Battle of Basantar resulted in the capture of a significant area ( including nearly 500 villages) under the control of Pakistan in Chhamb sector, apart from cutting off the line of retreat for Pakistani troops.[16][17]

Other operations

List of battle and theatre honours

The list of battle honours and theatre honours of the Poona Horse are as follows:[20]

Pre World War I

Corygaum; Ghuznee 1839; Candahar 1842; Ghuznee 1842; Cabool 1842; Afghanistan 1839; Meeanee; Hyderabad; Reshire; Bushire; Koosh-Ab; Persia; Central India; Abyssinia; Kandahar 1880; Afghanistan 1879–80; China 1900; Afghanistan 1919.

The First World War

La Bassee 1914; Armentieres 1914; Somme 1916; Bazentin; Flers-Courcelette; Cambrai 1917; France and Flanders 1914–18; Megiddo;Sharon; Damascus; Palestine 1918; Shaiba; Ctesiphon; Tigris 1916; Mesopotamia 1914–16.

The Second World War

North Africa 1940–43.

Indo-Pak Conflict 1965

Phillora; Buttur Dograndi; Punjab 1965.

Indo-Pak Conflict 1971

Basantar River; Punjab 1971.

Victoria Cross

Members of the Regiment awarded the Victoria Cross.

  • Lieutenant Arthur Thomas Moore 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry. On 18 February 1857.
  • Lieutenant Frank Alexander de Pass 34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse. On 24 November 1914.
  • Lieutenant John Grant Malcolmson 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry. On 18 February 1857.
  • Lieutenant (later Field Marshal) Sir Henry Evelyn Wood whilst on attachment with the 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry. On 19 October 1858.

Param Vir Chakra

Since independence two members of the regiment have been awarded the Param Vir Chakra.

List of gallantry awards
World War I
  • Victoria Cross : Lieutenant Frank Alexander de Pass, 34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse.
  • Order of British India : Risaldar Taj Muhammad Khan (33rd Queen Victoria’s Own Light Cavalry), Risaldar Major Hussain Bakhsh Khan, Risaldar Hamir Singh (34th Prince Albert Victor’s Own Poona Horse)
  • Indian Order of Merit : Jemadar Ram Karan, Dafadar Arjan Singh, Risaldar Major Santa Singh, Dafadar Bishan Singh, Sowar Buda Singh, Sowar Mazhar Khan, Dafadar Nihal Singh (33rd Queen Victoria’s Own Light Cavalry), Sowar Madho, Jemadar Prem Singh, Lance Dafadar Abdul Karim (34th Prince Albert Victor’s Own Poona Horse)
  • Indian Distinguished Service Medal : 33rd Queen Victoria’s Own Light Cavalry – 14 medals, 34th Prince Albert Victor’s Own Poona Horse – 29 medals
  • Indian Meritorious Service Medal : 33rd Queen Victoria’s Own Light Cavalry – 13 medals, 34th Prince Albert Victor’s Own Poona Horse – 43 medals
  • Croix de Guerre (French) : Dafadar Ahmed Khan (34th Prince Albert Victor’s Own Poona Horse)
  • Croix de guerre (Belgium) : Dafadar Nadir Ali Khan, Dafadar Nasir Muhammad Khan (34th Prince Albert Victor’s Own Poona Horse)[21]
World War II
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
  • Param Vir Chakra : 2nd Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal [28]
  • Maha Vir Chakra : Lieutenant Colonel Hanut Singh, Major Amarjith Singh Bal[29]
  • Vir Chakra : 2nd Lieutenant Avtar Singh Ahlawat, Naib Risaldar Mohan Singh, Sowar Mohan Singh[30]
  • Sena Medal : Captain Rabinder Singh Deol, Dafadar Khushal Singh[31]
  • Mentioned-in-Despatches : 10[32]

Notable personnel
  • Major General Jang Shamsher Singh: First Indian Commanding Officer of the regiment in 1947.[33]
  • Major General K Ranjit Singh: Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington between 1968 and 1972.[34]
  • Lieutenant General Hanut Singh, PVSM, MVC: Commanded the regiment during the 1971 Indo Pak War and was popularly known as 'the Doyen of Mechanised Warfare in India' and 'Soldier Saint'. He commanded II Corps during Operation Brasstacks.[35][36]
  • Lieutenant General Niranjan Singh Cheema: Second in Command of the Regiment during the 1971 war, raised 67 Armoured Regiment and retired as Chief of Staff, Northern Command.[37]
  • Lieutenant General Neville Foley: Director-General, Mechanised Forces and Member of Parliament.[38]
  • Lieutenant General Moti Dar, PVSM, AVSM: Commissioned into the Poona Horse in June 1958. On promotion to the rank of the Lieutenant Colonel, he raised and commanded 82 Armoured Regiment. He was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Southern Command between January 1994 and July 1995 and Vice Chief of the Army Staff between July 1995 and July 1996.[39]
  • Lieutenant General Surrinder Singh, PVSM, AVSM: General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command between September 1993 and August 1996.[40]
  • Lieutenant General Balraj Takhar, PVSM, VSM: General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Command.[41]
  • Lieutenant General Ajai Singh, PVSM, AVSM: Director General, Mechanised Forces; GOC of 4 Corps and Governor of Assam between 2003 and 2008.[42][43]
  • Lieutenant General Dalbir Singh Sidhu, PVSM, AVSM, VSM : Director General, Mechanised Forces.[44]
  • Lieutenant General Rajan Bakshi, PVSM, UYSM, ADC : General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Central Command.[45]
  • Major General Vikram Dev Dogra, AVSM: First serving Indian Army Officer and only general in the world to do Ironman Triathlon twice.[46]


Regimental Class Composition

Prior to amalgamation, the class composition of the two Regiments was as follows :-

The class composition of the new amalgamated Regiment was to be as follows : (a) Headquarters Wing or Squadron; (b) A Squadron of Rathore Rajputs - purely from 34th Poona Horse; (c) B Squadron of Kaimkhanis - half squadron each from both the Regiments; (d) C Squadron of Jats - purely from 33rd Light Cavalry. Following the partition of India, the Kaimkhanis moved to Pakistan and were replaced by a squadron of Sikhs, which came from the 13th Lancers.[10]

Regimental insignia

Following amalgamation, the sanction for the crest and badge of Poona Horse came on 29th of December 1928 vide Gazette of India No 1759. It consisted of the Royal and Imperial Cypher of Queen Victoria within the Garter with the words Honi soit qui mal y pense, surmounted by a Tudor Crown and having below a scroll with the words Queen Victoria's Own Poona Horse.[10]

The present badge consists of an oval belt containing the motto of the regiment in Devanagari script ‘रण वीर जय सदा’ within the oval is the ‘hand of God’; the oval is surmounted by the lions of Ashoka; below oval, and curling up towards its sides, a scroll within which is embossed ‘THE POONA HORSE’.

The ‘hand of God’ comes from February 8, 1857, when the regiment wrote history at the famous 'Battle of Kooshab' against the Shah of Persia and captured the Standard of the 1st Khusgai Regiment of the Fars, acclaimed with courageous and fearless soldiers and Shah's personal bodyguards. The Standard of Persian Army now surmounts the Regiment's Standard, and it is etched in Persian with the words 'Yaad Ullal Fauk Idaheem' (the hand of God is above all things).[47]

The motto of the regiment is ‘रण वीर जय सदा’ (Ran Vir Jai Sada); which translates to ‘the gallant warrior, ever victorious’.

The shoulder title is in brass and consists of the numeral and letter ‘17H’.

Further reading
  • Molloy, G. M. (1913). The Historical Records of The Poona Horse (34th Prince Albert Victor's Own). Hugh Rees, London.
  • Anderson M. H. (1933). The Poona Horse (17th Queen Victoria's Own Cavalry) 1817-1931. The Royal United Service Institution, London.
  • Historical Records of the services of the 33rd Queen Victoria’s Own Light Cavalry. Scottish Mission Industries Company Ltd.
  • Singh, H. (1993). Fakhr-e-Hind: the story of the Poona Horse. 1st edition. Agrim Publishers, Dehra Dun, India.

References
  1. "My father, the Param Vir Chakra Hero". 14 September 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  2. "Affiliation ceremony of INS Sahyadri with Poona Horse performed in Visakhapatnam". 25 December 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  3. "A Soldier Passes Away". 19 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  4. Jackson, Donovan (1940). India's Army. Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd. p. 142-149.
  5. "Decorated Regiment of Indian Army Celebrated the Bicentenary". 1 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  6. Jackson, Donovan (1940). India's Army. Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd. p. 142-143.
  7. The Indian Army List, July 1940. Defence Department, Government of India. 1940. p. 673.
  8. "17th Queen Victoria's Own Poona Horse". Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  9. "The Poona Horse Regiment Completes 200 Years Of Epic Journey". 17 July 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  10. "History of the 17th Horse" (PDF). Bharat Rakshak - The Consortium of Indian Military Websites. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2012.
  11. "Operation Polo: The Liberation Of Hyderabad". 1 November 1999. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  12. "Lieutenant Colonel Ardeshir Burzorji Tarapore, PVC, The Poona Horse" (PDF). Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  13. "Poona Horse Regiment veterans commemorate Battle of Phillora". 14 September 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  14. "A Philatelic Tribute - Param Vir Chakra Awardees of 1965 Operations". 1 September 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  15. "Battle of Basantar: When a 21-Year-Old Braveheart Single-Handedly Defeated 7 Pak Tanks". 14 December 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  16. "Meet the 23-year-old who single-handedly beat 7 Pakistani tanks". 22 December 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  17. "Basantar Day - Tribute to the Brave". 1 January 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  18. "Indian troops deployed on Golan Heights". 25 March 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  19. "SpokespersonNavy on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  20. Singh, Sarbans (1993). Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 - 1971. New Delhi: Vision Books. pp. 306–307. ISBN 8170941156.
  21. India, Adjutant General of (1930). List of Honours Awarded to the Indian Army August 1914 to August 1921. Committee Indian War Memorial Delhi.
  22. The Tiger Kills. Director of Public Relations, India Command, Government of India. 1944. p. 311.
  23. "Gazette of India, No 48" (PDF). 27 November 1965. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  24. "Gazette of India, No 1" (PDF). 1 January 1966. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  25. "Gazette of India, No 7" (PDF). 12 February 1966. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  26. "Gazette of India, No 1" (PDF). 7 January 1967. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  27. "Gazette of India, No 45" (PDF). 5 November 1966. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  28. "Gazette of India, No 5" (PDF). 29 January 1972. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  29. "Gazette of India, No 7" (PDF). 12 February 1972. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  30. "Gazette of India, No 38" (PDF). 19 August 1972. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  31. "Gazette of India, No 10" (PDF). 9 March 1974. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  32. "Gazette of India, No 19" (PDF). 11 May 1974. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  33. Sainik Samachar, Volume XVII, Number 8. New Delhi: Additional Director General (Media & Communications) Directorate of Public Relations South Block. 1970. p. 8.
  34. Sainik Samachar, Volume XVII, Number 8. New Delhi: Additional Director General (Media & Communications) Directorate of Public Relations South Block. 1970. p. 8.
  35. "Lt Gen. Hanut Singh — bold commander who led from front in 1971, but was never made Army chief". 13 April 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  36. "Lt Gen Hanut Singh Memorial Lecture". 16 May 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  37. "A Soldier Passes Away". 19 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  38. "Biographical Sketch Member of Parliament XII Lok Sabha". Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  39. "Moti Dar". Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  40. "Officer & thorough gentleman". 1 November 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  41. "New GOC-In-C of Southern Command appointed". 23 February 2004. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  42. "Lt Gen (retd) Ajai Singh is new Assam governor". 2 June 2003. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  43. "Governor of Assam (2003 - 2008)". Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  44. "A Marriage across Frontiers". 11 December 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  45. "Army's Central Command GOC-in-C retires on November 30". 29 November 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  46. "Maj Gen Dogra becomes 1st General in world to earn Ironman Triathalon title". 2 July 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  47. Jackson, Donovan (1940). India's Army. Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd. p. 145-147.
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