Portunus armatus

Portunus armatus (formerly Portunus pelagicus[1]), also known as the flower crab, blue crab, blue swimmer crab, blue manna crab or sand crab, rajungan in Indonesian, and alimasag in Tagalog, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan, is a large crab found in the intertidal estuaries around most of Australia and east to New Caledonia.[2]

Portunus armatus
Male P. armatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Crustacea
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Decapoda
Infraorder:
Brachyura
Family:
Portunidae
Genus:
Portunus
Species:
P. armatus
Binomial name
Portunus armatus
Synonyms

Cancer pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758

Description

The males are bright blue in color with white spots and with characteristically long chelipeds, while the females have a duller green/brown, with a more rounded carapace. The carapace can be up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) wide.

Behaviour
Portunus pelagicus feeding, Qatif, Saudi Arabia.

They stay buried under sand or mud most of the time, particularly during the daytime and winter, which may explain their high tolerance to ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3).[3] They come out to feed during high tide on various organisms such as bivalves, fish and, to a lesser extent, macroalgae. They are excellent swimmers, largely due to a pair of flattened legs that resemble paddles. However, in contrast to another portunid crab (Scylla serrata), they cannot survive for long periods out of the water.

Capture

The species is commercially important throughout the Indo-Pacific where they may be sold as traditional hard shells, or as "soft-shelled" crabs, which are considered a delicacy throughout Asia. The species is highly prized as the meat is almost as sweet as Callinectes sapidus. This species is fished heavily and almost exclusively for meat consumption in the Persian Gulf with the females sold at higher prices than males.

These characteristics, along with their fast growth, ease of larviculture, high fecundity and relatively high tolerance to both nitrate[4][5] and ammonia,[3] (particularly ammoniacal nitrogen, NH3–N, which is typically more toxic than ammonium, as it can more easily diffuse across the gill membranes), makes this species ideal for aquaculture.

The species is commercially fished in Australia, and is also available to recreational fishers and regulated by various state governments. Relevant recreational fishing regulations for Australia (as of March 2016) are tabled below.

State Minimum carapace Bag limit Boat limit Possession Limit Notes
South Australia 11 cm 20 (Gulf St Vincent) or 40 (combined with sand crabs) 60 (Gulf St Vincent) or 120 (combined with sand crabs) N/A [6]
New South Wales 6 cm 10 N/A 20 [7]
Western Australia 12.7 cm 20 or 10 (West Coast) 40 or 20 (West Coast) N/A Cockburn Sound is closed. Peel-Harvey Estuary is closed from 1 September to 31 October.[8][9]
Queensland 11.5 cm No limit No limit No limit [10]
Northern Territory N/A N/A N/A 30 Combined total for any crab species other than mud crabs.[11]

Ecology
Male Portunus pelagicus can be territorial.

P. pelagicus commonly enters estuaries for food and shelter. Its life cycle is dependent on estuaries as the larvae and early juveniles use these habitats for growth and development. Prior to hatching, the female moves into shallow marine habitats, releases her eggs and the newly hatched zoea I larvae move into estuaries. During this time they feed on microscopic plankton and progress from the zoea I stage to the zoea IV stage (approximately 8 days) and then to the final larval stage of megalopa (duration of 4–6 days). This larval stage is characterised by having large chelipeds used to catch prey. Once the megalopa metamorphoses to the crab stage they continue to spend time in estuaries which provides a suitable habitat for shelter and food. However, evidence has shown that early juveniles cannot tolerate low salinities for extended periods, which is likely due to its weak hyper-osmoregulatory abilities.[12] This may explain their mass emigration from estuaries to seawater during the rainy season. Male Portunus pelagicus are believed to become more territorial in colder water. This may explain why male crabs are rarely sighted within a close proximity to each other in more temperate waters; it also may explain why their female counterparts seem more prolific in these such areas.

References
  1. Craig, John F. (2016-01-12). Freshwater Fisheries Ecology. Wiley. pp. 57–. ISBN 9781118394403. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  2. Lai, Joelle C Y; Ng, Peter K L; Davie, Peter J F (2010). "A revision of the Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) species complex (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae), with the recognition of four species". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 58 (2): 199–237. ISSN 0217-2445.
  3. Nicholas Romano & Chaoshu Zeng (2007). "Ontogenetic changes in tolerance to acute ammonia exposure and associated histological alterations of the gill structure through the early juvenile development of the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus". Aquaculture. 266: 246–254. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.035.
  4. Nicholas Romano & Chaoshu Zeng (2007). "Acute toxicity of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and potassium chloride and their effects on the hemolymph composition and gill structure of early juvenile blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae)". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 26 (9): 1955–1962. doi:10.1897/07-144R.1. PMID 17705664.
  5. Nicholas Romano & Chaoshu Zeng (2007). "Effects of potassium on nitrate mediated changes to osmoregulation in marine crabs". Aquatic Toxicology. 85 (3): 202–208. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.09.004. PMID 17942166.
  6. "Blue Swimmer Crab". pir.sa.gov.au. Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  7. "Bag and size limits - saltwater - NSW Department of Primary Industries". www.dpi.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  8. "Recreational fishing guide 2015" (PDF).
  9. "Blue swimmer crab recreational fishing". www.fish.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  10. "Size, take and possession limits for tidal waters". www.daf.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  11. http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Fisheries/Content/File/recreational/know-your-limits-booklet.pdf
  12. Nicholas Romano & Chaoshu Zeng (2006). "The effects of salinity on the survival, growth and haemolymph osmolality of early juvenile blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus". Aquaculture. 260 (1–4): 151–162. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.06.019.
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