Prisoner

Finnish serial killer Johan Adamsson, also known as "Kerpeikkari", in the 1849 lithography by Johan Knutson[2] while he was imprisoned

"Prisoner" is a legal term for a person who is imprisoned.[3]

In section 1 of the Prison Security Act 1992, the word "prisoner" means any person for the time being in a prison as a result of any requirement imposed by a court or otherwise that he be detained in legal custody.[4]

"Prisoner" was a legal term for a person prosecuted for felony. It was not applicable to a person prosecuted for misdemeanour.[5] The abolition of the distinction between felony and misdemeanour by section 1 of the Criminal Law Act 1967 has rendered this distinction obsolete.

Glanville Williams described as "invidious" the practice of using the term "prisoner" in reference to a person who had not been convicted.[6]

To Visit the Imprisoned by Flemish artist Cornelis de Wael c. 1640

The earliest evidence of the existence of the prisoner dates back to 8,000 BC from prehistoric graves in Lower Egypt. This evidence suggests that people from Libya enslaved a San-like tribe.[7][8]

The founding of ethnographic prison sociology as a discipline, from which most of the meaningful knowledge of prison life and culture stems, is commonly credited to the publication of two key texts:[10] Donald Clemmer's The Prison Community,[11] which was first published in 1940 and republished in 1958; and Gresham Sykes classic study The Society of Captives,[12] which was also published in 1958. Clemmer's text, based on his study of 2,400 convicts over three years at the Menard Branch of the Illinois State Penitentiary where he worked as a clinical sociologist,[13] propagated the notion of the existence of a distinct inmate culture and society with values and norms antithetical to both the prison authority and the wider society.

A scene in Newgate Prison, London

In this world, for Clemmer, these values, formalized as the "inmate code", provided behavioural precepts that unified prisoners and fostered antagonism to prison officers and the prison institution as a whole. The process whereby inmates acquired this set of values and behavioural guidelines as they adapted to prison life he termed "prisonization", which he defined as the "taking on, in greater or lesser degree, the folkways, mores, customs and general culture of the penitentiary'.[14] However, while Clemmer argued that all prisoners experienced some degree of prisonization this was not a uniform process and factors such as the extent to which a prisoner involved himself in primary group relations in the prison and the degree to which he identified with the external society all had a considerable impact.[15]

Prisonization as the inculcation of a convict culture was defined by identification with primary groups in prison, the use of prison slang and argot,[16] the adoption of specified rituals and a hostility to prison authority in contrast to inmate solidarity and was asserted by Clemmer to create individuals who were acculturated into a criminal and deviant way of life that stymied all attempts to reform their behaviour.[17]

Opposed to these theories, several European sociologists[18] have shown that inmates were often fragmented and the links they have with society are often stronger than those forged in prison, particularly through the action of work on time perception[19]

Convict code

Inmates in a prison yard

The convict code was theorized as a set of tacit behavioural norms which exercised a pervasive impact on the conduct of prisoners. Competency in following the routines demanded by the code partly determined the inmate's identity as a convict.[20] As a set of values and behavioural guidelines, the convict code referred to the behaviour of inmates in antagonising staff members and to the mutual solidarity between inmates as well as the tendency to the non-disclosure to prison authorities of prisoner activities and to resistance to rehabilitation programmes.[21] Thus, it was seen as providing an expression and form of communal resistance and allowed for the psychological survival of the individual under extremely repressive and regimented systems of carceral control.[22]

Sykes outlined some of the most salient points of this code as it applied in the post-war period in the United States:

• Don't interfere with inmate interests.
• Never rat on a con.
• Don't be nosy.
• Keep off a man's back.
• Don't put a guy on the spot.
• Be loyal to your class.
• Be cool.
• Do your own time.
• Don't bring heat.
• Don't exploit inmates.
• Don't cop out.
• Be tough.
• Be wary, and try to be a man.
• Never talk to a screw.
• Have a connection.
• Be sharp.[23]

• Civilian internees are civilians who are detained by a party to a war for security reasons. They can either be friendly, neutral, or enemy nationals.
• Convicts are prisoners that are incarcerated under the legal system. In the United States, a federal inmate is a person convicted of violating federal law, who is then incarcerated at a federal prison that exclusively houses similar criminals. The term most often applies to those convicted of a felony.
• Detainees is a frequent term used by certain governments to refer to individuals who are held in custody and are not liable to be classified and treated under the law as either prisoners of war or suspects in criminal cases. It is generally defined with the broad definition: "someone held in custody".
• Hostages are historically defined as prisoners held as security for the fulfillment of an agreement, or as a deterrent against an act of war. In modern times, it refers to someone who is seized by a criminal abductor.
• Prisoners of war, also known as a POWs, are individuals incarcerated in relation to wars. They can be either civilians affiliated with combatants, or combatants acting within the bounds of the laws and customs of war.
• Political prisoners describe those imprisoned for participation or connection to political activity. Such inmates challenge the legitimacy of the detention.
• Slaves are prisoners that are held captive for their use as labourers. Various methods have been used throughout history to deprive slaves of their liberty, including forcible restraint.
• Prisoner of conscience are anyone imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or political views.

Other types of prisoners can include those under police arrest, house arrest, those in psychiatric institutions, internment camps, and peoples restricted to a specific area such as Jews in the Warsaw ghetto.

• Grassian, S. (1983). Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(11).
• Grassian, S., & Friedman, N. (1986). Effects of sensory deprivation in psychiatric seclusion and solitary confinement. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 8(1).
• Haney, C. (1993). "Infamous punishment": The psychological consequences of isolation. National Prison Project Journal, 8(1).

Look up prisoner, inmate, convict, or detainee in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prisoners.

• Human Rights Watch on Detainees
• ACLU on Detainees
• Prisoner Search in U.S.A
• Victorian Prisoners' Photograph Albums from Wandsworth prison on The National Archives' website.