Prison riot

A prison riot is an act of concerted defiance or disorder by a group of prisoners against the prison administrators, prison officers, or other groups of prisoners.

Prison riots have not been the subject of many academic studies or research inquiries. The analyses that do exist tend to emphasize a connection between prison conditions (such as prison overcrowding) and riots,[1][2][3] or discuss the dynamics of the modern prison riot.[4][5] In addition, a large proportion of academic studies concentrate on specific cases of prison riots.[6][7][8] Other recent research analyzes and examines prison strikes and reports of contention with inmate workers.[9]

Prison conditions

In the late 20th century, the analyses and conclusions presented to account for prison disturbances and riots began to shift and change based upon new studies and research. Initially, prison riots were considered irrational actions on the behalf of the prisoners. Nevertheless, there has been a shift in the form of explanation as external conditions like overcrowding are promoted by authorities as possible sources of causation.[10]

List of notable prison riots

The list doesn't include Prisoner-of-war camps.

Event Date Location Death toll Notes Ref.
1929, October 3 Colorado State Penitentiary, Cañon City, Colorado, United States 13 (5 inmates, 8 guards) a majority of the physical plant was destroyed during the riot [11]
1946, May Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island, United States 5
1954 Missouri State Penitentiary, Jefferson City, Missouri, United States 4 29 injured, including 4 guards
Kingston Penitentiary riot 1954 Kingston Penitentiary, Kingston, Ontario, Canada 0 two-hour riot involving 900 inmates. Breakout attempt was foiled. Several buildings set on fire. $2 million in damages. 160 troops and a squad of police responded
Montana State Prison Riot 1959, April 16–18 Montana State Prison, Montana, United States 3
1963, July 12 Pulau Senang, Singapore 4 prison officers [12]
Attica Prison riot 1971 Attica Correctional Facility, Attica, United States 43
Kingston Penitentiary riot 1971 Kingston Penitentiary, Kingston, Ontario, Canada 2 inmates
1973, July 27 Oklahoma State Penitentiary, McAlester, United States 3 inmates 21 injured, 24 buildings were damaged and only 4 buildings were left usable. Over $25 million dollars in damages [13]
1971, August Idaho State Penitentiary, Boise, Idaho, United States 1 inmate 1 building destroyed, in March 1973 another riot that left multiple buildings destroyed
San Quentin 1971 riot 1971, August 21 San Quentin State Prison, San Quentin, California, United States 6 riot between Black Guerrilla Family and Mexican Mafia
New Mexico State Penitentiary riot 1980, February 2–3 Penitentiary of New Mexico, Santa Fe County, New Mexico United States 33 over 200 injured
Welikada prison massacre 1983, July 25+27 Welikada Prison, Sri Lanka 56 (53 inmates and 3 officers)
Fremantle Prison riot 1988, January 14 Fremantle prison, Fremantle, Australia 0 prisoners created a fire and 5 officers were taken hostage. The fire caused $1.8 million in damage and unintentionally prevented the planned escape
1988, July 20 Centro Penitenciario, Michoacán, Mexico 10 inmates 13 injured [14]
Atlanta prison riots 1987, November United States Penitentiary, Atlanta and Federal Detention Center, Oakdale, United States 1 250 injured
1989, April 2–3 Davao Penal Colony, Panabo, Philippines 0 16 hostages taken
1989 Davao hostage crisis 1989, August 13–15 Davao Metrodiscom, Davao City, Philippines 21 (5 hostages and 16 prisoners)
1990, March Leopoldov Prison, Leopoldov, Slovakia 1 inmate 40 injured (11 prison officers, 29 inmates) [15]
1990 Strangeways Prison riot 1990, April 1–25 Strangeways Prison, Manchester, England 1 inmate 194 injured (147 prison officers, 47 inmates), 25-day prison riot
Carandiru massacre 1992, October 2 Carandiru Penitentiary, São Paulo, Brazil 111
1990, June Robinson Correctional Institution, Enfield, Connecticut, United States 0 300 to 400 inmates set fire to the mess hall and gymnasium [16]
1993, Easter Sunday Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, Scioto County, Ohio, United States 10 (9 inmates, 1 officer)
1994, July 12 Robinson Correctional Institution, Enfield, Connecticut, United States 2 inmates 37 injured (35 inmates, 2 correctional officers) [16]
Kalutara prison riots 1997, December 12 Kalutara, Sri Lanka 3
Bindunuwewa massacre 2000, October 24 Bindunuwewa, Sri Lanka 26
2001, May Centro de Cumplimiento Peniteciario, Iquique, Chile 28+ 150 injured [17]
2003, April 5 El Porvenir prison, La Ceiba, Honduras 69 [18]
2004, May 16 El Porvenir prison, La Ceiba, Honduras 86 inmates [19]
2004, August 19 La Esperanza prison, San Salvador, El Salvador 31 24 injured [20]
2004, December 17 Pul-e-Charkhi prison, Kabul, Afghanistan 8 (4 inmates, 4 guards) [21]
2005, January Camp Bucca, Umm Qasr, Iraq 4 inmates 6 injured
2005, March 15 Camp Bagong Diwa, Taguig, Philippines 23 (22 inmates, 1 officer) almost all Abu Sayyaf members who rose up, including several leaders were killed [22]
2005, August Pavón Prison / Granja Pino Canada / El Hoyon, Guatemala 35 [23]
2006, January San Quentin State Prison, San Quentin, California, United States 0 25+ injured
2006, February North County Correctional Facility, Castaic, California, United States 1 inmate 100+ injured
2006, February 26 Pul-e-Charkhi prison, Kabul, Afghanistan 7+ [24]
2007, January 7 Apanteos jail, near Santa Ana, El Salvador 21 [25]
2007, April 24 New Castle Correctional Facility, New Castle, Indiana, United States 0 2 injured [26]
2007, December Santa Ana prison, San Cristobal, Tachira, Venezuela 30 inmates
2008, March 28 Federal Correctional Institution, Three Rivers, Live Oak County, Texas, United States 1 inmate 22 injured [27]
2008, October 20 Cedes prison, Reynosa, Mexico 21+ 8 injured [28]
2009 Ciudad Juárez prison riot 2009, March 4 CERESO state prison, Ciudad Juárez, Mexico 20 15 injured
2009, August 21 Northpoint Training Center, Boyle County, Kentucky, United States 0 60–80 inmates involved, 5 buildings burned down
2010, February 28 El Manzano (prison), Concepción, Chile 0
2010, May 5 Santa Ana prison, San Cristobal, Tachira, Venezuela 8 3 injured [29]
2011, October 15 Matamoros prison, Matamoros, Mexico 20 12 injured [30]
Altamira prison brawl 2012, January 4 Cereso de Altamira, Altamira, Mexico 31 13 injured
Apodaca prison riot 2012, February 19 Apodaca, Mexico 44 12 injured
2012, May 20 Adams County Correctional Facility, Natchez, Mississippi, United States 1 guard 7 injured [31]
Yare prison riot 2012, August 20 Yare Prison near Caracas, Venezuela 25 43 injured
2012 Welikada prison riot 2012, November 9–10 Welikada Prison, Sri Lanka 27 40 injured
2013 Uribana prison riot 2013, January 25 Uribana prison, Barquisimeto, Venezuela 61 120 injured
2013 Palmasola prison riot 2013, August 23 Palmasola, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia 31 37 injured
Kaohsiung Prison riot 2015, February 11–12 Kaohsiung, Taiwan 6 (suicide)
Topo Chico prison riot 2016, February 10–11 Topo Chico prison, Monterrey, Mexico 52+ 12 injured
2016, March 12 Holman Correctional Facility, Escambia County, Alabama, United States 0 2 injured
2016, July 19 Pavón Prison, Fraijanes, Guatemala 13 [32]
2016 New Bilibid Prison riot 2016, September 28 New Bilibid Prison, Muntinlupa, Philippines 1 4 injured
Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot 2016, October 16 Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil 25 inmates
2016, December 16 HM Prison Birmingham, Birmingham, England 0 [33]
2016, December 20 California Correctional Center, Susanville, California, United States 0 4 injured [34]
2017, January 1 Anísio Jobim Penitentiary Complex, Amazonas, Brazil 60+ [35]
2017, January 2 Prison Unit of Puraquequara, Manaus, Brazil 10 [36]
2017, January 6 Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil 37 [37]
2017, January 8 Desembargador Raimundo Vidal Pessoa jail, Manaus, Brazil 4 [38]
2017, January 9 Souza-Baranowski Correctional Center, Shirley, Massachusetts, United States 0 [39]
2017, January 15 Natal State Prison, Natal, Brazil 27 9 injured [40]
2017, February 1 James T. Vaughn Correctional Center, New Castle County, Delaware, United States 1 officer [41]
2017, May 15 Buimo prison, Lae, Papua New Guinea 17 [42]
2017, June 7 Camp Bagong Diwa, Taguig, Philippines 2 17 injured [43]
2017, June 29 El Dorado Correctional Facility, El Dorado, Kansas, United States 0 [44]
2017, July 6 Las Cruces prison, Acapulco, Mexico 28 [45]
2017, August 11 Cedes prison, Reynosa, Mexico 9 11 injured [46]
2017, October 11 Cadereyta prison, Nuevo León, Mexico 13 [47]
2018, April 15 Lee Correctional Institution, Bishopville, South Carolina, United States 7 [48]
2019, May 20 Vahdat prison, Vahdat, Tajikistan 32 [49]
Acarigua prison riot 2019, May 24 police station cellblocks in Acarigua, Venezuela 29 19 injured
July 2019 Cameroon prison riots 2019, July 22+24 Kondengui Central Prison and Buea prison, Cameroon Unknown Unknown
2019 Altamira prison riot 2019, July 29 Centro de Recuperação Regional de Altamira prison, Altamira, Brazil 62
2019, August 14 Soledad State Prison, near Soledad, California, United States 0 8 injured [50]
2019, December 23 El Porvenir prison, La Ceiba, Honduras 18
Cieneguillas prison riots 2019, December 31 Cieneguillas Regional Center for Social Reintegration, Cieneguillas, Mexico 16 inmates 5 injured
Cieneguillas prison riots 2020, January 2 Cieneguillas Regional Center for Social Reintegration, Cieneguillas, Mexico 1 inmate 5 injured
2020, March 9 Pavia prison, Modena, Italy 6 [51]
2020, March, 22 La Modelo prison, Bogotá, Colombia 23 90 injured [52]
2020, March 30 Sepidar Prison, Ahvaz, Iran 18 [53]
2020, March 31 Sheiban Prison, Ahvaz, Iran Unknown [54]
Guanare prison riot 2020, May 1 Los Llanos prison, Guanare, Venezuela 47 75 injured [55]
2020, August 1 Ware State Prison, Waycross, Georgia, USA 0 5 injured; 2 guards, 3 inmates

Gulag uprisings
Main article: List of uprisings in the Gulag

List of fictional prison riots

The following is a list of prison riots which have been depicted in various forms of media, including books, film, and television.

  • In Battlefield 4, main characters Daniel Recker and Dimitri Mayakovsky (returning from Battlefield 3) instigate a mass prison breakout which evolves into a riot to escape PLA custody in the Kunlun mountains prison facility.
  • In Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number, the 19th scene "Release" partly focuses on a large, violent prison riot in which the character Richter must fight his way out of. The riot is implied to be caused by the mysterious "Fifty Blessings" organization, which is the indirect cause of the game's events.
  • In Toy Story 3, Buzz Lightyear is trapped in a prison cubby by his own prisoners, starting a prison riot.
  • In season three of the FOX show 24, the main character, Jack Bauer, starts a prison riot in order to facilitate a prison escape.
  • A riot occurred at Fox River during Prison Break's first season's two-part episode "Riots, Drills, and the Devil".
  • Network Ten created a TV series called Prisoner (Prisoner Cell Block H in some countries), a show set in a prison in Melbourne, this had multiple riots through the series run.
  • Multiple riots occurred in the television series Oz during its season six run.
  • On St. Elsewhere, the show featured a prison riot, where Jack Morrison (David Morse) is raped by a prisoner.
  • In The Simpsons episode "The Homer They Fall", a prison riot in progress is halted instantly when imprisoned champion boxer Drederick Tatum petulantly asks the inmates and guards to "Shut up." They apologize and begin extinguishing the flames and tidying up.
  • Episode 285 of Blue Heelers, Stir Crazy
  • The riot in the film Natural Born Killers.
  • In the film Blood in Blood out, in San Quentin State Prison, after gangleader Montana was killed.
  • In the movie Scum, by Alan Clarke the borstal inmates protest official indifference to a rape that led to suicide. It is not clear whether the perpetrators of the rape had participated. During the scene the inmates refuse to eat breakfast, and one by one they start chanting the eponymous "scum" and proceed to demolish the canteen, with the staff locking themselves into a secure area. The movie ends shortly after in the final scene with the governor claiming to mourn the death of the boy, whilst informing the inmates there is full loss of privileges "until the damage has been paid for".
  • In the graphic novel and film Watchmen, after a burn victim of Rorschach dies, a prison riot breaks out in an attempt to kill him. Rorschach escapes with the aid of Nite-Owl and Silk Spectre.
  • In the episode "A Game of Checkers" of the HBO television series Oz, a riot breaks out in Oswald Pen.'s Emerald City, with Muslim activist 'Kareem Saïd' (real name Goodson Truman) leading it (with the help of a gun given to him by a Muslim prison guard. It is eventually broken up with tear gas and a SWAT team.
  • In Episode 6 of the 3rd season of the British TV show Ashes to Ashes, a prison riot occurs at Fenchurch East Prison.
  • In the episode "Redemption" in season 6 of CBS television series CSI: NY, Sheldon Hawkes gets trapped in a prison riot while investigating the death of a prison guard.
  • Critically awarded Spanish film, Celda 211 is largely centered on a riot in a Zamora jail.
  • In the game Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent, Irving Lambert has two splinter cells stage a riot to help Sam Fisher escape with Jamie Washington in an effort for Sam to gain Jamie's trust and lead him to Jamie's terrorist organization, the JBA.
  • In the game Call of Duty: Black Ops, main characters Reznov and Mason plan and escape during the Vorkuta uprising.
  • 2010 film Dog Pound ends in a riot.
  • In the novel The Four Stages of Cruelty, Corrections Officer Kali Williams is involved in the breaking up of a prison riot inside Ditmarsh Penitentiary.
  • In the novel Green River Rising by Tim Willocks, set in a fictional east Texas state penitentiary, short stint inmate Ray Klein faces a riot on the very day he is to be released. The ensuing violence could threaten his release or his life (William Morrow, New York, 1994).
  • A prison riot is the focus of Batman: Arkham Asylum, instigated by the Joker in Arkham Asylum.
  • In both the beginning and the climax for Batman: Arkham Origins, Batman has to contend with two prison riots at Blackgate prison, both caused by the Joker (the first while disguised as Black Mask). In addition, one portion of the game had Batman quelling a prison riot at the GCPD headquarters that was instigated by corrupt police officers wanting to make Gordon look bad.
  • The main focus of Batman: Arkham Origins Blackgate was a prison riot that occurred at Blackgate prison.
  • The fictional West Georgia Correctional Facility, seen in the third and fourth seasons of the AMC series The Walking Dead, saw a massive riot on the onset of the Zombie Apocalypse, as described by a surviving prisoner.
  • At the end of Season 4 and most of Season 5 of Orange Is The New Black, a prison riot ensues after an inmate, Poussey, is killed by a correctional officer, Baxter Bayley, during a protest. The riot was started as a result of the Warden, Joe Caputo, not handling the situation as it should have been dealt with.
  • In Season 3, Episode 15 of Avatar: The Last Airbender, Sokka, Zuko, and Hakoda start a prison riot to create a distraction so they can escape from The Boiling Rock prison.

See also

Notes
  1. Bidna, H. (1975). Effects of increased security on prison violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 3. 33–46.
  2. Ellis, D. (1984) Crowding and prison violence: Integration of research and theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 11 (3). 277–308.
  3. Gaes, G. (1994). Prison crowding research reexamined. The Prison Iran prison riot Journal, 74, (3). 329–363.
  4. Useem, B. (1985). Disorganization and the New Mexico prison riot of 1980. American Sociological Review, 50 (5). 677–688.
  5. Newbold, G. (1989). Punishment and Politics: The Maximum Security Prison in New Zealand. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
  6. Colvin, M. (1982). The 1980 New Mexico prison riot. Social Problems, 29 (5). 449–463.
  7. Useem, B. and Kimball, P. (1987). A theory of prison riots. Theory and Society, 16 (1). 87–122.
  8. Dinitz, S. (1991). Barbarism in the New Mexico state prison riot: The search for meaning a decade later. In Kelly, R. and MacNamara, D. (eds.). Perspectives on Deviance: Dominance, Degradation and Denigration. Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing Company.
  9. "Maintenance | Cairn International".
  10. Ellis, D. (1984). Crowding and prison violence: Integration of research and theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 11 (3). 277–308.
  11. "Prison outbreak worst in history". coloradohistoricnewspapers.org. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  12. "A Forgotten Past – 'Prison on Fire' at Pulau Senang". remembersingapore. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  13. "The Story Behind This Oklahoma State Penitentiary Riot Is Truly Disturbing". onlyinyourstate. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  14. "Inmates at a prison in central Mexico took guns..." upi. 21 July 1988. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
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  16. "Robinson Correctional Institution Profile and Valuable Information". golookup. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  17. "At least 28 die in Chile prison riot fire". CNN. 21 May 2001. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
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  35. "Dozens killed in prison riot in Brazil city of Manaus". aljazeera. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  36. "10 die in new Brazilian prison riot". gantdaily. 14 January 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  37. "In Brazil, prison riots and killings expose the structural failures of mass incarceration". penalreform.org. 28 March 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  38. "New Brazil prison clash leaves at least four dead in Amazon region". reuters. 8 January 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
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  41. "16 inmates charged with murder in Delaware prison riot". 6abc. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  42. "Seventeen killed in mass prison break in Papua New Guinea". BBC. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  43. "2 inmates dead, 17 wounded in riot during protest over power outage in Camp Bagong Diwa jail". interaksyon. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  44. "Inmate uprising? State's account, emergency log differ on Kansas prison incident". kansascity.com. 13 July 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  45. "Mexico violence: 28 dead in prison fight in Acapulco". BBC. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
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  48. "Who are the seven inmates killed at Lee Correctional Institution?". wistv. 16 April 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  49. "Islamic State prison riot in Tajikistan leaves 32 dead". telegraph.co.uk. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  50. "Correctional officers fire 9 shots to put down 200-inmate riot at California prison". sacbee. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  51. "Six dead in Italy prison riots after visits suspended due to coronavirus". CNN. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  52. "Riot in Colombia prison leaves 23 dead: government". thejakartapost. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  53. "Dozens Killed In Iran Prison Riots, Local Reports Say". iran-hrm. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  54. "Inmates' families kept in the dark following prison riots in southwest Iran". iran-hrm. 5 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  55. "Venezuela prison riot death toll rises to 47, report NGO and official". malaymail. 3 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
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