Railway roundhouse

A railway roundhouse is a building with a circular or semicircular shape used by railways for servicing and storing locomotives, and traditionally surrounds, or is adjacent to, a turntable.

This article is about the railroad shop structure. For other uses, see Roundhouse (disambiguation).
The John Street Roundhouse, now part of Roundhouse Park in Toronto, Canada, viewed from the CN Tower in September 2012.

Overview
Roundhouse in Berlin-Pankow
Roundhouse in Uster, Switzerland
Changhua roundhouse at Changhua, Taiwan, built in 1922 and still in use today

Early steam locomotives normally traveled forwards only. Although reverse operations capabilities were soon built into locomotive mechanisms, the controls were normally optimized for forward travel, and the locomotives often could not operate as well in reverse. Some passenger cars, such as observation cars, were also designed as late as the 1960s for operations in a particular direction. Turntables allowed locomotives or other rolling stock to be turned around for the return journey, and roundhouses, designed to radiate around the turntables, were built to service and store these locomotives.

Most modern diesel and electric locomotives can run equally well in either direction, and many are push-pull trains with control cabs at each end. In addition, railroads often use multiple locomotives to pull trains, and even with locomotives that have distinct front and rear ends, the engines at opposing ends of a locomotive "consist" (a group of locomotives coupled together and controlled as a single unit) can be aligned so they face opposite directions. With such a setup, trains needing to reverse direction can use a technique known as a "run around," in which the engines are uncoupled from the train, pull around it on an adjacent track or siding, and reattach at the other end. The engineer changes operating ends from the original locomotive to the one on the opposite end of the locomotive consist.

Railroad terminals also use features such as balloon loops and wyes (Commonwealth: triangle) to reverse the orientation of railroad equipment. Because of the advent of these practices, modern roundhouses are frequently not round and are simply large buildings used for servicing locomotives. Like much other railroad terminology, however, the structure has retained its traditional name. The alternative term engine-house encompasses both semi-circular and rectangular structures and broadly describes all buildings intended for storage and servicing of locomotives.[1] Shops or workshops are buildings containing hoists and heavy machinery capable of major repairs beyond routine servicing.[2] Some roundhouses include shop facilities internally or in adjoining buildings.

Since the great dieselisation era of the 1940s and 1950s, many roundhouses have been demolished or put to other uses, but a few still stand and remain in use on the railroads. Early roundhouses were too small for later locomotives. The unusual shape of the buildings can make them difficult to adapt to new uses, but can also be aesthetically appealing.

Usage

Australia

Valley Heights roundhouse, 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Sydney, New South Wales, is the oldest surviving roundhouse in Australia, and has been preserved as a railway museum.

Canada

The London Roundhouse Project London, Ontario, Canada, is an extensive renovation of the Michigan Central Railroad steam locomotive repair shop which was built in 1887. It is to become the new home of Ellipsis Digital and Engine SevenFour, a pair of emerging technology companies.

The Canadian National Railways roundhouse at the Turcot Yard in Montreal, built in 1906, was the largest ever built in Canada. Its demolition in 1962 to make way for the Turcot Interchange illustrated a profound change in transportation habits across North America.

The Steam Whistle Brewing brewery in Toronto, Ontario is located in the building known as the John Street Roundhouse, a former Canadian Pacific Railway steam locomotive repair facility.

The Canadian Pacific 374 steam engine is on display at the former CPR Drake Street roundhouse in Vancouver.[3]

Japan
The roundhouse at Kyoto Railway Museum, Kyoto, Japan

Roundhouses were a significant feature of Japanese railways. Many smaller roundhouses are still in use today as fully operational buildings on a few private and third-sector railways.

One Japanese roundhouse that remains intact is at the Kyoto Railway Museum. The museum comprises a number of structures classified by the Japanese Government as 'Important Cultural Properties'. One of these structures is the museum roundhouse, as it is the oldest reinforced-concrete car shed extant in Japan.[4]

Poland
Operational roundhouse in Wolsztyn, Poland

The museum roundhouse in Wolsztyn, in western Poland, continues to supply steam locomotives for regular national rail services (as of 2011).

United Kingdom
North Midland Railway roundhouse at Derby, England, built in 1839, as it was in 2006.

Probably the first railway roundhouse, designed by Robert Stephenson, was built in 1837 in Birmingham, at Curzon Street station.[5] Its central turntable, inspection pits, and an exterior wall were uncovered in March 2020 during work to build HS2.[5]

Another was built in 1839 at Derby, England by the North Midland Railway. The Derby roundhouse was restored in 2010, being converted into a brand new site for Derby College, with a new addition called the 'Stephenson Building' including the other survival of demolition - the original Midland Counties Railway workshop. The new site was opened in September 2009. Tours can be arranged through Derby Tourist Information Centre.

The Fenton, Murray and Jackson building in Leeds (1831–1843), a private workshop, may previously have been laid out in a radial pattern like a roundhouse. A guidebook of the time says:[6]

The engine-house is a polygon of sixteen sides, and 190 feet (58 m) in diameter, lighted from a dome-shaped roof, of the height of 50 feet (15 m). It contains 16 lines of rails, radiating from a single turn-table in the centre: the engines, on their arrival, are taken in there, placed upon the turn-table, and wheeled into any stall that may be vacant. Each of the 16 stalls will hold two, or perhaps more, engines.

This roundhouse narrowly escaped demolition when the works closed down, and was classified as a listed building.

The Roundhouse, Chalk Farm, London was built in 1847, but was too small for its function within 20 years (it is now an arts centre and concert venue).

Barrow Hill Engine Shed, which is home to a number of preserved locomotives is still in use.

United States
Roundhouse in Atlanta, Georgia, 1866. Interior layout exposed by extensive American Civil War damage.
Terminal Railroad Roundhouse construction in Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1903

The B&O Railroad Museum complex in Baltimore, Maryland contains the restored railcar maintenance roundhouse of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It is said to be the world's largest 22-sided building.[7]

The roundhouse in Aurora, Illinois, constructed in 1856, was purchased and restored by NFL football player Walter Payton. After Payton's death, the roundhouse was occupied by a micro-brewery and renamed Two Brothers Roundhouse, with a plaque mounted in Payton's honor.

Operational roundhouses

North America

The vast majority of roundhouses built in the US and Canada no longer exist, lie in ruins, or have been repurposed; however, a small number of them still exist and continue to operate in their intended capacity as locomotive storing and servicing facilities.[8] Below is a list of locations with operational roundhouses that are also open to the public.

Location Address Track gauge Number of intact stalls in use Year built Notes
Age of Steam Roundhouse Museum Sugarcreek, Ohio, US 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 18 2011 Open May–October on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays for guided tours only.[9]
Colorado Railroad Museum Golden, Colorado, US 3 ft (914 mm) 5 2000
Como Roundhouse, Railroad Depot and Hotel Complex Como, Colorado, US 3 ft (914 mm) 2 1881
Connecticut Eastern Railroad Museum Willimantic, Connecticut, US 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
6
 2000 Replica[10]
Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad Durango, Colorado, US 3 ft (914 mm) 7 1990 Replica; utilizes parts from original structure built in 1881 on same site, which burned down in 1989
East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company Rockhill Furnace, Pennsylvania, US 3 ft (914 mm) 8 1882
Heritage Park Historical Village Calgary, Alberta, Canada 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 6 1981 Replica[11]
North Carolina Transportation Museum Spencer, North Carolina, US 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 6 1924
Railtown 1897 State Historic Park Jamestown, California, US 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 6 1910
Steamtown National Historic Site Scranton, Pennsylvania, US 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 13 1902
Union Pacific Roundhouse Cheyenne, Wyoming, US 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 7 1931[12] Used to store and maintain the Union Pacific Heritage Fleet; only open during third weekend of May
Weiser Railroad (Greenfield Village) Dearborn, Michigan, US 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 6 2000 Replica; utilizes parts from original structure built in 1884 in Marshall, Michigan

See also

References
  1. The Elements of Railroad Engineering, 5th Edition, 1937, William G. Raymond. Published by John Wiley and Sons, New York
  2. Steam Works, 1994, Derek Huntriss. Published by Ian Allan ISBN 0-7110-2269-0
  3. roundhouse.ca
  4. Official website of the museum Archived 2009-09-01 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on August 29, 2009. (in Japanese)
  5. "Stephenson-designed turntable found at HS2 site". BBC News. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  6. The North Midland Railway Guide, 1842, Nottingham: R. Allen. Republished (1973) by Turntable Enterprises, Leeds
  7. PRNewswire press release, September 15, 2004.
  8. "Annual Report 2000" (PDF). The Henry Ford. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  9. "Roundhouse Tours". Age of Steam Roundhouse. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  10. "Riding the Rails – Connecticut Eastern Railroad Museum – Train Aficionado". www.trainaficionado.com. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
  11. Heritage Park Historical Village – Railway Roundhouse
  12. "Union Pacific Roundhouse Turntable and Machine Shop".
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