Ralf Reski

Ralf Reski studied Biology, Chemistry and Pedagogy at the Universities of Giessen and Hamburg. He was awarded his doctorate in Genetics in 1990 by the University of Hamburg and received his habilitation in General Botany in 1994. From 1996 until 1999, he was a Heisenberg-Fellow of the German Research Foundation.[4]

He was appointed Distinguished Professor and entitled Ordinarius at the University of Freiburg in 1999, where he became Head of the newly established Department of Plant Biotechnology.[5] From 2001 until 2011, Reski was Director Plant Biotechnology at the Centre for Applied Biosciences (ZAB, University of Freiburg).[6] Also since 2010 he is elected senator and speaker in the academic senat of the university Freiburg.[7]

Reski is founding Principal Investigator (PI) of four Excellence Clusters: the Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss),[8] the Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS),[9] Living, Adaptive and Energy-Autonomous Materials Systems (livMATs),[10] and of the Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM).[11] Since 2011, he also is Senior Fellow at the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS). SGBM, bioss and FRIAS are funded within the German Universities Excellence Initiative.[12] Furthermore, Reski is a founding PI of the Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology (FRISYS)[13] funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Reski was one of the board members of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) from 2009 to 2012.[14] Since 2010, Reski is coordinator of QualFEEM, a TEMPUS-project for the improvement of Higher Education in the field of "environmental management and ecology" at the Russian Universities in Altai, Novosibirsk, Omsk and Tyumen.[15] In 2011 Reski was co-founder of the Trinational Institute for Plant Research (TIP).[16]

In 2011 Ralf Reski was elected as lifetime member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (German:Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften).[17]

In 2012 he organized a Plant Biology Congress[18] whicht attracted 1000 researchers from about 60 countries.

In 2013 Reski became Senior Fellow at the University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS).[19]

In 2015 he became the project coordinator of the Erasmus Programme "Trans-regional environmental awareness for sustainable usage of water resources" – in short TREASURE-WATER [20] that addresses higher education and training for the sustainable management of shared natural water resources in the area of the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan.[21]

Moss bioreactor with Physcomitrella patens

Reski's main area of research with more than 250 scientific publications[22] comprises the genetics, proteomics, metabolism, and cell development of moss plants, using the technique of homologous recombination for creating knockout mosses by gene targeting in a reverse genetics approach.[23] Reski and his coworkers have identified hitherto unknown genes with biotechnological implication for agriculture and forestry.[24] The cultivation of moss cells and their utilization for Molecular Farming is another main focal point of his research.[25]

In 1998, Reski proposed the moss Physcomitrella patens as a model plant in biological research.[26] Since then, he has contributed significantly towards mosses becoming a model plant in biological research on a worldwide scale. In 2004, Reski and colleagues from the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan successfully proposed the genome of Physcomitrella patens for complete sequencing at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI), a facility of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).[27] The genome was released in December 2007,[28] with the bioinformatic work spearheaded by Reski´s group[29] and financed by the German National Science Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG). To date, the Freiburg Chair of Plant Biotechnology hosts an online database of Physcomitrella patens comprising the genomic sequence, annotated gene models and supplemental information.[30] Due to its scientific and economic importance, the genome of Physcomitrella patens has been chosen as a "flagship plant genome" by the DOE JGI in 2010.[31]

Also in 1998, Reski and coworkers generated a knockout moss by deleting an ftsZ gene and thus identified the first gene essential in the division of an organelle in any eukaryote.[32] Based on the results of further research on the ftsZ-gene family, Ralf Reski coined the term "plastoskeleton", analogous to the term "cytoskeleton", in 2000 and presented a new concept in cell biology of how chloroplasts, the green cell organelles of plants, change shape and divide.[33][34][35]

In 1999, the chemical company BASF invested more than 30 Mio. DM in a four-year cooperation project with Reski to identify new genes which may be able to make crop plants more resistant to drought, cold and attack by pests. Plants with improved nutritional value (vitamins or polyunsaturated fatty acids) have also been in the research focus of their collaboration.[36] In the same year, Reski invented the moss bioreactor[37] and founded "greenovation Biotech GmbH",[38] a biotechnology company utilizing moss bioreactors for the production of pharmaceuticals.[39] In 2011, Reski and coworkers produced recombinant, biologically active human factor H in a moss bioreactor.[40] In 2017 the first clinical trial phase 1 was completed testing the enzyme Alpha-galactosidase, which was produced in moss, to treat Fabry disease.[41]

In 2010, Reski established the International Moss Stock Center (IMSC), which stores and freely distributes moss strains, transgenics and ecotypes. The IMSC assigns accession numbers that can be used in scientific publications to facilitate identification and availability of the respective samples.[42]

Also in 2010, Reski and colleagues discovered a new mechanism of gene regulation; the epigenetic gene silencing by microRNAs.[43][44]

Reski is directly involved in Mossclone, a European project (7th Framework Programme, FP7) which started in 2012 and aims to develop an air quality monitoring tool by using devitalized moss clones.

In 2016, Reski and colleagues identified a homeobox gene as master regulator for embryo development[45] and a basic genetic toolkit for stoma development[46] and in 2017 they described that the moss cuticle was ancestral to lignin evolution.[47]

In 2018, Reski and colleagues analysed the six RecQ proteins in Physcomitrella patens and in Arabidopsis thaliana.[48] They found that moss RecQ4, the ortholog of the human Bloom syndrome protein, acts as a repressor of homologous recombination, protects the genome from mutations, and is pivotal for embryogenesis and subsequent plant development.[49] In contrast, moss RecQ6 acts as a potent enhancer of gene targeting.[50]

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