Baden-Württemberg

Baden-Württemberg (/ˌbɑːdən ˈvɜːrtəmbɜːrɡ/,[6] German: [ˌbaːdn̩ ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk] (listen)) is a state (Land) in southwest Germany, east of the Rhine, which forms the southern part of Germany's western border with France. With more than 11 million inhabitants as of 2017 across a total area of nearly 35,752 km2 (13,804 sq mi), it is the third-largest German state by both area (behind Bavaria and Lower Saxony) and population (behind North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria).[7] As a federated state, Baden-Württemberg is a partly-sovereign parliamentary republic. The largest city in Baden-Württemberg is the state capital of Stuttgart, followed by Mannheim and Karlsruhe. Other cities are Freiburg im Breisgau, Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Pforzheim, Reutlingen, Tübingen, and Ulm.

This article is about the German state. For the warship of this name, see Baden-Württemberg-class frigate.

Country of Baden-Württemberg

Land Baden-Württemberg[1]
State
Coordinates: 48°32′16″N 9°2′28″E
CountryGermany
Founded25 April 1952
CapitalStuttgart
Government
 • BodyLandtag of Baden-Württemberg
 • Minister-PresidentWinfried Kretschmann (Greens)
 • Governing partiesGreens / CDU
 • Bundesrat votes6 (of 69)
Area
 • Total35,751.46 km2 (13,803.72 sq mi)
Population
 (2020-09-30)[3]
 • Total11,111,496
 • Density310/km2 (800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeDE-BW
GRP (nominal)€524 billion (2019)[4]
GRP per capita€47,000 (2019)
NUTS RegionDE1
HDI (2018)0.953[5]
very high · 2nd of 16
Websitewww.baden-wuerttemberg.de
A campaign sticker, translated, "We can [do] anything. Except [speak] Standard German." That is an allusion to Baden-Württemberg being one of the principal centres for innovation in Germany and having its own distinctive dialects.

What is now Baden-Württemberg was formerly the historical territories of Baden, Prussian Hohenzollern, and Württemberg. Baden-Württemberg became a state of West Germany in April 1952 by the merger of Württemberg-Baden, South Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern. These states had just been artificially created by the Allies after World War II out of the existing traditional states Baden and Württemberg by their separation over different occupation zones.

Baden-Württemberg is especially known for its strong economy with various industries like car manufacturing, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, the service sector, and more.[8][9][10] It has the third highest gross regional product (GRP) in Germany. Part of the Four Motors for Europe, some of the largest German companies are headquartered in Baden-Württemberg, including Daimler AG, Porsche, Robert Bosch GmbH and SAP.

The sobriquet Ländle (a diminutive of the word "Land" in the local Alemannic and Franconian dialects) is sometimes used as a synonym for Baden-Württemberg.[11][12][13]

History
Main article: History of Baden-Württemberg

Baden-Württemberg is formed from the historical territories of Baden, Prussian Hohenzollern, and Württemberg.[14]

In 100 AD, the Roman Empire invaded and occupied Württemberg, constructing a limes (fortified boundary zone) along its northern borders. Over the course of the third century AD, the Alemanni forced the Romans to retreat west beyond the Rhine and Danube rivers. In 496 AD the Alemanni were defeated by a Frankish invasion led by Clovis I.

The Holy Roman Empire was later established. The majority of people in this region continued to be Roman Catholics, even after the Protestant Reformation influenced populations in northern Germany.

In the late 18th and early 19th century, Künzelsau, the capital of the Hohenlohe (district), became the centre of emigration to the UK of pork butchers and bacon factors. The pioneers noticed a niche for specialty pork products in the rapidly growing English cities, especially those in the industrial centre and North. Many married local women and sent word home that a good living could be made in England; others followed.[15]

In the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, numerous people emigrated from this mostly rural area to the United States for economic reasons.

20th century to present

After World War II, the Allies established three states in the territory of modern-day Baden-Württemberg: Württemberg-Hohenzollern, Baden, and Württemberg-Baden. Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern were occupied by France, while Württemberg-Baden was occupied by the United States. In 1949, each state became a founding member of the Federal Republic of Germany, with Article 118 of the German constitution providing an accession procedure. On 9 December 1951, Württemberg-Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern and Baden voted via a referendum in favor of a joint merger.[7] Baden-Württemberg officially became a state in West Germany on 25 April 1952.[7]

There were still opponents to the merger of Baden and Württemberg though. In 1956 the Federal Constitutional Court decided, that the population of Baden should have their say in a separate referendum. The second referendum was delayed though and yet again it was the Federal Constitutional Court that decided in 1969, that another referendum should be held by 30 June 1970. The referendum was finally held on 7 June 1970 and as a result 81,9% of the voters were in favour of the merger of Baden and Württemberg.[16]

Geography

Baden-Württemberg shares borders with the German states of Rhineland Palatinate, Hessen, and Bavaria, and also shares borders with France (region of Grand Est), and Switzerland (cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Aargau, Zürich, Schaffhausen and Thurgau).[7]

Most of the major cities of Baden-Württemberg straddle the banks of the Neckar River, which runs downstream (from southwest to the center, then northwest) through the state past Tübingen, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, and Mannheim.

The Rhine (German: Rhein) forms the western border as well as large portions of the southern border. The Black Forest (Schwarzwald), the main mountain range of the state, rises east of the Upper Rhine valley. The high plateau of the Swabian Alb, between the Neckar, the Black Forest, and the Danube, is an important European watershed. Baden-Württemberg shares Lake Constance (Bodensee, also known regionally as the Swabian Sea) with Switzerland, Austria and Bavaria, the international borders within its waters not being clearly defined. It shares the foothills of the Alps (known as the Allgäu) with Bavaria and the Austrian Vorarlberg, but Baden-Württemberg itself has no mainland border with Austria.

The Danube is conventionally taken to be formed by the confluence of the two streams Brigach and Breg just east of Donaueschingen. The source of the Donaubach, which flows into the Danube, in Donaueschingen is often referred to as the source of the Danube (Donauquelle). Hydrologically, the source of the Danube is the source of the Breg as the larger of the two formative streams, which rises near Furtwangen.

Government

Administration
See also: List of cities in Baden-Würtemberg by population
Stuttgart
Karlsruhe
Heidelberg
Freiburg
Mannheim
Ulm
Tübingen
Baden-Baden

Baden-Württemberg is divided into thirty-five districts (Landkreise) and nine independent cities (Stadtkreise), both grouped into the four Administrative Districts (Regierungsbezirke) of Freiburg, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, and Tübingen.


Map

  1. Alb-Donau
  2. Biberach
  3. Bodensee
  4. Böblingen
  5. Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
  6. Calw
  7. Konstanz (Constance)
  8. Emmendingen
  9. Enzkreis
  10. Esslingen
  11. Freudenstadt
  12. Göppingen
  13. Heidenheim
  14. Heilbronn
  15. Hohenlohe
  16. Karlsruhe
  17. Lörrach
  18. Ludwigsburg
  1. Main-Tauber
  2. Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis
  3. Ortenaukreis
  4. Ostalbkreis
  5. Rastatt
  6. Ravensburg
  7. Rems-Murr-Kreis
  8. Reutlingen
  9. Rhein-Neckar-Kreis
  10. Rottweil
  11. Schwäbisch Hall
  12. Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
  13. Sigmaringen
  14. Tübingen
  15. Tuttlingen
  16. Waldshut
  17. Zollernalbkreis

Baden-Württemberg contains nine additional independent cities not belonging to any district:

CodeCity
(Stadtkreise)		Area
(km2)		PopulationRegion
(Regierungs-
bezirk)
199720072017
ABaden-Baden140.1852,67254,853 54,718Karlsruhe
BFreiburg im Breisgau153.06200,519219,430 229,636Freiburg
CHeidelberg108.83139,941145,311 160,601Karlsruhe
DHeilbronn99.88120,987121,627 125,113Stuttgart
EKarlsruhe173.46276,571288,917 311,919Karlsruhe
FMannheim144.96310,475309,795 307,997Karlsruhe
GPforzheim98.02118,079119,423 124,289Karlsruhe
HStuttgart207.35585,274597,176 632,743Stuttgart
IUlm118.69115,628121,434 125,596Tübingen

Politics
Main article: Politics of Baden-Württemberg

The state parliament of Baden-Württemberg is the Landtag (Eng. state assembly).

The politics of Baden-Württemberg have traditionally been dominated by the conservative Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), who until 2011 had led all but one government since the establishment of the state in April 1952. In the Landtag elections held on 27 March 2011 voters replaced the Christian Democrats and centre-right Free Democrats coalition by an alliance of the Greens and Social Democrats (originally led by the Social Democrats), which secured a four-seat majority in the state parliament and elected a Greens-led government because the Greens had surprisingly won 36 seats, one more than the Social Democrats' 35 seats. In 2016 the Greens with their popular Minister-President Winfried Kretschmann were approved by the voters and with their nationwide best ever result won the first place for the first time in German history, but because of heavy losses for the Social Democrats they had to form a grand coalition government with their adversaries from the Christian Democrats.

From 1992 to 2001, the Republicans party held seats in the Landtag.[17]

2016 state election
Main article: 2016 Baden-Württemberg state election


< 2011    Next >

 Summary of the 13 March 2016 Landtag of Baden-Württemberg election results
Party Popular vote Seats
Votes % +/– Seats +/–
Alliance '90/The Greens
Bündnis 90/Die Grünen || 1,622,631 || 30.3 || 6.1 || 47 || 11
Christian Democratic Union
Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands – CDU || 1,447,249 || 27.0 || 12.0 || 42 || 18
Alternative for Germany
Alternative für Deutschland – AfD || 809,311 || 15.1 || 15.1 || 23 || 23
Social Democratic Party
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands – SPD || 679,872 || 12.7 || 10.4 || 19 || 16
Free Democratic Party
Freie Demokratische Partei – FDP || 445,430 || 8.3 || 3.0 || 12 || 5
Left Party
Die Linke || 156,211 || 2.9 || 0.1 || 0 ||
Alliance for Progress and Renewal
Allianz für Fortschritt und Aufbruch – ALFA || 54,764 || 1.0 || 1.0 || 0 ||
Ecological Democratic Party
Ökologisch-Demokratische Partei – ÖDP || 38,509 || 0.7 || 0.2 || 0 ||
National Democratic Party
Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands – NPD || 23,605 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 0 ||
Pirate Party
Piratenpartei || 21,773 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 0 ||
Other parties
Valid votes 5,360,351 99.0 0.4
Invalid votes 51,950 1.0 0.4
Totals and voter turnout 5,412,301 70.4 4.2 143 5
Electorate 7,685,778 100.00 —
Source: Landeswahlleiter[18][19]

Other state institutions

The Baden-Württemberg General Auditing Office acts as an independent body to monitor the correct use of public funds by public offices.[20]

Economy
SAP headquarters in Walldorf

Although Baden-Württemberg has relatively few natural resources compared to other regions of Germany,[7] the state is among the most prosperous[14] and wealthiest regions in Europe with a generally low unemployment rate historically. It has the highest exports,[21] the lowest unemployment rate,[22] the most patents pending per capita,[23] and the highest absolute and relative research and development expenditure in Germany,[24] as well as the highest measured Innovationsindex (innovation index)[lower-alpha 1][25] among all states in Germany, making it the German state with the third highest gross regional product (GRP) as of 2019 (behind North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria) with €524,325 billion (around US$636.268 billion).[26] If Baden-Württemberg were a sovereign country (2019), it would have an economy comparable to that of Poland in terms of nominal gross domestic product (GDP).[27]

A number of well-known enterprises are headquartered in the state, for example Daimler AG, Porsche, Robert Bosch GmbH (automobile industry), Carl Zeiss AG (optics), SAP SE (Europe's most valuable brand[28] as well as the largest non-American software enterprise) and Heidelberger Druckmaschinen (precision mechanical engineering). In spite of this, Baden-Württemberg's economy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. Although poor in workable natural resources (formerly lead, zinc, iron, silver, copper, and salts) and still rural in many areas, the region is heavily industrialised. In 2003, there were almost 8,800 manufacturing enterprises with more than 20 employees, but only 384 with more than 500. The latter category accounts for 43% of the 1.2 million persons employed in industry. The Mittelstand or mid-sized company is the backbone of the Baden-Württemberg economy.[29] Medium-sized businesses and a tradition of branching out into different industrial sectors have ensured specialization over a wide range. A fifth of the "old" Federal Republic's industrial gross value added is generated by Baden-Württemberg. Turnover for manufacturing in 2003 exceeded 240,000 million, 43% of which came from exports. The region depends to some extent on global economic developments, though the great adaptability of the region's economy has generally helped it through crises. Half of the employees in the manufacturing industry are in mechanical and electrical engineering and automobile construction. This is also where the largest enterprises are to be found. The importance of the precision mechanics industry also extends beyond the region's borders, as does that of the optical, clock making, toy, metallurgy and electronics industries. The textile industry, which formerly dominated much of the region, has now all but disappeared from Baden-Württemberg. Research and development (R&D) is funded jointly by the State and industry. In 2001, more than a fifth of the 100,000 or so persons working in R&D in Germany were located in Baden-Württemberg, most of them in the Stuttgart area.[30] Baden-Württemberg is also the region with the highest GDP of the Four Motors for Europe.

A study performed in 2007 by the PR campaign "Initiative for New Social Market Economy" (German: Initiative Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft (INSM)) and the trade newspaper Wirtschaftswoche awarded Baden-Württemberg for being the "economically most successful and most dynamic state" among the 16 states.

The unemployment rate stood at 3% in October 2018 and was the second lowest in Germany behind only Bavaria and one of the lowest in the European Union.[31]

Year[32] 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Unemployment rate in % 5.4 4.9 5.4 6.2 6.2 7.0 6.3 4.9 4.1 5.1 4.9 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.5

Tourism
The Black Forest as seen from the Belchen

Baden-Württemberg is a popular holiday destination. Main sights include the capital and biggest city, Stuttgart, modern and historic at the same time, with its urban architecture and atmosphere (and famously, its inner city parks and historic Wilhelma zoo), its castles (such as Castle Solitude), its (car and art) museums as well as a rich cultural programme (theatre, opera) and mineral spring baths in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt (also the site of a Roman Castra); it is the only major city in Germany with vineyards in an urban territory.

The residential (court) towns of Ludwigsburg and Karlsruhe, the spas and casino of luxurious Baden-Baden, the medieval architecture of Ulm (Ulm Münster is the tallest church in the world), the vibrant, young, but traditional university towns of Heidelberg and Tübingen with their old castles looking out above the river Neckar, are popular smaller towns. Sites of former monasteries such as the ones on Reichenau Island and at Maulbronn (both World Heritage Sites) as well as Bebenhausen Abbey are to be found. Baden-Württemberg also boasts rich old Free Imperial Cities such as Biberach, Esslingen am Neckar, Heilbronn, Ravensburg, Reutlingen, Künzelsau and Schwäbisch Hall, as well as the southernmost and sunniest city of Germany, Freiburg, close to Alsace and Switzerland, being an ideal base for exploring the heights of the nearby Black Forest (e.g., for skiing in winter or for hiking in summer) with its traditional villages and the surrounding wine country of the Rhine Valley of South Baden.[14]

The countryside of the lush Upper Neckar valley (where Rottweil is famous for its carnival (Fastnacht)) and the pristine Danube valley Swabian Alb (with Hohenzollern Castle and Sigmaringen Castle), as well as the largely pristine Swabian Forest, the Upper Rhine Valley, and Lake Constance (German: Bodensee), where all kinds of water sports are popular, with the former Imperial, today border town of Konstanz (where the Council of Constance took place), the Neolithic and Bronze Age village at Unteruhldingen, the flower island of Mainau, and the hometown of the Zeppelin, Friedrichshafen a.o., are especially popular for outdoor activities in the summer months.[14]

In spring and autumn (April/May and September/October), beer festivals (fun fairs) take place at the Cannstatter Wasen in Stuttgart. The Cannstatter Volksfest, in the autumn, is the second largest such festival in the world after the Munich Oktoberfest. In late November and early December Christmas markets are a tourist magnet in all major towns, with the largest being in Stuttgart during the three weeks prior to Christmas.

The Bertha Benz Memorial Route is a 194 km signposted scenic route from Mannheim via Heidelberg and Wiesloch to Pforzheim and back, which follows the route of the world's first long-distance journey by automobile which Bertha Benz undertook in August 1888.

Companies owned by Baden-Württemberg
CompanyIndustryPercentage ownedSource
EnBWEnergy industry45%[33]
Badische Staatsbrauerei RothausBeverage industry100%

Education
The University Library Freiburg was reopened in 2015.
The University of Karlsruhe. Since 2009, it has been known as the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.

Baden-Württemberg is home to some of the oldest, most renowned, and prestigious universities in Germany, such as the universities of Heidelberg (founded in 1386, the oldest university within the territory of modern Germany), Freiburg (founded in 1457), and Tübingen (founded in 1477). It also contains three of the eleven German 'excellence universities' (Heidelberg, Tübingen, and Konstanz and formerly, Freiburg and Karlsruhe).

Other university towns are Mannheim and Ulm. Furthermore, two universities are located in the state capital Stuttgart, the University of Hohenheim, and the University of Stuttgart. Ludwigsburg is home to the renowned national film school Filmakademie Baden-Württemberg (Film Academy Baden-Wuerttemberg). The private International University in Germany was situated in Bruchsal, but closed in 2009. There is still another private university, located in Friedrichshafen, Zeppelin University.

Furthermore, there are more than a dozen Fachhochschulen, i.e., universities of applied sciences, as well as Pädagogische Hochschulen, i.e., teacher training colleges, and other institutions of tertiary education in Baden-Württemberg. (a.o. in Aalen, Biberach an der Riss, Esslingen, Karlsruhe, Ludwigsburg, Nürtingen, Pforzheim, Ravensburg-Weingarten, Reutlingen, several in Stuttgart, Schwäbisch Hall). Pforzheim University is one of the oldest Fachhochschulen in Germany which is renowned and highly ranked for its Engineering and MBA programs.

The state has the highest density of academic institutions of any territorial state (i.e., excluding the city states of Berlin and Hamburg) in Germany.

Dialects

Two dialect groups of German are spoken in Baden-Württemberg in various variants: Alemannic and Franconian dialects. In central and southern Württemberg, the Alemannic dialect of Swabian is spoken (slightly differing even within the area, e.g., between Upper Swabia, the Swabian Alb, and the central Neckar Valley of the Stuttgart region). In South Baden, the local dialects are Low Alemannic and High Alemannic (i.e., variants of what is also Swiss German). In the northern part of Baden, i.e., the area around Karlsruhe, Heilbronn and Mosbach, South Franconian dialects are predominant. In the Kurpfalz however, with the cities of Heidelberg and Mannheim, the idiom is Rhine Franconian (i.e., Palatinate German), while in the Northeast of Baden-Württemberg East Franconian is spoken.

The same or similar Alemannic dialects are also spoken in the neighbouring regions, especially in Bavarian Swabia, Alsace (Alsatian), German-speaking Switzerland (Swiss German), and the Austrian Vorarlberg, while the other Franconian dialects range from the Netherlands over the Rhineland, Lorraine, and Hesse up to Franconia in northern Bavaria.

Yiddish and Pleißne were spoken while Romani is still being used by some.[34][35][36][37]

A variant of the Alemannic German of Baden developed into the Colonia Tovar dialect, spoken by descendants of immigrants from Baden who went to Venezuela in 1843.

Demographics
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
18713,349,409—    
19004,107,325+0.71%
19335,185,618+0.71%
19506,430,225+1.27%
19607,726,859+1.85%
19708,895,048+1.42%
19809,258,947+0.40%
19909,822,027+0.59%
200010,524,415+0.69%
201010,753,880+0.22%
201811,069,533+0.36%
Source:[38]

The population of Baden-Württemberg is 10,486,660 (2014), of which 5,354,105 are female and 5,132,555 are male. In 2006, the birth rate of 8.61 per 1000 was almost equal to the death rate of 8.60 per 1000. 14.87 percent of the population was under the age of 15, whereas the proportion of people aged 65 and older was at 18.99 per cent (2008). The dependency ratio–the ratio of people aged under 15 and over 64 in comparison to the working age population (aged 15–64)–was 512 per 1000 (2008). In 2018, Baden-Württemberg ranked 2 on the Human Development Index (HDI) among all states in Germany, after Hamburg. With an average life expectancy of 79.8 years for men and 84.2 years for women (2017–2019 life table), Baden-Württemberg ranks first in this category among all states in Germany for both sexes.[39]

Baden-Württemberg has long been a preferred destination of immigrants. As of 2013, almost 28% of its population had a migration background as defined by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany; this number clearly surpassed the German average of 21% and was higher than in any other German state with the exception of the city states of Hamburg and Bremen.[40] As of 2014, 9,355,239 of the population held German citizenship, whereas 1,131,421 were foreign nationals.[41]

 
Largest cities or towns in Baden-Württemberg
Rank Regierungsbezirk Pop.

Stuttgart

Karlsruhe		 1StuttgartStuttgart (region)633,164
Mannheim

Freiburg im Breisgau
2KarlsruheKarlsruhe (region)311,484
3MannheimKarlsruhe (region)308,763
4Freiburg im BreisgauFreiburg (region)229,341
5HeidelbergKarlsruhe (region)160,196
6UlmTübingen (region)125,805
7HeilbronnStuttgart (region)125,599
8PforzheimKarlsruhe (region)125,108
9ReutlingenTübingen (region)115,877
10Esslingen am NeckarStuttgart (region)93,304

Vital statistics
  • Births from January–March 2017 = 25,454
  • Births from January–March 2018 = 25,161
  • Deaths from January–March 2017 = 31,767
  • Deaths from January–March 2018 = 31,725
  • Natural growth from January–March 2017 = -6,313
  • Natural growth from January–March 2018 = -6,564

[42]

Religion
Religion in Baden-Württemberg, 2011[43]
religion percent
Roman Catholics
 
 37%
EKD Protestants
 
 33%
Muslims
 
 6%
Other religions or none
 
 24%

Northern and most of central Württemberg has been traditionally Protestant (particularly Lutheran) since the Reformation in 1534 (with its centre at the famous Tübinger Stift). The former Electorate of the Palatinate (Northwestern Baden) with its capital Heidelberg was shaped by Calvinism before being integrated into Baden. Upper Swabia, and the Upper Neckar Valley up to the bishop seat of Rottenburg, and Southern Baden (the Catholic archbishop has its seat in Freiburg) have traditionally been bastions of Roman Catholicism.

Foreigners

As of 1 January 2020, largest groups of foreign residents by country of origin were:

 Turkey253,995
 Italy184,555
 Romania156,325
 Croatia122,835
 Poland85,620
 Greece82,135
 Syria81,260
 Kosovo62,615
 Hungary52,450
 Bulgaria44,770

Sports

Football ist the biggest sport in Baden-Württemberg. VfB Stuttgart Hockenheimring Compared to other German states, Baden-Württemberg has a particularly high density of professional basketball teams such as Riesen Ludwigsburg, ratiopharm Ulm, USC Heidelberg, PS Karlsruhe Lions and others.

See also

Sources
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  2. "The State and its people". Baden-Württemberg. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  3. "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2017". Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg (in German). 2018.
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  15. "Home". www.rmford.co.uk.
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Notes
  1. The Innovationsindex is an index developed by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany in Baden-Württemberg that features a variety of indicators for innovation in an identification number that enables a comparative assessment of the ability of innovation of 86 regions in the 27 member countries of the European Union.

References
  • Philip Cooke, Kevin Morgan (1998). The Associational Economy: Firms, Regions, and Innovation. Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-829659-1.
  • Climate change in Baden-Württemberg: facts – impacts – perspectives / LUBW; Baden-Württemberg, Ministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Verkehr. [In collab. with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research; Süddeutsches Klimabüro. Transl.: InTra eG Fachübersetzergenossenschaft], Stuttgart: Baden-Württemberg Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Transport Karlsruhe: LUBW, 2010.
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