Reichenau Glosses

The Reichenau Glosses were compiled in the 8th century in Picardy[1][2] to help monks reading the Vulgate Bible understand words that had either gone extinct or developed a new meaning in their early Romance dialect. Each word was glossed by a synonym written in Latin form, though not always of Latin origin.[3]

In the table below, obviously non-native words such as Italian formaggio (which was borrowed from French) are not counted among the derivatives. Sounds that may or may not be present in a word- depending on dialect, phonetic context, or other factors- are shown in subscript.

Archaic TermMeaningGlossOrigin of GlossDerivatives of GlossDerivatives of Archaic Term
abdito hidden absconso CL abscondito 'hidden' (cognate to abdito but with an additional prefix) had the variant absconso. Pr. [as̺kóːs̺u~as̺kóns̺u]
O.Fr [es̺kóns̺]
O.Oc [es̺kós̺]
Ct. [əs̺kúns̺]
It. [askóːzo]
O.Sp [es̺kúz̺o]
O.Pt [es̺kúz̺o]
Rm. [as̄kúns̄]		 —
abio[lower-greek 1]I go awayvadoThis could mean 'I go' in CL, but the usual sense was 'wade'.Pr. [βáːo]
O.Fr [vói̯s̺][lower-roman 1]
Fr. [vɛz]
Ct. [bátʃ]
Oc. [báu̯]
Dl. [vís]
It. [vɔ́x][lower-roman 2]
Nea. [vákə]
Ast. [bó]
Sp. [bói̯][lower-roman 3]
Pt. [vóu̯]
abgetarii[lower-greek 2] woodworkers carpentarii CL for 'wagon makers'. From Gaulish *karpantos 'chariot' with occupational suffix -arii. Pr. [karpentáːrji]nom
O.Fr [tʃarpentjǽr]
Pr. [karpentáːrjos̺]acc
O.Fr [tʃarpentjǽrs̺]
Fr. [ʃaχpɑ̃tjez]
Oc. [kaɾpentjɛ́s̺]
Sp. [kaɾpintéɾos̺]
Pt. [kɐɾpĩntéi̯ɾuʃ]
absintio wormwood aloxino Greek ἀλόη όξίνης[7] 'bitter aloe'. Pr. [alɔ́ks̺ɪna]
O.Fr [alúi̯z̺nə]
Fr. [alɥinə]
O.Sp [alóz̺na]
Pt. alosna		 Pr. [aps̺ɪ́ntsjo]
Oc. [au̯s̺én]
Dl. ascianz
O.It [asséntso]
Sp. [axéŋxo]
adolescentia youth iuventus CL synonym. Pr. [ɟʊβɛ́ntu]
O.Fr [dʒovɛ́nt]
Oc. [dʒuβén]
Ct. [ʒuβént]		 —
Pr. [ɟʊβentúːte]
Oc. [dʒuβentýt]
Ct. [ʒuβəntút]
O.It [dʒoventúːde]
It. [dʒoventú]
Sp. [xuβentúð]
Pt. [ʒuvẽntúðɨ]
aculeus stinger aculeonis Romance derivative of the older term. Pr. [akuʎʎóːne]
Fr. [ɛɡɥijɔ̃]
Oc. [aɣyʎú]
Sp. [aɣixón]
Gal. [aɣiʎóŋ]
aesbronzeeramenLL derivative composed of aes (oblique stem aer-) and material suffix -men.Pr. [aráːmen]
Fr. [ɛʁɛ̃]
Oc. [aɾán]
Ct. [əɾám]
Rs. arom
It. [ráːme]
Sd. [ráːmɛnɛ]
Gal. arame
Pt. [ɐɾɐ́mɨ]
Rm. [arámə]
Pr. [aráːmɪne][8]
Sp. [alámbɾe]
agerfieldcampusCL synonym.Pr. [kámpʊs̺]nom
O.Fr [tʃáns̺]		 Pr. [áːɣru]
O.Fr [ái̯rə]
Fr. [ɛʁə]
O.Oc agre
'eyrie'
It. [áːgro]
Gal. agra
Rm. [áɡru]
'field, land'
Pr. [kámpu]acc
O.Fr [tʃámp]
Fr. [ʃɑ̃]
Oc. [kán]
Ct. [kám]
Rs. champ
It. [kámpo]
Nea. [kámbə]
Sp. [kámpo]
Sd. [kámpu]
Dl. [kúo̯mp]
Pt. [kɐ̃́mpu]
Rm. [kɨ́mp]
annuant that they nod cinnant Verb based on LL cinnus 'wink', itself of unclear origin. Pr. [kɪ́nnant]
O.Fr [tsénənt]
O.Oc [tsénan]
It. [attʃénnano]+pref
Pt. [ɐsénɐ̃ũ̯]+pref		 —
anxiaretur that he be
distressed		 angustiaretur LL verb based on CL angustia 'tribulations, difficulties'. Pr. [aŋgʊ́s̺tsjat]
O.Fr [aŋgói̯.s̺əθ]
Fr. [ɑ̃ɡwasə]
Oc. [aŋgúi̯.s̺ɔ]
Ct. [əŋɡóʃə]
It. [aŋgóʃʃa]		 O.It ansia
Sp. [ans̺ía]
Pt. [ɐ̃síɐ]
'eagerly await'
aperboarsalvaticus porcusPorcus is CL for 'pig'. Salvaticus reflects Pr. evolution of CL silvaticus 'wild'. Pr. [pɔ́rkʊs̺ s̺alβáːtɪkʊs̺]nom
O.Fr [pɔ́rs̺ s̺alvádʒəs̺]		Pr. [ápru]
Sd. [pɔɾkáːβɾu][lower-roman 4]
Pr. [pɔ́rku s̺alβáːtɪku]acc
O.Fr [pɔ́rk s̺alvádʒə]
Fr. [pɔχ sovaʒə]
Oc. [pɔ́ɾk s̺alβádʒe]
Ct. [pɔ́ɾk s̺əlβádʒə]
Rs. portg selvadi
Dl. [pwárk salvútik]
It. [pɔ́rko salváːtiko]
Rm. [pórk s̄əlbátik]
arbusta orchards arbricellus Diminutive of arbor 'tree'. Pr. [arβorɪs̺kɛ́ɭɭu]
O.Fr [arbris̺ɛ́l]
Fr. [aʁbʁiso]
Oc. [aɾbɾis̺ɛ́l]
'shrubbery'
It. [arboʃʃɛ́llo]
'sapling'		 Gal. albustre
area threshing floor danea Frankish *dannja. Wal. dègne[9] Pr. [áːrja]
O.Fr [ái̯rə]
Fr. [ɛʁə]
Oc. [jɛ́ɾɔ]
Ct. [éɾə]
It. [áːja]
Sp. [éɾa]
Pt. [ɐ́i̯ɾɐ]
Rm. arie
arenasandsabuloCL for 'gravel'.Pr. [s̺aβlóːne]
Fr. [sablɔ̃]
Oc. [s̺aβlú]
Ct. [s̺au̯ɫó]
Rs. [səblún]
It. [sabbjóːne]
Dl. [salbáu̯ŋ]
Sp. [s̺aβlón]
Ist.Rm [salbún]		 Pr. [aréːna]
O.Fr [aréi̯nə]
Oc. [aɾénɔ]
Ct. [əɾɛ́nə]
It. [réːna]
Nea. [rénə]
Sp. [aɾéna]
Gal. area
Pt. [ɐɾɐ́i̯ɐ]
Arm. [arínə]
armilla bracelet baucus Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *baugaz, which had the same sense. O.Fr [bɔ́u̯] Pr. [armɪ́ɭɭa]
Sp. [aɾméʎa]
atramblacknigramMore usual CL synonym.Pr. [nɪ́ɣra]
O.Fr [néi̯rə]
Fr. [nwaʁə]
Oc. [néɣɾɔ]
Ct. [nɛ́ɣɾə]
Rs. [nái̯rə]
Dl. [njára]
It. [néːɾa]
Nea. [nɛ́u̯rə]
Sp. [néɣɾa]
Pt. [néɣɾɐ]
Rm. [ne̯áɡrə]		—
axisaxleascialisAxis with adjective-forming suffix -alis.Pr. [aks̺áːle]
O.Fr [ai̯.s̺ǽl]		 Pr. [áks̺e]
Fr. [ɛ]
'plank'
Oc. [ái̯s̺]
Ct. [éʃ]
It. [ásse]
Sp. [éxe]
Ast. [éi̯s̺]
Pt. [éi̯.ʃu]
'beam, axle'
Pr. [aks̺íːle]
O.Fr [ai̯.s̺íl]
Fr. [esjø]
benignitate kindness bonitate CL contextual synonym. Pr. [bonɪtáːte]
O.Fr [bontǽθ]
Fr. [bɔ̃te]
Oc. [buntát]
Ct. [bundát]
O.It [bontáːde]
It. [bontáx]
Sp. [bondáð]
Pt. [bõndáðɨ]
Rm. [bunətáte]		 —
binasin pairsduas et duasPeriphrase, 'two and two'.Fr. deux à deux
It. due a due
Sp. de dos en dos
Pt. de dois em dois
calamus pen for writing penna CL for 'feather'. Pr. [pɪ́nna]
O.Fr [pénə]
It. [pénna]
Sic. [pínna]
Pt. [pénɐ]
Rm. [pe̯ánə]		 Pr. [káːlamu]
O.Fr [tʃálmə]
Fr. [ʃomə]
'stubble, thatch'
callidiormore deviousvitiosiorComparative form of CL vitiosus 'wicked, corrupt'. The core noun vitium 'sin' is common in Christian writings.Pr. [βɪtsjóːs̺u]
O.Fr [vitsóu̯s̺]
Fr. [visjø]
Oc. [bisjús̺]
'depraved'
It. [vettsóːso]
'charming'		 —
calumpniamslandercontentioCL for 'quarrel, dispute'.Pr. [tentsjóːne]
Oc. [tens̺ú]		Pr. [kalʊ́mɲa]
O.Fr [tʃalóndʒə]
O.Oc [kalóndʒa]
Sp. [kalóɲa]
Pt. [kwĩ́mɐ]
calx heel calcaneum Rare CL synonym composed of calx and -aneum. Pr. [kalkáɲɲu]
O.Fr dial [kalkái̯n][10]
Oc. dial [kau̯káɲ]
O.Ct [kəɫkáɲ]
Rs. chalchagn
It. [kalkáɲɲo]
Sd. carcàngiu
O.Sp [kalkáɲo]
Arom. cãlcãnju
Rm. [kəlkɨ́i̯]		 —
canereto singcantareCL frequentative form of canere.Pr. [kantáːre]
O.Fr [tʃantǽr]
Fr. [ʃɑ̃te]
Oc. [kantá]
Ct. [kəntá]
Rs. chantar
Dl. [kantúr]
It. [kantáːɾe]
Nea. [kandá]
Sd. [kantáːɾe]
Sp. [kantáɾ]
Pt. [kɐ̃ntáɾ]
Rm. [kɨntáre]
cartallobasketpanarioCL for 'breadbasket', composed of pane 'bread' and locational suffix -ario.Pr. [panáːrju]
O.Fr [panjǽr]
Fr. [panje]
Oc. [panjɛ́ɾ]
O.It [panáːjo]
Nea. [panárə]
Sp. [panéɾo]
Pt. [pɐnɐ́i̯ɾu]
caseumcheeseformaticumLL formaticus caseus, lit. 'cheese made in a mould'.Pr. [formáːtɪku]
O.Fr [formádʒə]
Fr. [fχɔmaʒə]
Oc. [fuɾmádʒe]
Ct. [fuɾmádʒə]		Pr. [káːsju]
Dl. [kís]
It. dial. [káːʃo]
Nea. [kásə]
Sd. [káːzu]
Sp. [kés̺o]
Pt. [kɐ́i̯ʒu]
Rm. [káʃ]
Pr. [kasjɔ́ːlu]dim
Rs. chaschöl
crastro[lower-greek 3] army camp heribergo Frankish *heriberga. O.Fr herberge
Oc. [alβɛ́rɣɔ]		 Pr. [kás̺tru]
Ar. qaṣr[lower-roman 5]
cementariimasonsmationesFrankish *makjo. Note confusion of ⟨ti⟩ and ⟨ci⟩, which both represent [ts].[11]O.Fr [matsóns̺]
Fr. [masɔ̃z]
Oc. [mas̺ús̺]		 O.Fr *cimentiers
Fr. [simɑ̃tjez]
cementariis macionibus
cenaculachambersmansiunculasDiminutive of CL mansiones 'lodges'.Pr. [masjóːnes̺]
O.Fr [mai̯.z̺óns̺]
Fr. [mɛzɔ̃z]
Oc. [mai̯.z̺ús]
It. [madʒóːni]
Sp. [mes̺ónes̺]
O.Pt [mei̯.ʒṍes̺]
'houses'
Sd. [mazɔ́ːnɛzɛ]
'herds'		 —
cesis beaten flagellatis CL for 'beaten with a whip'. Pr. [flaɟeɭɭáːtos̺]
O.Fr [flaəlǽts]
cibaria food cibus vivendi Reminiscent of Pr. vivanda 'food', altered from CL vivenda 'that which is necessary for life'. Pr. [βiβánda]
O.Fr [vjándə]
'food'
Fr. [vjɑ̃də]
'meat'
Oc. [vjándɔ]
It. [vivánda]
'food'
Pr. [βiβέnda]
Sp. [biβjénda]
Pt. [vivẽ́ndɐ]
'residence~housing'
clibanus oven furnus CL synonym. Pr. [fʊ́rnu]acc
O.Fr [fórn]
Fr. [fuʁ]
Oc. [fúɾn]
Ct. [fóɾn]
Rs. fourn
It. [fórno]
Nea. [fwórnə]
Sd. [fúrru]
Sp. [óɾno]
Pt. [fóɾnu]
Arom. [fúrnu]
cliviumhillmontaniaCL mont- 'mountain' with locational suffix -anea.Pr. [montáɲɲa]
O.Fr [montáɲə]
Fr. [mɔ̃taɲə]
Oc. [muntáɲɔ]
Ct. [muntáɲə]
Rs. [muntóɲə]
It. [montáɲɲa]
Nea. [mundáɲɲə]
Sp. [montáɲa]
Pt. [mõntɐ́ɲɐ]
coccinusscarlet redrubeusCL for 'red'.Pr. [rʊ́βjʊs̺]nom
O.Fr [ródʒəs̺]
Pr. [rʊ́βju]acc
O.Fr [ródʒə]
Fr. [ʁuʒə]
Oc. [rúdʒe]
Ct. [rɔ́tʃ]
Sd. [arrúβju]
Sp. [rúβjo]
Pt. [ʁúi̯vu]
Rm. [rói̯b]
colliridam type of pastry turtam CL tortam 'twisted' in reference to the pastry's shape. Pr. [tʊ́rta]
O.Fr [tórtə]
Fr. [tuχtə]
Oc. [túɾtɔ]
Rs. turta
Sd. [túɾta]
It. [tórta]
Dl. [túrta]
Sp. [tóɾta]
Rm. [túrtə]
commutationeexchangeconcambiisGaulish *kambjon.Pr. [kámbju]
Fr. [ʃɑ̃ʒə]
Oc. [kámbi]
It. [kámbjo]
Sp. [kámbjo]
Pt. [kɐ̃́mbju]
Rm. [s̄kímb][lower-roman 6]
compellit he urges anetset Frankish *anhattian.[13] O.Fr [anétsəθ]
O.It [aníttsa]
O.Pt [anátsa]
concidithe cuttaliavitVerb based on CL talea 'cutting from a plant'.Pr. [taʎʎát~taʎʎáu̯t]
O.Fr [taʎáθ]
Fr. [tɑja]
Oc. dial. [taʎá]
Ct. [təʎá]
It. [taʎʎɔ́x]
Sp. [taxó]
Pt. [tɐʎóu̯]
Rm. [təjé]
contumeliambelittlementverecundiamCL for 'shame'.Pr. [βerɣʊ́ɲɲa]
Fr. [vɛʁɡɔɲə]
Oc. [beɾɣúɲɔ]
Ct. [bəɾɣóɲə]
It. [verɡóɲɲa]
Nea. [vrəɣɔ́ɲɲə]
O.Sp [βeɾɣwéɲa]
Ast. [beɾɣóɲa]
Pt. [vɨɾɣóɲɐ]
Pr. [βerɣʊ́ntsja]
Sd. [bɾeɣúnθa]
Sp. [beɾɣwénθa]
O.Pt [βeɾɣóntsa]
coturnicesquailsquacolesPossibly from Frankish[14] if not a native word inherited from Proto-Italic.[15] Either way, likely onomatopoeic in origin.Pr. [kwákkolas̺]
O.Fr [káʎəs̺]
Fr. [kɑjə.z]
Oc. [káʎɔs̺]
Ct. [ɡwáʎʎəs̺]
Rs. quacras
It. [kwáʎʎe]		 Pr. [kotʊrníːkes̺]
O.It [kotorníːtʃi]
Sp. [koðoɾníθes̺]
Pt. [kuðuɾnízɨʃ]
Pr. [kotʊrníːklas̺]dim
Rm. [potɨrníkj][lower-roman 7]
'partridges'
scabrones[lower-greek 4] hornets wapces Frankish *wapsa. O.Fr [gwɛ́s̺pəs̺][lower-roman 8]
Fr. [ɡɛpə.z]		 Pr. [karaβróːnes̺]
It. [kalavróːni]
Pt. [kɐ̃mbɾɐ̃́ũ̯ʃ]
crebro[lower-greek 5] sieve crivolo The product of liquid dissimilation, one of several ways that Pr. eliminated the sequence of two r's. The additional ⟨o⟩ is dubious. Pr. [kríːβlu]
Fr. [kχiblə]		 —
Pr. [kríːβu]
Sp. [kɾíβa]fem
Pt. [kɾívu]
Pr. [kíːβru]
Rm. [ʧjúr]
Pr. [kriβέɭɭu]dim
Oc. [kɾiβέl]
It. [krivέllo]
crurashinstibiaCL contextual synonym.Pr. [tíːβja]
O.Fr [tídʒə]
Fr. [tíʒə]
Oc. [tídʒɔ]
Ca. [tíʒə]
'stem'
culmen peak spicus CL had the masculine variant spicus alongside the more usual spica 'spike, ear of grain'. Pr. [ɪs̺píːku]acc
O.Fr [es̺pí]
Fr. [epi]
Oc. [es̺pík]
Fri. [spí]
Rm. [s̄pík]		 Pr. [kʊ́lmen]
It. [kólmo]
Gal. [kúme]
Pt. [kúmɨ]
Rm. [kúlme]
Pr. [ɪs̺píːka]
Oc. [es̺píɣɔ]
Ct. [əs̺píɣə]
Dl. [spái̯ka]
Sd. [ispíːɣa]
It. [spíːga]
Sp. [es̺píɣa]
Pt. [iʃpíɣɐ]		 Pr. [kʊ́lmɪne]
Sp. [kúmbɾe]
cunctiallomnesCL synonym.Pr. [ɔ́mnes̺]
O.It [ɔ́nni]		 —
dagivedonaCL synonym.Pr. [dóːna]
O.Fr [dónə]
Fr. [dɔnə]
Oc. [dúnɔ]
Ct. [dónə]		 Pr. [dá]
Oc. dial [dá]
Rs. dai
It. [dá]
Dl. [dúo̯]
Sp. [dá]
Pt. [dá]
Rm. [də]
denudarelay barediscooperireCL cooperire 'cover' with dis as a negating prefix.Pr. [dɪs̺koperíːre]
O.Fr [des̺kovrír]
Fr. [dekuvʁíʁ]
Oc. [des̺kuβɾí]
Ct. [dəs̺kuβɾí]
Dl. [diskoprér]
It. [diskopríːɾe]
Sp. [des̺kuβɾíɾ]
Pt. [dɨʃkuβɾíɾ]
Rm. [des̄koperíre]		Pr. [dɪs̺nuðáːre]
O.Fr [dez̺nuðǽr]
Fr. [denɥe]
'deprive'
Sp. [dez̺nuðáɾ]
Pt. desnudar
'undress'
detestarerevileblasphemareCL synonym borrowed from Greek βλασφημέειν.Pr. [blas̺temáːre]
O.Fr [blaz̺mǽr]
Fr. [blɑme]
Oc. [blai̯má]
Ct. [bɫəz̺má]
Rs. blastemmar
It. [bestemmjáːɾe]
Dl. [blasmúr]
Sp. [las̺timáɾ]
Pt. [lɐʃtimáɾ]
Rm. [bles̄temáre]		—
dilecta beloved amata More usual CL synonym. Pr. [amáːta]
O.Fr [amǽðə]
Fr. [ɛmeə][upper-roman 1]
Oc. [ai̯máðɔ]
Ct. [əmáðə]
It. [amáːta]
Sp. [amáða]
Pt. [ɐmáðɐ]
ductaledmenataCL minata 'prodded, threatened' in reference to farm animals.Pr. [mɪnáːta]
O.Fr [mənǽðə]
Fr. [məneə]
Oc. [menáðɔ]
Ct. [mənáðə]
It. [menáːta]
Rm. [mɨnátə]		Pr. [dʊ́kta]
O.Fr [dúi̯tə]
Fr. [kɔ̃dɥitə]+pref
Oc. [kundýtʃɔ]+pref
Ct. [dúi̯tə]
It. [kondótta]+pref
O.Sp [dútʃa]
Rm. [dús̄ə]
emithe boughtcomparavitCL for 'obtained'.Pr. [komparát~komparáu̯t]
O.Fr [kompəráθ]
Oc. dial. [kɾumpá]
Ct [kumpɾá]
It. [komprɔ́x]
Sp. [kompɾó]
Pt. [kõmpɾóu̯]
Rm. [kumpərə́]
'bought'		—
ensisswordgladiusMore usual CL synonym.Pr. [ɡláɟʊs̺]
O.Fr [ɡlái̯s̺]
'sword lily'
escas food cibos More usual CL synonym. Pr. [kɪ́βos̺]
Sp. [θéβos̺]
Pt. [sévuʃ]
'bait'		 Pr. [ɛ́s̺kas̺~és̺kas̺]
Fr. [ɛʃə.z]
Oc. [és̺kɔs̺]
Pt. [íʃkɐʃ]
'bait'
Ct. [ɛ́s̺kəs̺]
It. [éske]
'bait, tinder'
Sp. [jés̺kas̺]
Rm. [jéʃtʲ]
'tinder'
exacerbaverunt they irritated exasperaverunt CL synonym. An unprefixed version with a change in conjugation survived in Romance. Pr. [as̺períːrʊnt]
O.Fr [as̺prírənt]
O.It [aspríːrono]		 —
exaurire to drain scavare CL excavare 'dig out, empty', composed of ex 'out' and cav- 'hollow'. Pr. [es̺kaβáːre]
O.Fr [es̺tʃavǽr]
Oc. [es̺kaβá]
Rs. stgavar
It. [skaváːɾe]
Sp. [es̺kaβáɾ]
Pt. [iʃkɐváɾ]
exterminabithe shall extirpateeradicabitCL synonym.Pr. [eraðikáːre]
O.Fr [aratʃjǽr]
Fr. [aʁaʃe]
O.Oc araigar
Rm. [ridikáre]
exuerunt they stripped expoliaverunt CL synonym. Pr. [ɪs̺poʎʎáːrʊnt]
O.Fr [es̺poʎǽrənt]
It. [spoʎʎáːɾono]
O.Sp [es̺poʒáɾon][upper-roman 2]
Gal. [ez̺βuʎáɾõŋ]
faretra quiver teca sagittarum Periphrase, 'container for arrows'. The first word is a CL borrowing from Greek θήκη; the latter is native. Pr. [téːka]
O.Fr [téi̯ə]
Fr. [tɛə]
'pillowcase'
It. [téːga]
'pod'
Rm. [te̯ákə]
'case, sheath'
Pr. [s̺aɟɪ́ttas̺]
O.Fr [s̺aétəs̺]
Oc. [s̺adʒétɔs̺]
Ct. [s̺əʒɛ́təs̺]
O.It [saétte]
Sp. [s̺aétas̺]
Pt. [sɛ́tɐʃ]
Rm. [s̄ədʒétsʲ]
cupra Frankish loan, cf. German Köcher. O.Fr [kúi̯vrə]
fatigatustiredlassusCL synonym.Pr. [lás̺s̺ʊs̺]
O.Fr [lás̺]
Fr. [lɑ]
Oc. [lás̺]
femurthighcoxaCL for 'hip'.Pr. [kɔ́ks̺a]
O.Fr [kúi̯.s̺ə]
Fr. [kɥísə]
Oc. [kɥɛ́i̯.s̺ɔ]
Ct. [kúʃə]
Rs. cossa
It. [kɔ́ʃʃa]
Sd. [kɔ́ssa]
Sp. [kúxa]
Pt. [kóʃɐ]
Dl. [kópsa]
Rm. [ko̯áps̄ə]
'thigh'
cingolo[lower-greek 6]CL for 'belt'.Pr. [kɪ́ŋɡla]
O.Fr [tséŋɡlə]
Fr. [sɑ̃ɡlə]
Oc. [s̺éŋglɔ]
Ct. [s̺íŋɡɫə]
It. [tʃíŋɡja]
Pt. [síʎɐ]
Pr. [klɪ́ŋɡa]
Nea. chienga
Rm. [kíŋɡə]
ferussavagedurusCL for 'harsh, severe'.Pr. [dúːrʊs̺]nom
O.Fr [dúrs̺]
Rs. [dírs][lower-roman 9]		 Pr. [fɛ́ːrʊs̺]nom
O.Fr [fjɛ́rs̺]
'proud'
Pr. [dúːru]acc
O.Fr [dúr]
Fr. [dyʁ]
Oc. [dýɾ]
Ct. [dú]
Rs. [dír]
Lom. [dýːr]
It. [dúːro]
Dl. [dójr]
Sp. [dúɾo]
Pt. [dúɾu]		 Pr. [fɛ́ːru]acc
O.Fr [fjɛ́r]
Fr. [fjɛʁ]
It. [fjɛ́ːro]
'proud'
Ct. [féɾ]
Sp. [fjéɾo]
'wild'
fervetit boilsbullitCL synonym.Pr. [bʊ́ɭɭɪt]
O.Fr [bólt]
Fr. [but]
Oc. [búʎe]
Ct. [búʎ]
It. [bólle]
Nea. [vɔ́ddə]
Sd. [búɖɖɛ]
Sp. [búʎe]
'boils'
Pt. [búlɨ]
'fidgets'		 Pr. [fɛ́rβet]
It. [fɛ́rve]
'has a fever'
Sp. [ɟʝéɾβe]
Pt. [fɛ́ɾvɨ]
Rm. [fjérbe]
fex dregs lias Gaulish *ligas. O.Fr [líəs̺]
Fr. [liə.z]		 —
flareto blowsuflareCL flare prefixed with sub.Pr. [s̺ʊffláːre]
O.Fr [s̺oflǽr]
Fr. [sufle]
Oc. [s̺uflá]
Rs. suflar
It. [soffjáːɾe]
O.Sp [s̺oʎáɾ][21]
Ast. [as̺weʎáɾ]+pref
Pt. [supɾáɾ]
Rm. [s̄ufláre]
flasconem flask buticulam diminutive of LL buttis 'cask, barrel' from Greek βοῦττις. Pr. [bʊttɪ́kla]
O.Fr [botéʎə]
Fr. [butɛjə]
Oc. [butéʎɔ]		 O.Fr [flas̺kón]
Fr. [flakɔ̃]
Oc. [flas̺kú]
Ct. [fɫəs̺kó]
It. [fjásko]
Sp. [fɾás̺ko]
Pt. [fɾáʃku]
fletur there is weeping planctur An attempt to spell CL plangitur, 'there is mourning'. Pr. [pláŋgere]
O.Fr [plái̯ndrə]
Fr. [plɛ̃dʁə]
Oc. [pláɲe]
Ct. [pɫáɲə]
Dl. [plúŋɡrə]
It. [pjáŋdʒeɾe]
O.Sp [ʎaɲeɾ]
O.Pt [tʃandʒeɾ]
Rm. [plɨ́ndʒere]		 —
forummarketplacemercatumCL contextual synonymPr. [merkáːtu]
O.Fr [martʃjǽθ]
Fr. [maχʃe]
Oc. [meɾkát]
Ct. [məɾkát]
Rs. marchà
Sd. [markáːðu]
It. [merkáːto]
Sp. [meɾkáðo]
Pt. [mɨɾkáðu]		 Pr. [fɔ́ːru]
O.Fr [fwɛ́r]
Fr. [fyʁ]
'extent'
Sp. [fwéɾo]
'law'
Rom. [fór]
'plaza'
framea type of sword gladius bisacutus Bisacutus is LL for 'double-edged', from CL bis 'twice' + acutus 'sharpened'. Pr. [bɪs̺akúːta]
Fr. [bəzɛɡyə]
'carpenter's tool
with two sides'
It. [bizakúːta]
'double-edged'		 —
furent[lower-greek 7] that they steal involent CL involent 'they carry off'. Pr. [ɪ́mβolent]
O.Fr [émblənt]
O.Oc [émblen]
O.Ct emblen		 Pr. [fúːrant]
It. [fúːɾano]
Rm. [fúrə]
Pr. [ɪmβóːlent]
It. [invóːlano]
furvusbrownbrunusFrankish *brūn.O.Fr [brún]acc
Fr. [bʁœ̃]
Oc. [bɾý]
Ct. [bɾú]
Rs. dial. [brýn]
It. [brúːno]
Dl. [brói̯n]
Sp. [bɾúno]
Pt. [bɾúnu]		—
fusilesmeltedfundutasRomance past participle[22] of CL fundere 'melt'.Pr. [fʊndúːtas̺]
O.Fr [fondúðəs̺]
Fr. [fɔ̃dyə]
Oc. [fundýðɔs̺]
O.It [fondúːte]
'melted'
Pr. [fʊndíːtas̺]
Sp. [undíðas̺]
'collapsed'
Ast. [fundí.es]
Pt. [fũndíðɐʃ]
'smelted'
galeahelmethelmusFrankish *helm.O.Fr [hɛ́lmə]acc
Fr. [omə]
It. [élmo]
Sp. [ɟʝélmo]
Pt. [ɛ́lmu]
genuitshe boregeneravitCL synonym with more regular conjugations.Pr. [ɡenerát~ɡeneráu̯t]
O.Fr [dʒendráθ]
Fr. [ɑ̃ʒɑ̃dʁa]+pref
Oc. dial. [eŋʒendɾá]+pref
Ct. [əŋʒəndɾá]+pref
Sp. [eŋxendɾó]+pref
Pt. [ʒɨɾóu̯]
gratiathanksmercesCL for 'goods, wages'.Pr. [merkéːðe]
O.Fr [mertsíθ]
Fr. [mɛχsi]
Oc. [meɾs̺é]
O.It [mertʃéːde~mertʃé]
'thanks, mercy'
It. [mertʃéːde]
Sp. [meɾθéð]
Pt. [mɨɾsé]
'mercy'
abenas[lower-greek 8] reins retinacula iumentorum Periphrase, 'reins for pack animals'. Retinacula is akin to Pr. retinas, both derived from retinere 'hold back'. Pr. [rɛ́ːtɪnas̺]
O.Fr. [rɛ́ðnəs̺][23]
Fr. [ʁɛnə.z]
Oc. [rénnɔs̺]
Ct. [rɛ́ŋnəs̺]
It. [rɛ́ːdine]
Sp. [rjéndas̺]
Pt. [ʁɛ́ðjɐʃ]
Pr. [ɟumɛ́ntu]
O.Fr [dʒumɛ́nt]
Fr. [ʒymɑ̃]
'mare'
O.It [dʒumɛ́nto]
Nea. [ʃummɛ́ndə]fem
O.Sp [ʒumjénto]
Sp. [xuménto]
Pt. [ʒumẽ́ntu]
'pack animal'
arundine[lower-greek 9] reed ros Frankish *rausa. O.Fr [rós̺]
Oc. [rau̯s̺]
O.Fr. [roz̺ɛ́l]dim
Fr. [ʁozo]
ebitatum[lower-greek 10] weakened bulcatum Pr. verb based on CL bullire 'bubble, boil'. Pr. [bʊɭɭɪkáːtu]
O.Fr [boldʒjǽθ]
Fr. [buʒe]
Oc. [buleɣát]
Ct. [bəʎuɣát]
'moved, agitated'
It. [bulikáːto]
'boiled'
iacinctinas[lower-greek 11] hyacinth-colored persas Ultimately from Persia, perhaps because garments imported from there had this color. Fr. [pɛχsə]
'blue-green'		 Pr. [ɟakíntu]
Fr. [ʒasɛ̃tə]fem
Oc. [dʒas̺ín]
Ct. [ʒəs̺ínt]
hiemswinteribernusHibernus was a CL synonymPr. [iβɛ́rnʊs̺]nom
O.Fr [ivɛ́rs̺]
O.Oc iverns		 —
Pr. [iβɛ́rnu~imβɛ́rnu]acc
O.Fr [ivɛ́rn]
Fr. [ivɛʁ]
Oc. [iβɛ́ɾn]
Ct. [iβɛ́ɾn]
Rs. inviern
Dl. [invjárna]fem
It. [iɱvɛ́rno]
Sd. [iβérru]
Sp. [imbjéɾno]
Ast. [iβjéɾnu]
Pt. [ĩmbɛ́ɾnu]
Rm. [járnə]fem
horreisgranariesspicariisCL spica 'ear of grain' with locational suffix -arium.Pr. [ɪs̺pikáːrju]
O.Wal spir[24]
'provisions'
Gm. [ʃpáɪçɐ]
'granary'		Pr. [ɔ́rrju]
Ct. [ɔ́ri]
It. dial orrio
Sd. orriu
Ast. [óru]
iacere to throw iactare CL freq. of iacere. Pr. [ɟektáːre]
O.Fr [dʒətǽr]
Fr. [ʒəte]
Oc. [dʒetá]
Ct. [ʒitá]
It. [dʒettáːɾe]
Nea. [ʃəttá]
Sd. [gɛtáːɾe]
Sp. [etʃáɾ]		 —
ictus strike colpus CL borrowing of Greek κόλαφος. Pr. [kɔ́lpʊs̺]nom
O.Fr [kɔ́ls̺]		 Pr. [ɪ́ktu]acc
Pt. [ɐ́i̯tu]
'row'
Pr. [kɔ́lpu]acc
O.Fr [kɔ́lp]
Fr. [kú]
Oc. [kɔ́p]
Ct. [kɔ́lp]
It. [kólpo]
id this hoc Contextual CL synonym Pr. [ɔ́k]
O.Fr [wɛ́k]
Ct. [ú]
'this'
Oc. [ɔ́]
O.Ct oc
'yes'		 —
iecore liver ficato CL ficatum 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν.[25] Pr. [fɪ́katu]
Fr. [fwaə]
It. [féːɡato]
Ast. [féɣaðu]		 Pr. [ɟekwáːrja]
'giblets'
Pt. [igwɐɾíɐ][lower-roman 10]
'delicacies'
Pr. [fikáːtu]
Fri. [fiáːt]
Fri. [fiáːt]
Rm. [fikát]
Pr. [fíːkatu]
Rs. fio
Sd. [fíːɣaðu]
Sp. [íɣaðo]
Pt. [fíɣɐðu]
Pr. [fɪ́taku][27]
Oc. [fédʒe]
Ct. [fédʒə]
in caminum into the furnace in clibanum This word didn't survive anywhere in Romance, however it has already been defined earlier in this glossary as furnus. — Pr. [kamíːnu]
Rs. chamin
Dl. [kamái̯n]
It. [kamíːno]
Pr. [kamɪnáːta]
O.Fr [tʃəminǽðə][lower-roman 11]
Fr. [ʃəmineə]
Oc. dial. [tsaminádɔ]
'fireplace, chimney'
indutus dressed vestitus CL synonym. Pr. [βes̺tíːtu]acc
O.Fr [ves̺tíθ]
Oc. [bes̺tít]
Ct. [bəs̺tít]
Dl. [vestját]
Lom. [vestíː]
It. [vestíːto]
Sd. [bestíːðu]
Sp. [bes̺tíðo]
Pt. [vɨʃtíðu]		 —
Pr. [βes̺tútu]acc
O.Fr [ves̺túθ]
Fr. [vɛty]
O.It [vestúːto]
institis bandages fasciolis CL synonym. Pr. [fas̺cɔ́ːlas]
O.It [faʃʃwɔ́ːle]
Rm. [fɨʃio̯áre]
nasculis Frankish *nastila. O.Fr [náz̺ləs̺]
Wal. nâles
It. [nástri]masc
insultaret that he offend inganaret Romance verb based on CL gannire 'to snarl'. Pr. [ɪŋgannáːre]
O.Fr [eŋdʒanǽr]
Oc. [eŋɡaná]
Ct. [əŋgəɲá]
It. [iŋgannáːɾe]
Sp. [eŋɡaɲáɾ]
Rm. [ɨŋgɨnáre]
issethe would
have gone		ambulassetCould mean 'go' in CL, but isset was the more usual word.Pr. [amblás̺s̺et]
O.Fr [alás̺t]
Fr. [alɑt]
It. [ambjásse]
Sp. [amblás̺e]
Rm. [umblás̄e]		Pr. [ís̺s̺et~ɟís̺s̺et]
Lad. jissa
Rm. [ís̄e]
Pr. [íːre~ɟíːre]inf
Fr. [iʁ][lower-roman 12]
O.Oc [íɾ]
O.Ct [íɾ]
Rs. [ír]
O.It [dʒíːre]
Dl. [dzer]
Sp. [íɾ]
Pt. [íɾ]
Rm [íː]
itayessicCL synonym.Pr. [sík]
Fr. [si]
Oc. [s̺í]
'actually, yes'
Ct. [s̺í]
Rs. [ʃí]
It. [sí]
Sp. [s̺í]
Pt. [sĩ́][lower-roman 13]
'yes'
Rm. [ʃí]
'and'		 —
iuger acre jornalis CL diurnalis 'that which pertains to a day'. In France this term developed the sense of 'land that can be worked by oxen in a day'. Pr. [ɟʊrnáːle]
O.Fr [dʒornál]
'journal,
measure of land'
Fr. [ʒuʁnal][lower-roman 14]
Oc. [dʒuɾnál]
It. [dʒornáːle]
'journal'
iugulate kill them occidite CL synonym See necetur. Pr. [ɟʊgláːtɪs̺]
Rm. [ʒungiáts]
iuslawlegemCL synonymPr. [léɟe]
O.Fr [léi̯]
Fr. [lwa]
Oc. [léi̯]
Ct. [ʎɛ́i̯]
Dl. [líg]
It. [léddʒe]
Sp. [léi̯]
Pt. [léi̯]		Pr. [ɟúːre]
It. [dʒúɾe]
O.Sp [ʒúɾ]
O.Pt [ʒúɾ]
potestatemCL for 'power, authority'.Pr. [potes̺táːte]
O.Fr [poðes̺tǽθ]
O.Oc [poes̺tát]
O.It [podestáːde]
It. [podestáx]
labium[lower-greek 12] tub conca Could designate a sort of vessel in CL, but the main sense was 'shell'. Borrowed from Greek κόγχη. Pr. [kɔ́ŋka]
Fr. [kɔ̃ʃə]
It. [kóŋka]
Sp. [kwéŋka]
'basin, watershed'		 —
lamentoI wailploroCL for 'I weep'.Pr. [plóːro]
O.Fr [plóu̯r]
Fr. [plœʁ]
Oc. [plúɾi]
Ct. [plɔ́ɾu]
O.It [pjóːro]
Ara. [pʎóɾo]
Sp. [ʎóɾo]
Pt. [ʃɔ́ɾu]
laterum bricks teularum CL tegularum 'roof-tiles'. Pr. [téːɣʊlas]
O.Fr [tíu̯ləs̺~téʎəs̺]
Fr. [tɥilə.z]
Oc. [téu̯lɔs̺]
Ct. [tɛ́u̯ɫəs̺]
Dl. [tákle]
It. [téggje~tégole]
Sp. [téxas̺]
Ast. [téʝas̺]
Pt. [téʎɐʃ]
lebesboilerchaldariaCL caldarium 'warm bath'.Pr. [kaldáːrja]
O.Fr [tʃaldjǽrə]
Fr. [ʃodjɛʁə]
Oc. [kau̯ðjɛ́ɾɔ]
Ct. [kəɫdéɾə]
It. [kaldáːja]
Dl. [kaldíra]
Sp. [kaldéɾa]
Pt. [kaldɐ́i̯ɾɐ]
Rm. [kəldáre]
levaleftsinistraCL synonym.Pr. [s̺ɪnɪ́s̺tra]
Fr. [sənɛ́stχə]
Oc. [s̺enɛ́s̺trɔ]
O.It [sinéstra]
Rs. saniestra
O.Sp [s̺injés̺tɾa]
O.Pt [s̺ẽ.ɛ́s̺tɾa]
liberoschildreninfantesCL synonym.Pr. [ɪfántes̺~ɪnfántes̺]
O.Fr [enfánts]
Fr. [ɑ̃fɑ̃z]
Oc. [efáns̺]
Ct. [iɱfáns̺]
Rs. uffants
'children'
It. [fánti]
'infantry'
O.Sp [iɸántes̺]
O.Pt [ifántes̺]
'heirs-apparent'
litusshoreripaCL synonym.Pr. [ríːpa]
O.Fr [rívə]
Fr. [ʁivə]
Oc. [ríβɔ]
Ct. [ríβə]
Rs. riva
It. [ríːva]
Dl. [rái̯pa]
Sp. [ríβa]
Pt. [ʁíβɐ]
Rm. [rɨ́pə]		 Pr. [líːtu]
It. [líːdo]
ludebantthey were playingjocabantCL synonym.Pr. [ɟokáːβant]
O.Fr [dʒo.ǽvənt]
Fr. [ʒwɛə.t]
Oc. [dʒuɣáβɔn]
Ct. [ʒuɣáβən]
Rs. giogavan
Dl. [dzokua]
It. [dʒokáːvano]
Sp. [xuɣáβan]
Pt. [ʒuɣávɐ̃ũ̯]
Rm. [ʒukáu̯]		 —
luto mud fecis CL for 'dregs, sediment'. Pr. [fɛ́ːkes̺]
It. [fɛ́tʃi]
Sp. [éθes̺]
Pt. [fézɨʃ]		 Pr. [lʊ́tu]
O.Fr [lót]
It. [lóːto]
Sd. [lúːðu]
Sp. [lóðo]
Pt. [lóðu]
Rm. [lút]
mala punicapomegranatesmala granataPeriphrase: 'seeded apples'.Pr. [máːla ɡranáːta]
Oc. [milɣɾánɔ]
Ct. [məɣɾánə]
It. [melaɡráːna]
O.Sp [milɡɾána]
Sp. [ɡɾanáða]
Pt. [ɡɾɐnáðɐ]		 —
Pr. [póːma ɡranáːta]
O.Fr [pómə grənádə][lower-roman 15]
Fr. [ɡʁənadə]
malusmastmastusFrankish *mast.O.Fr [más̺t]acc
Fr. [mɑ]
Oc. [más̺t]
manipulosbundlesgarbasFrankish *garba.Fr. [ʒɛʁbə.z]
Oc. [gáɾβɔs̺]
Ca. [ɡárbəs̺]		Pr. [manʊ́kli]nom
O.Fr [manóʎ]
O.It [manókki]
Rm. [mənúnkʲ]
Pr. [manʊ́klos̺]acc
O.Fr [manóʎts]
Ct. [mənóʎs̺]
Sp. [manóxos̺]
Pt. [mɔ́ʎuʃ]
maresmale livestockmasculiCL diminutive of mares (singular mas).Pr. [más̺kʊli]nom
O.Fr [máz̺lə]
It. [máski]
Rm. dial [mas̄kúrʲ]
'male pigs'		 —
Pr. [más̺kʊlos̺]acc
O.Fr [máz̺ləs̺]
Fr. [mɑlə.z]
Oc. [más̺kles̺]
Ct. [más̺kləs̺]
Rs. mascels
Sd. [máskɾɔzɔ]
Sp. [mátʃos̺]
Pt. [máʃuʃ]
mergulum diver bird corvum marinum Lit. 'sea-crow'. Pr. [kɔ́rβu maríːnu]
Fr. [kɔʁmɔʁɑ̃]
Oc. [kɔ́ɾp marí]
Ct. [kɔ́ɾp məɾí]
Sp. [kweɾβo maɾíno]
Pt. [kóɾvu mɐɾíɲu]
militessoldiersservientesCL for servants'.Pr. [serβjɛ́ntes̺]
O.Fr [s̺erdʒénts]
'servants, sergeants'
Fr. [sɛʁʒɑ̃z]
'sergeants'
Oc. [s̺iɾbéns̺]
Ct. [s̺əɾβéns̺]
Sp. [s̺iɾβjéntes̺]
'servants'
minas threats manaces CL minacia 'menacing' reinterpreted as a fem noun. Pr. [mɪnáccas̺]
O.Fr [manátsəs̺]
Fr. [mənásə.z]
Oc. [menás̺ɔs̺]
It. [minátʧe]
O.Sp [menátsas̺]
O.Pt [mẽ.átsas̺]		 —
mutuo acceperamI borrowedimpruntatum habeoPrefixed deriv. of CL mutuari. Compound tense construction with habeo is characteristic of Romance.Pr. [áɟo ɪmprumutáːtu]
O.Fr [ái̯ empruntæθ]
Fr. *[e ɑ̃pχœ̃te]
Oc. [ái̯ empɾyntát]
Rm. [ám ɨmprumutát]
mutuum dare to lend prestare CL for 'provide, furnish'. Pr. [pres̺táːre]
O.Fr [pres̺tǽr]
Fr. [pχɛte]
Oc. [pɾes̺tá]
Ct. [pɾəs̺tá]
It. [prestáːɾe]
Sp. [pɾes̺táɾ]
Pt. [pɾɨʃtáɾ]
neceturmay he be killedoccideturCL synonym. In Romance the sense of necare had changed to 'kill by drowning'.Pr. [okkíːðere]
O.Fr [otsíðrə]
Oc. [au̯sí]
It. [uttʃíːdeɾe]
Sd. [ɔkkíːðeɾe]
Rm. [utʃídere]		Pr. [nekáːre]
O.Fr [nei̯ǽr]
Fr. [nwaje]
It. [anneɡáːɾe]+pref
Sp. [aneɣáɾ]+pref
Arm. [nekáre]
neminito nobodynulliCL synonym.Pr. [núɭɭu]acc
Fr. [nyl]
Oc. [nýl]
Ct. [núl]
Dl. [núl]
It. [núllo]
Sic. [núɖɖu]
'none, futile'		 Pr. [néːmɪni]
Rm. [nímenʲ]
nent they weave filant Pr. verb based on CL filum 'thread'. Pr. [fíːlant]
O.Fr [fílənt]
Fr. [filə.t]
Oc. [fílɔn]
Ct. [fíɫən]
It. [fíːlano]
Sp. [ílan]
Pt. [fjɐ̃́ũ̯]		 —
nonnulliseveralmultiCL synonym.Pr. [mʊ́lti]nom
O.Fr [mólt]
It. [mólti]
Rm. [múltsʲ]
Pr. [mʊ́ltos̺]acc
O.Fr [mólts]
Ct. [móɫs̺]
Sp. [mútʃos̺]
Pt. [mṹj̃ntuʃ][lower-roman 16]
non pepercit he did not spare non sparniavit Frankish *sparanjan. O.Fr [nən es̺parɲáθ]
Fr. *[nepaʁɲa][lower-roman 17]
Oc. dial. *[nu espaɾɲá]
It. [non sparaɲɲɔ́x]
novacularazorrasoriumCL rasum 'shaved' with instrumental suffix -orium.Pr. [ras̺óːrju]
O.Fr [raz̺ói̯r]
Fr. [ʁazwaʁ]
Oc. [raz̺ú]
Ct. [rəó~raóɾ]
It. [razóːjo]
Sp. [ras̺éro]		Pr. [noβáːkla]
Ct. [nəβáʎə]
Sp. [naβáxa]
Ast. [naβáʝa]
Pt. [nɐváʎɐ]
novercastepmothermatrastraCL matrem 'mother' with suffix -astra 'wannabe'.Pr. [matrás̺tra]
Fr. [maʁɑtχə]
Oc. [mai̯rás̺trɔ]
Ct. [məðɾás̺tɾə]
Sp. [maðɾás̺tɾa]
Pt. [mɐðɾáʃtɐ]		Pr. [noβɛ́rka]
Arm. nuearcã
nosseto knowscireMore usual CL synonym.Pr. [ɪs̺kíːre]
Sd. [iskíːre]
Rm. [ʃtíre]		 —
nutare to wobble cancellare CL for 'criss-cross'. The Romance sense developed from the notion of crossing one's legs while walking. Pr. [kankeɭɭáːre]
O.Fr [tʃantsəlǽr]
Fr. [ʃɑ̃səle]
ocreasbootshusasFrankish *hosa.O.Fr [hwɛ́z̺əs̺]
O.It [wɔ́ːze]
O.Sp [wéz̺as̺]
O.Pt [ɔ́z̺as̺]
offendasmay you drive off abattasCL battuas.Pr. [abbátas̺]
Fr. [abátə.z]
Oc. [aβátɔs̺]
Ct. [əβátəs̺]
It. [abbátta]
Sp. [aβátas̺]
Pt. [ɐvátɐʃ]
onagerwild donkeyasinus salvaticusAsinus is CL for 'donkey'. For salvaticus, see entry for aper.Pr. [áːs̺ɪnʊs]nom
O.Fr [áz̺nəs̺]
Pr. [áːs̺ɪnu]acc
O.Fr [áz̺nə]
Fr. [ɑnə]
Oc. [áz̺ne]
Ct. [áz̺ə]
Rs. asen
Lig. [áːze]
It. [áːzino]
Sd. [áːinu]
Sp. [áz̺no]
Pt. [áʒnu]
Rm. dial asen
onustusburdenedcarcatusRomance verb based on CL borrowing of Gaulish *karros.Pr. [karrɪkáːtʊs̺]nom
O.Fr [tʃardʒjǽts]
O.Oc [kaɾgáts]
Pr. [karrɪkáːtu]acc
O.Fr [tʃardʒjǽθ]
Fr. [ʃaʁʒe]
Oc. [kaɾɣát]
Ct. [kərəɣát]
Dl. [karikúo̯t]
It. [kaɾikáːto]
Sp. [kaɾɣáðo]
Pt. [kɐʁɨɣáðu]
Rm. [ɨŋkərkát]+pref
oppidistownscivitatibusLL for 'cities'.Pr. [kiβɪtáːtes̺]
O.Fr [tsitǽts]
Fr. [sitez]
Oc. [s̺iu̯táts]
Ct. [s̺iu̯táts̺]
Rs. citads
O.It [tʃittáːdi]
It. [tʃittáx]
Sp. [θjuðáðes̺]
Pt. [siðáðɨʃ]
'cities'
Rm. [tʃetə́tsʲ]
'fortresses'
castellisCL for 'fortresses', diminutive of castra.Pr. [kas̺tɛ́ɭɭi]nom
O.Fr [tʃas̺tɛ́l]
O.Oc [kas̺tɛ́l]
O.It [kastɛ́ʎʎi]
It. [kastɛ́lli]
Sic. [kaʃtɛ́ɖɖi]
Pr. [kas̺tɛ́ɭɭos̺]acc
O.Fr [tʃas̺tɛ́ls̺]
Fr. [ʃɑtoz]
Oc. [kas̺tɛ́ls̺]
Ct. [kəs̺téʎs̺]
Rs. chastès
Sd. [kastɛ́ɖɖɔzɔ]
Sp. [kas̺tíʎos̺]
Ast. [kastjéʎos̺]
Pt. [kɐʃtɛ́luʃ]
opilioshepherdberbicariusCL ueruex 'ram' with occupational suffix -arius.Pr. [berβɪkáːrjʊs̺]nom
O.Fr [berdʒjǽrs̺]
Pr. [berβɪkáːrju]acc
O.Fr [berdʒjǽr]
Fr. [bɛʁʒe]
Oc. dial [baʁdzjéi̯]
Pr. [berβekáːrju]
Sd. [bɛɾβɛkáːɾju]
Rm. [berbekár]
oportetit is fittingconvenitHad this sense in CL as well.Pr. [komβɛ́ːnɪt]
O.Fr [konvjɛ́nt]
Fr. [kɔ̃vjɛ̃t]
Oc. [kumbén]
Ct. [kumbé]
It. [koɱvjɛ́ːne]
Sp. [kombjéne]
Pt. [kõvɐ̃́ĩ̯]
Rm. [kuvíne]
optimosthe bestmelioresCL for 'better'. In Romance it also came to mean 'best'.Pr. [meʎʎóːres̺]
O.Fr [meʎóu̯rs̺]
Fr. [mɛjœʁz]
Oc. [meʎús̺]
Ct. [miʎós̺]
Rs. megliers
It. [miʎʎóːɾi]
Sp. [mexóɾes̺]
Ast. [meʝóɾes̺]
Pt. [mɨʎɔ́ɾɨʃ]
optimumvalde bonumLit. 'very good'. Valde survived as the first element of O.Fr vaudoux and vaupute.[32]Pr. [bɔ́ːnu]
O.Fr [bwɛ́n]
Fr. [bɔ̃]
Oc. [bún]
Ct. [bɔ́]
Rs. [bún]
Dl. [bún]
It. [bwɔ́ːno]
Sp. [bwéno]
Ast. [bónu]
Pt. [bṍ]
Rm. [bún]
oremouthbuccaCL for 'cheek'.Pr. [bʊ́kka]
O.Fr [bótʃə]
Fr. [buʃə]
Oc. [búkɔ]
Ct. [bókə]
Rs. [bɔ́kə]
Dl. [búka]
It. [bókka]
Sp. [bóka]
Pt. [bókɐ]
'mouth'
Rm. [búkə]
'cheek'
ostendithe showedmonstravitCL synonym.Pr. [mos̺trát~mos̺tráu̯t]
O.Fr [mos̺tráθ]
Fr. [mɔ̃tχa][lower-roman 18]
Oc. dial. [mus̺tɾá]
Ct. [mus̺tɾá]
It. [mostrɔ́x]
Sp. [mos̺tɾó]
Pt. [muʃtɾóu̯]
Rm. [mus̄trə́]
ovessheepberbicesCL vervex 'castrated ram'.Pr. [berβíːkes̺]
O.Fr [berbíts]
Fr. [bʁəbiz]
O.Oc berbitz
O.It [berbíːtʃi]		Pr. [ɔ́ːβes̺]
Rm. [ói̯]
Pr. [berβéːkes̺]
Sd. [baɾβɛ́ːɣɛzɛ]
Rm. [beɾbétʃʲ]		 Pr. [oβɪ́klas̺]dim
O.Fr [o.éʎəs̺]
Fr. [wajə.z]
Oc. [u.éʎɔs̺ ~ au̯véjaː]
Ct. [uβɛ́ʎəs̺]
Sp. [oβéxas̺]
Pt. [ɔvɐ́ʎɐʃ]
paliurus Christ's thorn cardonis From CL cardus 'thistle'. Pr. [karðóːne]
O.Fr [tʃardón]acc
Fr. [ʃaʁdɔ̃]
Oc. [kaɾðú]		 —
pallium cloak drappum Frankish *drāpi. O.Fr [dráp]
Fr. [dʁa]
Oc. [dɾáp]
Ct. [dɾáp]
Dl. [dráp]
It. [dráppo]
Sd. [dɾápu]
Sp. [tɾápo]
Pt. [tɾápu]
papilionis tent travis Gallo-Romance nominative based on CL acc trabem 'beam' or 'structure built around a beam'. O.Fr [trǽs̺]nom Pr. [papɪʎʎóːne]
O.Fr [paveʎón]
'butterfly, pavilion'
Fr. [pavijɔ̃]
Oc. [paβaʎú]
It. [padiʎʎóːne]
Sp. [paβeʎón]
'pavilion'
Fr. [papijɔ̃][lower-roman 19]
Oc. [paɾpaʎú]
Ct. [pəpəʎónə]
O.It [parpaʎʎóːne]
'butterfly'
Pr. [tráːβe]acc
O.Fr [trǽf]
'tent, beam'
O.Oc [tráu̯]
It. [tráːve]
Pt. [tɾávɨ]
pabula[lower-greek 13] blister visica Vesica could have this meaning in CL as well, but its main sense was 'bladder'. Pr. [βes̺s̺íːka]
Fr. [vesíə]
Oc. [bes̺íɣo]
Ct. [bəʃíɣə]
It. [veʃʃíːka]
Sd. [bussíːka]
Sp. [bexíɣa]
Ast. [beʃíɣa]
Pt. [bɨʃíɣɐ]
Rm. [bəʃíkə]
'blister, bladder'		 —
paria alike similia Contextual CL synonym. Pr. [s̺ɪmɪʎʎáːre]verb
It. [somiʎʎáːɾe]
Sp. [s̺emexáɾ]
Pt. [sɨmɨʎáɾ]
'resemble'		 Pr. [páːrja]
O.Fr [pái̯rə]
Fr. [pɛʁə]
It. [páːja]
'pair(s)'
Pr. [s̺ɪmɪláːre]
O.Fr [s̺emblǽr]
Fr. [sɑ̃ble]
Oc. [s̺emblá]
Ct. [s̺əmbɫá]
Rm. [s̄emənáre]
'resemble'
pera bag sportellam CL diminutive of sporta 'basket'. Pr. [ɪs̺portɛ́ɭɭa]
O.Oc esportella
O.It sportella
Sp. [es̺portíʎa]		 —
peribet he bears perportat The context is Ioannes testimonium perhibet. Fr. il porte témoignage
It. porta testimonianza
pesfootpedisGallo-Romance nominative based on CL accusative form pedem.O.Fr [pjɛ́ts]nom
O.Oc [pɛ́s̺]
Pr. [pɛ́ːðe]acc
O.Fr [pjɛ́θ]
Fr. [pje]
Oc. [pɛ́]
Ct. [pɛ́u̯]
Rs. [pɛ́]
Lom. [pɛ́]
It. [pjɛ́ːde]
Dl. [pí]
Sp. [pjé]
Pt. [pɛ́]
Sd. [pɛ́i]
O.Rm piez
pignus pledge wadius Frankish *waddi. O.Fr [gwádʒə]
Fr. [ɡaʒə]
Oc. [gádʒe]
'will, testament'		 Pr. [pɪ́ɣnʊs̺]
O.Sp [péɲos̺]
Sp. [péɲo]
Pr. [pɪ́ɣnu]
Rs. pegn
It. [péɲɲo]
Pr. [pɪ́ɣnora]
O.It [péɲɲora]
Sp. [pɾénda]
Pr. [pɪɣnóːre]
Pt. [peɲóɾ]
pinguesfatgrassiCL crassi.Pr. [ɡrás̺s̺i]nom
O.Fr [grás̺]
It. [ɡɾássi]
Rm. [ɡráʃʲ]		 —
Pr. [ɡrás̺s̺os̺]acc
O.Fr [grás̺]
Fr. [ɡʁɑ]
Ct. [ɡɾás̺us̺]
Rs. [grás]
Dl. [grés]
Sd. [ɡɾássɔzɔ]
Sp. [ɡɾás̺os̺]
Pt. [ɡɾáʃuʃ]
plaustracartscarraGaulish *karros.Pr. [kárri]nom
O.Fr [tʃár]
It. [kárri]
Rm. [káre]
Pr. [kárros̺]acc
O.Fr [tʃárs̺]
Fr. [ʃaʁz]
Oc. [káris̺]
Ct. [kárus̺]
Sp. [káros̺]
Pt. [káʁuʃ]
pulempta[lower-greek 14] barley farina CL for 'flour'. Pr. [faríːna]
Fr. [faʁinə]
Oc. [faɾínɔ]
Ct. [fəɾínə]
Rs. farina
It. [faríːna]
Dl. [farái̯na]
Sp. [aɾína]
Pt. [fɐɾíɲɐ]
Rm. [fəínə]		 Pr. [polɛ́nta]
Dl. pulianta
It. [polɛ́nta]
pupillam pupil nigrum in oculo Periphrase, 'the black in an eye'. Fr. le noir de l'œil —
ponatur may it be placed mittatur CL mittere 'send' came to mean 'put' in LL. Pr. [mɪ́ttere]
O.Fr [métrə]
Fr. [mɛtχə]
Oc. [métɾe]
Ct. [mɛ́tɾə]
It. [métteɾe]
Sd. [míntɛɾɛ]
Sp. [metéɾ]
Pt. [mɨtéɾ]		 Pr. [póːnere]
O.Fr [póndɾə]
Fr. [pɔ̃dʁə]
Oc. [púndɾe]
Ct. [pɔ́ndɾə]
'lay an egg'
It. [pórre]
Sp. [ponéɾ]
Pt. [póɾ]
Rm. [púnere]
'put, place'
ponderatus burdened graviatus Pr. verb based on CL gravis 'heavy, burdened'. Pr. [graβjáːtus̺]
O.Fr [grədʒjǽts]		 —
poplite ham of the knee juncture janiculorum Periphrase, 'junctions of the knees'. Janiculorum is an attempt to spell CL geniculorum. Pr. [ɟuntúːras̺]
Fr. [ʒwɛ̃tyʁə.z]
Oc. [dʒuntʃýrɔs̺]
Ct. [ʒuntúɾəs̺]
It. [dʒuntúːɾe]
Sp. [xuntúɾas]
Pt. [ʒũntúɾɐʃ]
Pr. [genʊ́kli]nom
O.Fr [dʒənóʎ]
Dl. [dʒinákle]
It. [dʒinɔ́kki]
Rm. [dʒenúnkʲ]
Pr. [genʊ́klos̺]acc
O.Fr [dʒənóʎts]
Fr. [ʒənuz]
Oc. [dʒenúls̺]
Ct. [ʒənóʎs̺]
Rm. schanugls
Sd. [ɡenúːɣɾɔzɔ]
Sp. [inóxos̺]
Pt. [ʒwɐ́ʎuʃ]
pruina frost gelata CL gel- 'freeze' with Romance noun-forming suffix -ata. Pr. [geláːta]
O.Fr [dʒəlǽðə]
Fr. [ʒəleə]
Oc. [dʒeláðɔ]
Ct. [ʒəɫáðə]
It. [dʒeláːta]
Sp. [eláða]
Pt. [ʒjáðɐ]		 Pr. [prʊ.íːna]
O.Fr [brúi̯nə]
Fr. [bʁɥinə]
'drizzle'
O.Oc bruina
It. [bríːna]
'frost'
pugionedaggerlanceaCL for 'spear'. The glosser may have had in mind O.Fr lancete 'small pointed instrument'.Pr. [lánca]
O.Fr [lántsə]
Fr. [lɑ̃sə]
Oc. [láns̺ɔ]
Ct. [ʎáns̺ə]
It. [lántʃa]
Sp. [lánθa]
Pt. [lɐ̃́sɐ]		 —
pulchrabeautifulbellaCL synonym.Pr. [bɛ́ɭɭa]
O.Fr [bɛ́lə]
Fr. [bɛlə]
Oc. [bɛ́lɔ]
Ct. [béʎə]
Rs. bella
Lom. [bɛ́lɐ]
It. [bɛ́lla]
Sic. [bɛ́ɖɖa]
Dl. [bjala]
Sp. [béʎa]
Pt. [bɛ́lɐ]		 —
pusillum small parvum CL synonym. Pr. [párβu]
O.Fr [párf]
Pt. [páɾvu]
'small'
Pr. [párβʊlu]dim
O.It [párvolo]
It. [párgolo]
'boy'
pustula blister malis clavis[lower-greek 15] CL clavus had this sense as well, although its main meaning was 'nail'. Pr. [kláːβu]
O.Fr [klɔ́u̯]
Fr. [klu]
'nail, pustule'
O.Oc [kláu̯][lower-roman 20]
Ct. [kláu̯]
O.It [kjáːvo][upper-roman 3]
Ara. [kʎáu̯]
Sp. [kláβo]
Pt. [kɾávu]
'nail'
regit he rules gubernat CL synonym borrowed from Greek κῠβερνᾰ́ειν. Pr. [gʊβɛ́rnat]
O.Fr [govɛ́rnəθ]
Fr. [guvɛʁnə]
Oc. [ɡuβɛ́ɾnɔ]
Ct. [guβɛ́rnə]
It. [govɛ́rna]
Sp. [ɡoβjéɾna]
Pt. [ɡuvéɾnɐ]		 Pr. [rɛ́ɟɪt]
It. [rɛ́ddʒe]
remetieur he shall remeasure remensurabit Verb based on CL mensura 'measure'. Pr. [mes̺uráːre]
O.Fr [məz̺urǽr]
Fr. [məzyʁe]
Oc. [mez̺yɾá]
Ct. [məz̺uɾá]
Rs. mesirar
It. [mizuráːɾe]
Sp. [mes̺uɾáɾ]
Pt. [mɨzuɾáɾ]
Rm. [məs̄uráre]		 Pr. [metíːre]
Sd. [meðíɾɛ]
Sp. [meðíɾ]
Pt. [mɨðíɾ]
repente suddenly subito CL synonym. Pr. [s̺ʊ́βɪto~s̺ú:βɪto]
O.Fr [s̺úps̺][upper-roman 4]
Oc. [s̺ýtte]
Ct. [s̺ýptə]		 —
Pr. [s̺ʊβɪtá:nu]
O.Fr [s̺odéi̯n]
Fr. [sudɛ̃]
reppererunt they found invenerunt CL synonym. O.Fr *envindrent[upper-roman 5]
O.Sd *imbennerun
resthingcausaCL for 'subject matter'.Pr. [káu̯s̺a]
O.Fr [tʃóz̺ə]
Fr. [ʃozə]
Oc. [káu̯z̺ɔ]
Ct. [kɔ́z̺ə]
Rs. chossa
It. [kɔ́ːza]
Dl. [káu̯sa]
O.Sd casa
O.Sp [kóz̺a]
Sp. [kós̺a]
O.Pt [kóu̯.z̺a]
Pt. [kói̯.zɐ]		 Pr. [rés̺]
Oc. [rés̺]
Ct. [rɛ́s̺]
'nothing'
Sp. [rés̺]
'head of cattle'
Pr. [rɛ́ːne]
O.Fr [rjɛ́n]
'thing'
Fr. [ʁjɛ̃]
Oc. dial. rèn
O.Pt ren
Gal. [réŋ]
'nothing'
respectantthey look backrewardantFrankish *wardōn 'watch over, protect'.O.Fr [rəgwárdənt]
Fr. [ʁəɡaʁdə.t]
Oc. [ɡwáɾðan]-pref
Ct. [ɡwáɾðən]-pref
Rs. vurdan-pref
It. [rigwárdano]
Sp. [gwáɾðan]-pref
Pt. [ɡwáɾðɐ̃ũ̯]-pref		 Pr. [res̺pɛ́ktant]
It. [rispɛ́ttano]
Pt. [ʁɨʃpɐ́i̯tɐ̃ũ̯]
'they respect'
restant they stay remanent CL synonym Pr. [remáːnent]
O.Fr [rəmái̯nənt]
Ct. [rumánən]
It. [rimáŋgono]
Ro. [rəmɨ́n]		 —
reusguiltyculpabilisLL synonym composed of culpa 'blame' and -abilis 'worthy of'.Pr. [kʊlpáːβɪle]
O.Fr [kolpáblə]
Fr. [kupablə]
Oc. [kulpáble]
It. [kolpéːvole]
'guilty'		 Pr. [rɛ́ːu]
It. [río]
Dl. [rí]
Rm. [rə́u̯]
'bad, evil'
reveretur he fears verecundatur CL for 'he feels shame'. Pr. [verɣʊ́ndat]
O.Fr [vergóndəθ]		 —
rostrumbeakbeccusCL borrowing of Gaulish *bekkos.Pr. [bɛ́kkʊs̺]
O.Fr [bɛ́s̺]		Pr. [rós̺tru]
Rm. [rós̄t]
'mouth'
Pr. [bɛ́kku]
O.Fr [bɛ́k]
Fr. [bɛk]
Oc. [bɛ́k]
Ct. [bɛ́k]
It. [békko]
Sp. [píko]
Pt. [bíku]
rufareddishsoraFrankish *saur.Fr. [sɔ́ʁə]
'smoked'
Oc. [s̺áu̯ɾɔ]
'yellow'
Ca. [s̺áu̯ɾə]
'dark yellow'		—
rugawrinklefrunceturaFrankish *hrunkja with Romance suffix -tura.O.Fr [frontsəðúrə]
Fr. [fʁɔ̃syʁə]
Ct. [fɾuns̺iðúɾə]		Pr. [rúːɣa]
O.Fr [rúə]
Fr. [ʁyə]
Oc. dial [rýɔ]
'street'
It. [rúga]
'wrinkle'
Arm. [rúgə]
'sheep-gate'
rupem rock petram CL borrowing from Greek πέτρα. Pr. [pɛ́ːtra]
O.Fr [pjɛ́ðrə]
Fr. [pjɛrə]
Oc. [pɛ́i̯ɾɔ]
Ct. [píðɾə]
Dl. [pítra]
It. [pjɛ́tra]
Sp. [pjeðɾa]
Pt. [pɛ́ðɾɐ]
Rm. [pjátrə]		 Pr. [rúːpe]
It. [rúːpe]
'cliff'
saga a covering cortina LL for 'curtain', from an earlier CL term for a type of cauldron. The sense evolution is unclear. Pr. [kortíːna]
Fr. [kuχtinə]
Oc. [kuɾtínɔ]
Ct. [kurtínə]
It. [kortíːna]
Sp. [koɾtína]
O.Pt [koɾtíɲa][upper-roman 6]
'curtain'		 Pr. [s̺áːɣa]
Fr. [sɛə]
O.Sp [s̺ája]
Pt. [sájɐ]
'skirt'
sagma packsaddle soma The same word after a number of Romance developments. Attested as salma in Isidore. Pr. [s̺áɣma]
Fr. [sɔmə]
'packsaddle'
Oc. [s̺áu̯mɔ]
'female donkey'
Ct. [s̺áɫmə]
'ton'
It. [sóma]
'load'
or [sálma]
'corpse'		 —
sella CL synonym Pr. [s̺ɛ́ɭɭa]
Fr. [sɛlə]
Oc. [s̺ɛ́lɔ]
Ct. [s̺éʎə]
Dl. [sjála]
It. [sɛ́lla]
Sd. [sɛ́ɖɖa]
Sic. [sɛ́ɖɖa]
Sp. [s̺íʎa]
Pt. [sɛ́lɐ]
Rm. [ʃá]
'saddle'
saniore healthier plus sano Periphrase, 'more healthy'. Synthetic construction typical of Romance. Pr. [plus̺ s̺áːnu]
O.Fr [plus̺ s̺ái̯n]
Fr. [ply sɛ̃]
Oc. [pys̺ s̺á]
O.Ct [pus̺ s̺án]
It. [pjus sáːno]
Sd. [pɾus sánnu]
O.Pt [tʃus̺ s̺áo]
sarcinapackagebisatiaCL bisaccium 'double-sack'.Pr. [bɪs̺ácca]
Fr. [bəzásə]
Oc. [bjás̺ɔ]
It. [bizáttʃa]		Pr. [s̺árkɪna]
Rm. [s̄ártʃinə]
Arm. sartsinã
sartagopanpatellaCL synonymPr. [patɛ́ɭɭa]
O.Fr [paðɛ́lə]
Fr. [pwɑlə]
Oc. [paðɛ́lɔ]
Ct. [pə.éʎə]
Rs. padella
It. [padɛ́lla]
Sic. [parɛ́ɖɖa]
Sp. [pái̯la]		 Pr. [s̺artáɟɪne]
Oc. [s̺aɾtáŋ]
Nea. [sartáʃənə]
Sp. [s̺aɾtén]
Pt. [sɨɾtɐ̃́]
scinifesgnatscincellasLikely onomatopoeic. Pr. [tsjintsjáːlas̺]
O.Fr [tsintsǽləs̺]
It. [dzandzáːɾe]
Ven. [zʤiŋsáe]
Rm. [tsɨntsárʲ]masc		 —
segetescropsmessesCL synonymPr. [mɛ́s̺s̺es̺]
It. [mɛ́ssi]
Sp. [mjés̺es̺]
Pt. [mésɨʃ]
Pr. [messjóːnes̺]
O.Fr [mei̯.s̺óns̺]
Fr. [mwasɔ̃z]
Oc. [mei̯.s̺ús̺]
semelonceuna viceRomance periphrase: 'one time', from CL vice 'turn, instance'. Pr. [una βɪ́ke]
O.Fr [unə féi̯ts][upper-roman 7]
Fr. [ynə fwa]
Oc. [ynɔ βéts]
Sp. [una βéθ]
Pt. [umɐ véʃ]
sepultainterredsepelitaRare CL variant.Pr. [s̺epelíːta]
O.Fr [s̺əvəlíðə]
Fr. [ɑ̃səvəliə]+pref
Oc. [s̺eβelíðɔ]
It. [seppellíːta]		Pr. [s̺epʊ́lta]
Dl. [sepwálta]
It. [sepólta]lit
sindone type of cloth linciolo CL. linteolum 'linen cloth'. Pr. [lintsjɔ́ːlu]
O.Fr [lintswɛ́l]
Fr. [lɛ̃sœl]
Oc. [lens̺ɔ́l]
Ct. [ʎəns̺ɔ́ɫ]
Rs. lenziel
Dl. [lentsul]
It. [lentswɔ́ːlo]
Sd. [leθólu]
Sp. [lenθwélo]
Pt. [lẽsɔ́ɫ]		 Pr. [s̺indóːne]
It. [sindóːne]
singulariteralonesolamenteRomance grammaticalization of CL ablative absolutes such as sollicita mente 'assiduously'.Pr. [s̺olamɛ́nte]
O.Fr [s̺oləmɛ́nt]
Fr. [sœləmɑ̃][upper-roman 8]
Oc. [s̺ulɔmén]
Ct. [s̺oləmén]
It. [solaménte]
Sp. [s̺olaménte]
Pt. [sɔmẽ́ntɨ]		 —
si visif you wishsi volesPr. voles was constructed from such CL conjugations as volunt 'they wish'.[36]Pr. [s̺i βɔ́ːles̺]
O.Fr [s̺i vwɛ́ls̺]
Fr. *[si vøz]
Oc. [s̺e βɔ́les̺]
Ct. [s̺i βɔ́ɫs̺]
Rs. sche vuls
Sd. [si βɔ́ːlɛzɛ]
Dl. [se búle]
It. [sev.vwɔ́i]
solutis set free, absolved disligatis Negating prefix dis applied to CL ligare 'link, join'. Pr. [dɪs̺lɪɣáːtos̺]
O.Fr [dez̺liǽts]
Fr. [delje]
O.Sp [dez̺leɣáðos̺]
O.Pt [dez̺leɣáðos̺]		 Pr. [s̺olúːtos̺]acc
O.Fr [s̺olúts]
O.Oc [s̺olúts]
'resolved, paid'
Pr. [dɪs̺lɪɣáːti]
It. [sligáːti]
Rm. [dez̄legátsj]		 Pr. [s̺ɔ́ltos̺]acc
O.Fr [s̺ɔ́lts]
O.Ct [s̺ɔ́lts]
'resolved, paid'
Sp. [s̺wéltos̺]
Pt. [sóɫtuʃ]
'loose, free'
Pr. [s̺ɔ́lti]nom
It. [sɔ́lti]
'released'
sortileus fortune teller sorcerus CL sorte 'fortune' with occupational suffix -arius. Pr. [s̺ortsjáːrju]acc
O.Fr [s̺ortsjǽr]
Fr. [sɔχsje]		 —
spatula palm frond rama palmarum Periphrase, 'palm-tree branch'. Rama comes from the Pr. collective form[37] of CL ramus 'branch'. Pr. [ráːma]
O.Fr [rái̯mə]
Fr. [ʁamə][upper-roman 9]
O.Oc [ráma]
Ct. [rámə]
Sp. [ráma]
'branch'
Pr. [pálmas̺]
O.Fr [pálməs̺]
Fr. [pomə.z]
Oc. [páu̯mɔs̺]
Ct. [páɫməs̺]
Dl. [púo̯lme]
It. [pálme]
Sd. [páɾmaza]
Sp. [pálmas̺]
Pt. [páɫmɐʃ]
Rm. [pálme]
stercoraexcrementsfemusCL fimus, a synonym.Pr. [fɛ́ːmʊs̺]
O.Fr [fjɛ́ns̺]
Oc. [féns̺]
Ct. [fém]		 Pr. [ɪs̺tɛ́rku]
It. [stɛ́rko]
O.Sp [es̺tjéɾko]
Pt. [ɨʃtɛ́ɾku]
Rm. [ʃtérk]
Pr. [ɪs̺tɛ́rkore]
Sp. [es̺tjéɾkol]
submersidrownednecatiCL for 'murdered'.See necetur.Pr. [s̺ʊmmɛ́rs̺i]
It. [sommɛ́rsi]
subtilissimavery thinperpittitaOf unknown origin. Per is a CL intensifying prefix.Pr. [pɪttíːta]
Fr. [pətitə]		 Pr. [s̺ʊptíːle]
O.Fr [s̺otíl]
O.Oc [s̺otíl]
O.Ct [s̺otíl]
It. [sottíːle]
Sd. suttile
Rm. [s̄uptsíre]
succenduntthey set ablazesprenduntCL prendunt 'they seize' with prefix ex.Pr. [es̺prɛ́ndʊnt]
O.Fr [es̺prɛ́nənt]
Fr. [epχɛnə.t]		 —
sudario priest's gown fanonem Frankish *fano. The original sense of sudarium was 'sweat-cloth', composed of sudor 'sweat' and locational suffix -ario. O.Fr [fanón]
Fr. [fanɔ̃]
'papal gown'		 Pr. [s̺uðarjɔ́ːlu]dim
Dl. [sedarúl]
'handkerchief'
sulcis furrows rige Gaulish *rica. O.Fr [réi̯əs̺]
Fr. [ʁɛə.z]
Oc. [réɣɔs̺]		 Pr. [s̺ʊ́lki]nom
It. [sólki]
O.Rm [s̄úlkj]
Pr. [sʊ́lkos̺]acc
Ct. [s̺óɫks̺]
Sd. [súɾkɔzɔ]
Sp. [s̺úɾkos̺]
Pt. [súkuʃ]
suspigporcusCL synonym.See entry for aper.Sd. sue
talpas moles muli Frankish *mul. O.Fr [mulót]dim
Fr. [mylo]
'field mouse'		 Pr. [tálpa]
O.Fr [tálpə]
Fr. [topə]
Oc. [tálpɔ]
Ct. [táɫp]masc
It. [tálpa]
Sd. [táɾpaza]
Sp. [tópo]masc
Pt. dial toupa[upper-roman 10]
tectum roof solarium CL for 'roof-terrace'. Sol 'sun' with locational suffix -arium. Pr. [s̺oláːrju]
O.Fr [s̺oljǽr]
Fr. dial. [sɔlje]
Oc. [s̺ulɛ́]
'loft'		 Pr. [téktu]
O.Fr [téi̯t]
Fr. [twa]
Oc. [tétʃ~tét]
Rs. tetg
Dl. [tját]
It. [tétto]
Sp. [tétʃo]
Pt. [tɛ́tu]
tedetit annoysanogetThe ⟨g⟩ represents /j/.[39] The scribe has failed to Latinize the spelling to inodiat, a Romance verb derived from CL odium 'hate'.Pr. [ɪnɔ́ɟat]
O.Fr [anúi̯əθ]
Fr. [ɑ̃nɥiə]
Oc. [anýdʒɔ]
Ct. [ənúdʒə]
It. [údʒʒa]-pref
Sp. [enóxa]
Pt. [inóʒɐ]		 —
tediomonotonytepiditasNoun version of CL tepidum 'lukewarm'.Pr. [tɛ́ːpɪðu]
O.Fr [tjɛ́və]
Fr. [tjɛdə]
Oc. [tɛ́βi]
Ct. [tɛ́βi]
It. [tjɛ́ːpido]
Sp. [tíβjo]
Pt. [tíβju]
'lukewarm'
tereo[lower-greek 16] I thresh tribulo Verb based on CL tribulum 'threshing-board', itself composed of tero and the instrumental suffix -bulum. Pr. [tríːβlo]
O.Fr [tríblə~tríu̯lə]
Ct. [tɾíʎu]
It. [tríbbjo]
Sd. triulo
Sp. [tɾíʎo]
Pt. [tɾíʎu]
teristrum veilcufiaFrankish *kuffja.O.Fr cofie
Fr. [kwáfə]
O.Oc kofa
vittaCL for 'headband'.Pr. [βɪ́tta]
O.Fr [vétə]
Ct. [bɛ́tə]
It. [vétta]
Sp. [béta]
Pt. [fítɐ]
Rm. [bátə]
toraxcuirassbruniaFrankish *brunnia.O.Fr bronie
Fr. [bʁwaɲə]
O.Oc bronha
trabem beam trastrum From CL transtrum 'crossbeam'. O.Fr tref < trabem could mean 'tent' as well. Pr. [trás̺tu]
O.Fr [trás̺tə]
'crossbeam'
Sp. [tɾás̺to]
Pt. [tɾáʃtɨ]
'junk'		 See mastus.
Pr. [tras̺tɛ́ɭɭu]dim
O.Fr [træs̺tɛ́l]
Fr. [tχeto]
'trestle'
transferent they will carry over transportent CL ferre 'carry' was displaced in Romance by portare, originally a less common synonym. Pr. [tras̺pɔ́rtant]
O.Fr [træs̺pɔ́rtənt]
O.It [trapɔ́rtano]		 —
transgrederego pastultra alareUltra is CL for 'beyond'. Alare is a Latinized spelling of O.Fr aler 'go'[39] of disputed origin.O.Fr *oltraler
transmeare to swim across transnotare Pr. *notare 'swim' is CL natare.after vowel dissimilation. Pr. [tras̺notáːre]
O.Fr *tresnoder
O.It [tranotáːɾe]
Pr. [notáːre]
O.Fr [noðǽr]
Rs. nodar
Dl. [notúo̯r]
O.It [notáːɾe][upper-roman 11]
Rm [ɨnotáre]+pref
Pr. [natáːre]
Oc. [naðá]
Ct. [nəðá]
Sp. [naðáɾ]
Pt. [nɐðáɾ]
tuguriumhutcavanaOf obscure origin.Pr. [kapánna]
O.Fr [tʃavánə]
Oc. [kaβánɔ]
It. [kapánna]
Ara. [kapánna]
Sp. [kaβáɲa]
Pt. [kɐβɐ́nɐ]
turibulum incense burner incensarium LL incensum with locational suffix -arium. Pr. [ɪnkens̺áːrju]
O.Fr [entsens̺jǽr]
'incense burner'
Fr. [ɑ̃sɑ̃sje]
'rosemary'
thurmas crowds fulcos Frankish *fulc. O.Fr [fóls]
Fr. [fulə.z]fem
O.Oc. folcs		 Pr. [tʊ́rmas̺]
It. [tórme]
Fri. torme
Sd. [tɾúːmaza]
Rm. [túrme]
tutamenta defenses defendementa CL defendere 'protect' with instrumental suffix -mentum. O.Fr defendemenz —
uecors foolish, senseless esdarnatus Frankish *darn. Fr. dial [daʁnə]
'stumbling, impulsive'
ueru roasting-spit spidus Frankish *spit. O.Fr [es̺péi̯ts]nom Pr. [βerrʊ́klu][upper-roman 12]
O.Fr [veróʎ]
Fr. [vɛʁu][upper-roman 13]
Oc. [barúl]
O.Sp [βeróʒo][upper-roman 14]
O.Pt [βeróʎo][upper-roman 15]
'door-bolt'
O.Fr [es̺péi̯θ]acc
Fr. [epwa]
Sp. [es̺péto]
Pt. [iʃpétu]
uespertiliones bats calves sorices In CL this would mean 'bald mice'. Pr. [kálβas̺ s̺oríːkes̺]
O.Fr [tʃálvəs̺ s̺oríts]
Fr. [ʃofsuʁiz]		 Pr. [βes̺pertɛ́ɭɭu]dim
O.It [vispistrɛ́llo]
It. [pipistrɛ́llo]
Ast. [es̺peɾtéʝu]
uestis garment rauba Frankish *rauba 'spoils of war, garments' O.Fr [rɔ́bə]
Fr. [ʁɔbə]
Oc. [ráu̯βɔ]
Ct. [rɔ́βə]
It. [rɔ́ːba]
Sp. [rópa]
Pt. [ʁóu̯pɐ]		 Pr. [βes̺tɪmɛ́ntu]
O.Fr [ves̺təmɛ́nt]
Fr. [vɛtəmɑ̃]
Rs. büschmaint
Dl. [vestemjánt]
Rm. [veʃmɨ́nt]
uim power fortiam CL fortia 'strong' reinterpreted as a feminine noun. Pr. [fɔ́rtsja]
O.Fr [fɔ́rtsə]
Fr. [fɔχsə]
Oc. [fɔ́ɾs̺ɔ]
Ct. [fɔ́ɾs̺ə]
Rs. forza
It. [fɔ́rtsa]
Sp. [fwéɾθa]
Pt. [fóɾsɐ]		 —
uiscera guts intralia Analogous CL interanea, from Pre-Latin *interus 'inside' with adjective suffix -anea. Pr. [ɪntráʎʎas̺]
O.Fr [entráʎəs̺]
Fr. [ɑ̃tχajə.z]
Oc. [entɾáʎɔs̺]
Pr. [ɪntráɲɲas̺]
O.Fr [entɾáɲəs̺]
Ct. [əntɾáɲəs̺]
Sp. [entɾáɲas̺]
Pt. [ẽntɾɐ́ɲɐʃ]
unguesfingernailsungulasCL for 'claws' diminutive of ungues.Pr. [ʊ́ŋglas̺]
O.Fr [óŋɡləs̺]
Fr. [ɔ̃ɡlə.z]
Oc. [úŋɡlɔs̺]
Ct. [úŋɡləs̺]
Rs. [úŋgləs]
It. [úŋɡje]
Dl. [óŋgle]
Sd. [úŋgɾaza]
Sp. [úɲas̺]
Pt. [úɲɐʃ]
Rm. [úŋɡʲ]
uorax devouring manducans CL for 'chewing'. Manducare later became the standard word for 'eat' in most Romance languages. Pr. [mandukándo]ger
O.Fr [maŋdʒjánt]
Fr. [mɑ̃ʒɑ̃]
Oc. [maŋdʒján]
Ct. [məŋʒán]
Rs. mangiond
O.It [manikándo]
Ara. [mintʃándo]
Sd. [mandiɣándɛ]
Rm. [mɨŋkɨ́nd]
urguet he urges onward adastat Frankish *haist 'haste'. O.Oc adasta[44]
usurisinterest on a loan lucrisCL for 'profits, wealth'.Pr. [lʊ́kri]nom
Arom. lucri
'objects'
Pr. [lʊ́kros̺]acc
O.Fr [lói̯rs̺]
'revenues, assets'
Sp. [lóɣɾos̺]
Pt. [lóɣɾuʃ]
'achievements'
utereuseusitareCL freq. of utere.Pr. [úːs̺a]
Fr. [yzə]
Oc. [ýz̺ɔ]
Ct. [úz̺ə]
It. [úːza]
Sp. [ús̺a]
Pt. [úzɐ]
utres wineskins folli CL folles 'leather bags, bellows'. Pr. [fɔ́ɭɭes̺]
O.Fr [fɔ́ls̺]
Fr. [fuz]
Oc. [fɔ́ls̺]
Ct. [fóʎs̺]
It. [fɔ́lli]
'madmen, fools'
Sd. [fɔ́ɖɖɛzɛ]
Sp. [fwéʎes̺]
Pt. [fɔ́lɨʃ]
Rm. [fo̯ále]
'bellows'		 Pr. [ʊ́tres̺]
Fr. [útχə.z]fem
It. [ótri]
Sp. [óðɾes̺]
Pt. [óðɾɨʃ]
Arom. utri
uuasgrapesracemosCL for 'clusters, bunches' often in reference to grapes.Pr. [rakíːmos̺]
O.Fr [rai̯dzíns̺]
Fr. [ʁɛzɛ̃z]
Oc. [razíns̺]
Ct. [rə.íms̺]
'grapes'
Sp. [raθímos̺]
Pt. [ʁɐsímuʃ]
'clusters'		Pr. [úːβas̺]
Rs. ieuvas
It. [úːve]
Dl. [jói̯.ve]
Sd. [úːaza]
Sp. [úβas̺]
Pt. [úvɐʃ]
Rm. dial aue
Pr. [rakíːmʊli]dim
It. [raʧíːmoli]
'clusters'

Notes
  1. Read: abeo.
  2. Read: abietarii.
  3. Read: castro.
  4. Read: crabrones.
  5. Read: cribro.
  6. Read: cingulum.
  7. Read: furentur.
  8. Read: habenas.
  9. Read: harundine.
  10. Read: hebetatum.
  11. Read: hyacinthinas.
  12. Read: labrum.
  13. Read: papula.
  14. Read: polenta.
  15. Read: malus clavus.
  16. Read: tero.
  1. The [i̯s̺] ending is of uncertain origin. It may have been taken from *trasjo < Classical Latin transeo 'I cross'.[4] The resulting *vau̯sjo would then yield vois by regular developments.
  2. The superscript x[5] indicates that this word lengthens the initial consonant of a following word, a phenomenon known as raddoppiamento fonosintattico or 'phonosyntactic doubling'. Usually (but not in the case of vo) this indicates that the first word historically ended in a consonant which tended to assimilate to the following word.
  3. Old Spanish had [βo], as expected. The origin of the later [i̯] is debated. It may either reflect O.Sp y 'there' or be the result of contamination from the following pronoun in the phrase vo-yo 'I go'.[6]
  4. Compounded with [pɔɾku] 'pig'.
  5. Which, combined with the definite article al, was borrowed into Spanish as [alˈkaθaɾ].
  6. With remnants of the prefix ex.[12]
  7. Initial consonant probably taken from Latin perdix, 'partridge'.[16]
  8. Variant of O.Fr [vɛspəs] (from Latin vespas) with the initial consonant taken from the Frankish word.[17] Germanic /w/ was borrowed into Romance as /gw/.[18]
  9. In the Sursilvan dialect, masculine singular -s survives as a predicative ending in adjectives. E.g. il paun ei cars 'the bread is expensive'.[20]
  10. With an early change in suffix from -ia to -ía.[26]
  11. Unexpected [i] due to influence from unrelated chemin 'path, way' via folk-etymology.[28]
  12. Future stem of aller 'to go'.
  13. With spontaneous and irregular nasalization.[29]
    Old Portuguese had the expected form [si].
  14. Still refers to a measure of land in some dialects.[30]
  15. [ad] possibly taken from O.Sp granada.[31]
  16. The nasal element is of unknown origin.[29]
  17. The preceding asterisk indicates that these words, in isolation, would be ungrammatical in modern French. The complete phrase would have to be il n'épargna pas.
  18. Nasalization came from an /n/ that was added in Middle French, under the influence of CL monstrare.[33]
  19. Restoration of intervocalic /p/ possibly the result of onomatopoeia for the flapping of a butterfly's wings.[34]
  20. Later replaced by dim. [klaˈβɛl] in order to distinguish it from [klau̯] 'key'.
  1. In O.Fr the initial vowel of this verb could be either [a] or [ɛ] depending on stress. Consider the following examples:
    Pr. [ˈaːmat] 'he loves' > [ˈai̯məθ] > [ˈɛmə]
    Pr. [aˈmaːta] 'beloved' > [aˈmæðə] > [aˈmɛə]
    Subsequently [ɛ] spread to all conjugations, resulting in modern French [ɛme] 'beloved' instead of *[ame].[19]
  2. Modern [despoxaɾon]
  3. Old Italian variant chiovo and modern chiodo appear to both have been influenced by words like chiudere 'shut' and chiostra 'enclosure', from Latin claudere and claustrum.
  4. Final -s drawn by analogy from adverbs that already ended with this sound in Latin, such as mielz, mais < melius, magis.[35]
  5. There is a single attestation of the participle envengud in Old French. The word is otherwise nowhere to be found.
  6. Modern [kuɾtinɐ], without palatal [ɲ], possibly borrowed from neighboring languages or Latin.
  7. Devoicing from v to f is unusual and of disputed origin.
  8. With root modified to match [sœl] 'alone'.
  9. The expected outcome would have been [ʁɛmə]. The modern form appears to have taken its initial vowel from the original diminutive rameau, where the a was unstressed and hence did not change to [ɛ].[38]
  10. Replaced in most dialects, including the standard, with toupeira < talparia.
  11. Modern Italian has [nwo'taːɾe], which is an unexpected form. Its origin lies in rhizotonic conjugations of notare, where the initial vowel was diphthongized to [wɔː]. This diphthong later spread to arrhizotonic forms by analogy.[40]
  12. Diminutive of ueru. Geminate r taken from ferru 'iron'.[41]
  13. Back-formation from O.Fr plural [veroʎts] > [verus].[42] The expected outcome of the singular [veroʎ] would have been *[vɛʁuj], cf. fenouil < *fenuclu.
  14. Modern [θeroxo], with the initial consonant taken from cerrar 'to shut'.[43]
  15. Modern [fɨʁoʎu], with the initial consonant taken from ferro 'iron'.[43]

References
  1. Quirós, Manuel (1986). "Las Glosas De Reichenau". Filología y Lingüística (in Spanish). 12: 43. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  2. Diament, H. (1968). "A New Hypothesis of the origin of French Aller". WORD. 24 (1–3): 73–80. doi:10.1080/00437956.1968.11435516.
  3. Alkire & Rosen 2010, pp. 319–320.
  4. Pope 1934, p. 362
  5. Per Hall (1981), p. 21
  6. Lloyd 1994, p. 355-358
  7. Adams 2008, p. 333
  8. Pei, Mario (1941). The Italian Language. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 78, 150.
  9. Marchot, Paul. (1901). Petite phonétique du français prélittéraire VIe - Xe siècles. B. Veith. p. 75. OCLC 490776563.
  10. Fowler, Henry (18 August 2011). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-969612-3. OCLC 863588999.
  11. Alkire & Rosen 2010, pp. 62–63.
  12. https://dexonline.ro/definitie/schimb
  13. Rossi, Mario, 1928- (2004). Dictionnaire étymologique et ethnologique des parlers brionnais : Bourgogne du Sud. p. 144. ISBN 978-2-7483-0533-3. OCLC 1033714396.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/caille
  15. Ernout, Alfred; Meillet, Antoine (2001) , “coacula”, with additions and corrections of André J., 4th edition, Paris: Klincksieck, page 331
  16. https://dexonline.ro/definitie/pot%C3%A2rniche
  17. https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/gu%C3%AApe
  18. Akire & Rosen 2010, p.53
  19. Akire&Rosen, p. 115)
  20. Loporcaro. (2018). Gender from Latin to Romance. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-0-19-184810-0. OCLC 999667793.
  21. "sollar". Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23rd ed.). Real Academia Española. 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  22. Akire & Rosen 2010, pp. 176–177.
  23. Sampson, Rodney (2011). Nasal vowel evolution in Romance. Oxford University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-19-823848-5. OCLC 907242046.
  24. Adams 2008, p.315
  25. Kiesler, Reinhard (2006). Einführung in die Problematik des Vulgärlateins (in German). Tübingen: Niemeyer. p. 91.
  26. Malkiel, Yakov (1944). "The Etymology of Portuguese Iguaria". Language. 20 (3): 108. doi:10.2307/410151. ISSN 0097-8507.
  27. Posner, Rebecca. (1996). The Romance languages. Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-521-23654-1. OCLC 231685450.
  28. https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/chemin%C3%A9e
  29. Bichakjian, Bernard Hayck. (1981). From Linguistics to Literature: Romance Studies Offered to Francis M. Rogers. J. Benjamins B.V. p. 32. OCLC 877942077.
  30. https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie8/journal
  31. https://www.etymonline.com/word/grenade#etymonline_v_11960
  32. Elcock, W. D. (1975). The Romance languages. Faber and Faber. p. 71. OCLC 604561391.
  33. https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/montrer
  34. https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/papillon
  35. Jensen, Frede (2 January 2012). Old French and Comparative Gallo-Romance Syntax. p. 398. ISBN 978-3-11-093816-6. OCLC 979590633.
  36. Anderson, James; Rochet, Bernard (1979). Historical romance morphology. University Microfilms International. p. 267. ISBN 9780835704625.
  37. Jensen, Frede. (1986). The Syntax of Medieval Occitan. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-11-132927-7. OCLC 979596835.
  38. https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/rame
  39. Alkire & Rosen 2010, p. 320.
  40. Akire & Rosen 2010, p. 113
  41. Malkiel, Yakov. (1983). From Particular to General Linguistics: Selected Essays 1965-1978. With an introduction by the author, an index rerum and an index nominum. John Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 474. ISBN 978-90-272-8315-3. OCLC 742333651.
  42. https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/verrou
  43. Malkiel, p. 474
  44. Lévy, Emil. (1973). Petit dictionnaire provençal - français. C. Winter. p. 6. ISBN 3-533-01393-6. OCLC 611288082.

Sources
  • Adams J.N. 2007. The Regional Diversification of Latin. Cambridge University Press.
  • Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol. 2010. Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hall, Robert Anderson. 1976. Proto-Romance Phonology. New York: Elsevier.
  • —. 1981. Proto-Romance Morphology. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Ferguson, Thaddeus. 1976. A History of the Romance Vowel Systems through Paradigmatic Reconstruction. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Jensen, Frede. 1972. From Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal. University of North Carolina Press.
  • Lewis, Charlton; Short, Charles. 1879. A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Lloyd, Paul M. (987. From Latin to Spanish. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
  • Pope, Mildred K. 1934) From Latin to French, with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman. Manchester University Press.
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