Aragonese language

Aragonese (/ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/; aragonés [aɾaɣoˈnes] in Aragonese) is a Romance language spoken in several dialects by about 12,000 people as of 2011, in the Pyrenees valleys of Aragon, Spain, primarily in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro, Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza/Ribagorça.[1][3] It is the only modern language which survived from medieval Navarro-Aragonese in a form distinctly different from Spanish.

"Aragonés" redirects here. For people with the surname Aragonés, see Aragonés (surname).
Aragonese
aragonés
PronunciationAragonese pronunciation: [aɾaɣoˈnes]
Native toSpain
RegionAragon; northern and central Huesca and northern Zaragoza
EthnicityAragonese
Native speakers
10,000–12,000 (active speakers)
30,000–50,000 (including passive speakers)[1] (2017)
Early form
Old Aragonese
Latin (Aragonese alphabet)
Official status
Regulated byAcademia d'a Luenga Aragonesa
Language codes
ISO 639-1an
ISO 639-2arg
ISO 639-3arg
Glottologarag1245
ELPAragonese[2]
Linguasphere51-AAA-d
Map of Aragon with the dialects of northern Aragon in grey, blue, and light orange
Map of the Occitano-Romance languages: Catalan in red, Occitan in purple and Aragonese in yellow.

Historically, people referred to the language as fabla ("talk" or "speech"). Native Aragonese people usually refer to it by the names of its local dialects such as cheso (from Valle de Hecho) or patués (from the Benasque Valley).

History
The gradual retreat of Aragonese under the pressure of Castilian (Spanish).

Aragonese, which developed in portions of the Ebro basin, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages. It spread throughout the Pyrenees to areas where languages similar to Basque were previously spoken. The Kingdom of Aragon (formed by the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza) expanded southward from the mountains, pushing the Moors farther south in the Reconquista and spreading the Aragonese language.

The union of the Catalan counties and the Kingdom of Aragon which formed the 12th-century Crown of Aragon did not merge the languages of the two territories; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east and Navarro-Aragonese in the west, with the boundaries blurred by dialectal continuity. The Aragonese Reconquista in the south ended with the cession of Murcia by James I of Aragon to the Kingdom of Castile as dowry for an Aragonese princess.

The best-known proponent of the Aragonese language was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes at the end of the 14th century. He wrote an extensive catalog of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe).

The spread of Castilian (Spanish), the Castilian origin of the Trastámara dynasty, and the similarity between Castilian (Spanish) and Aragonese facilitated the recession of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferdinand of Antequera.

In the early 18th century, after the defeat of the allies of Aragon in the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V ordered the prohibition of the Aragonese language in the schools and the establishment of Castilian (Spanish) as the only official language in Aragon. This was ordered in the Aragonese Nueva Planta decrees of 1707.

In recent times, Aragonese was mostly regarded as a group of rural dialects of Spanish. Compulsory education undermined its already weak position; for example, pupils were punished for using it. However, the 1978 Spanish transition to democracy heralded literary works and studies of the language.

Modern Aragonese
Aragonese dialect map

Aragonese is the native language of the Aragonese mountain ranges of the Pyrenees, in the comarcas of Somontano, Jacetania, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza. Cities and towns in which Aragonese is spoken are Huesca, Graus, Monzón, Barbastro, Bielsa, Chistén, Fonz, Echo, Estadilla, Benasque, Campo, Sabiñánigo, Jaca, Plan, Ansó, Ayerbe, Broto, and El Grado.

It is spoken as a second language by inhabitants of Zaragoza, Huesca, Ejea de los Caballeros, or Teruel. According to recent polls, there are about 25,500 speakers (2011) [3] including speakers living outside the native area. In 2017, the Dirección General de Política Lingüística de Aragón estimated there were 10,000 to 12,000 active speakers of Aragonese.[1]

In 2009, the Languages Act of Aragon (Law 10/2009) recognized the "native language, original and historic" of Aragon. The language received several linguistic rights, including its use in public administration.[4][5] This legislation was repealed by a new law in 2013 (Law 3/2013).[6]

Dialects
Main article: Aragonese dialects

Phonology

Traits
Aragonese expanded into the territories of the Kingdom of Aragon from the 12th to the 16th centuries.

Aragonese has many historical traits in common with Catalan. Some are conservative features that are also shared with the Astur-Leonese languages and Galician-Portuguese, where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages.

Shared with Catalan
  • Romance initial F- is preserved, e.g. FILIUM > fillo ("son", Sp. hijo, Cat. fill, Pt. filho).
  • Romance palatal approximant (GE-, GI-, I-) consistently became medieval [dʒ], as in medieval Catalan and Portuguese. This becomes modern ch [tʃ], as a result of the devoicing of sibilants (see below). In Spanish, the medieval result was either [dʒ]/[ʒ], (modern [x]), [ʝ], or nothing, depending on the context. E.g. IUVENEM > choven ("young man", Sp. joven /ˈxoβen/, Cat. jove /ˈʒoβə/), GELARE > chelar ("to freeze", Sp. helar /eˈlaɾ/, Cat. gelar /ʒəˈla/).
  • Romance groups -LT-, -CT- result in [jt], e.g. FACTUM > feito ("done", Sp. hecho, Cat. fet, Gal./Port. feito), MULTUM > muito ("many"/"much", Sp. mucho, Cat. molt, Gal. moito, Port. muito).
  • Romance groups -X-, -PS-, SCj- result in voiceless palatal fricative ix [ʃ], e.g. COXU > coixo ("crippled", Sp. cojo, Cat. coix).
  • Romance groups -Lj-, -C'L-, -T'L- result in palatal lateral ll [ʎ], e.g. MULIERE > muller ("woman", Sp. mujer, Cat. muller), ACUT'LA > agulla ("needle", Sp. aguja, Cat. agulla).

Shared with Catalan and Spanish
  • Open O, E from Romance result systematically in diphthongs [we], [je], e.g. VET'LA > viella ("old woman", Sp. vieja, Cat. vella). This includes before a palatal approximant, e.g. octō > ueito ("eight", Sp. ocho, Cat. vuit). Spanish diphthongizes except before yod, whereas Catalan only diphthongizes before yod.
  • Loss of final unstressed -E but not -O, e.g. GRANDE > gran ("big"), FACTUM > feito ("done"). Catalan loses both -O and -E; Spanish preserves -O and sometimes -E.
  • Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ may be lenited as approximants [β, ð, ɣ].

Shared with Spanish
  • Former voiced sibilants become voiceless ([z] > [s], [dʒ] > [tʃ]).
  • Voiced palatal sonorant /j/ can most often be heard as a voiced fricative [ʝ].[8]

Shared with neither
  • Latin -B- is maintained in past imperfect endings of verbs of the second and third conjugations: teneba, teniba ("he had", Sp. tenía, Cat. tenia), dormiba ("he was sleeping", Sp. dormía, Cat. dormia).
  • High Aragonese dialects (alto aragonés) and some dialects of Gascon have preserved the voicelessness of many intervocalic stop consonants, e.g. CLETAM > cleta ("sheep hurdle", Cat. cleda, Fr. claie), CUCULLIATAM > cocullata ("crested lark", Sp. cogujada, Cat. cogullada).
  • Several Aragonese dialects maintain Latin -ll- as geminate /ll/.
  • Variants of the mid-vowels /e, o/ can be heard as [ɛ, ɔ], mainly in the Benasque dialect.[9]

Vowels
Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close iu
Mid eo
Open a

Consonants
Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal m n ɲ
Plosive voiceless p t t͡ʃ k
voiced b d ɡ
Fricative f θ s ʃ
Approximant central j w
lateral l ʎ
Flap ɾ
Trill r

Orthography

In 2010, the Academia de l'Aragonés (founded in 2006) established an orthographic standard to modernize medieval orthography and to make it more etymological. The new orthography is used by the Aragonese Wikipedia.[10]

Aragonese had two orthographic standards:

  • The grafía de Uesca, codified in 1987 by the Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa (CFA) at a convention in Huesca, is used by most Aragonese writers. It has a more uniform system of assigning letters to phonemes, with less regard for etymology; words traditionally written with ⟨v⟩ and ⟨b⟩ are uniformly written with ⟨b⟩ in the Uesca system. Similarly, ⟨ch⟩, ⟨j⟩, and ⟨g⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are all written ⟨ch⟩. It uses letters associated with Spanish, such as ⟨ñ⟩.[11]
  • The grafia SLA, devised in 2004 by the Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa (SLA), is used by some Aragonese writers. It uses etymological forms which are closer to Catalan, Occitan, and medieval Aragonese sources; trying to come closer to the original Aragonese and the other Occitano-Romance languages. In the SLA system ⟨v⟩, ⟨b⟩,⟨ch⟩, ⟨j⟩, and ⟨g⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are distinct, and the digraph ⟨ny⟩ replaces ⟨ñ⟩.

During the 16th century, Aragonese Moriscos wrote aljamiado texts (Romance texts in Arabic writing), possibly because of their inability to write in Arabic. The language in these texts has a mixture of Aragonese and Castilian traits, and they are among the last known written examples of the Aragonese formerly spoken in central and southern Aragon.[12]

Comparison of Aragonese orthographies[13]
Sounds and features Academia de l'Aragonés Grafía de Uesca (1987) Grafía SLA
/a/ a a a
/b/ b, v according to Latin etymology
Ex: bien, servicio, val, activo, cantaba, debant		 b
Ex: bien, serbizio, bal, autibo, cantaba, debán		 b, v according to Medieval etymology, as in Catalan and Occitan
Ex: bien, servício, val, activo, cantava, devant
/k/
  • c
  • qu before e, i
  • c
  • qu before e, i
  • c
  • qu before e, i
/kw/ If there is an etymological q, as in Catalan and a bit in Occitan:
  • qu before a, o
  • qü before e, i
    Ex: quan, qüestión
 cu as in Spanish
Ex: cuan, cuestión		 If there is an etymological q, as in Catalan and a bit in Occitan:
  • qu before a, o
  • qü before e, i
    Ex: quan, qüestion
/tʃ/ ch
Ex: chaminera, minchar, chusticia, cheografía		 ch
Ex: chaminera, minchar, chustizia, cheografía
  • ch
  • j (g before e, i) according to etymology, as in Catalan and Occitan
    Ex: chaminera, minjar, justícia, geografia
/d/ d d d
/e/ e e e
/f/ f f f
/ɡ/
  • g
  • gu before e, i
  • g
  • gu before e, i
  • g
  • gu before e, i
/ɡw/
  • gu before a, o
  • gü before e, i
  • gu before a, o
  • gü before e, i
  • gu before a, o
  • gü before e, i
Etymological h
(rendered silent after Latin)		 Written according to Latin etymology
Ex: historia, hibierno		 Not written
Ex: istoria, ibierno		 Written as in Medieval Aragonese and Catalan
Ex: história, hivierno
/i/ i i i
/l/ l l l
/ʎ/ ll ll ll
/m/ m m m
/n/ n n n
/ɲ/ ny as in Medieval Aragonese and Catalan
Ex: anyada		 ñ as in Spanish
Ex: añada		 ny as in Medieval Aragonese and Catalan
Ex: anyada
/o/ o o o
/p/ p p p
/ɾ/ r r r
/r/
  • rr
  • r- (word-initially)
  • rr
  • r- (word-initially)
  • rr
  • r- (word-initially)
/s/ s (also between two vowels, never *ss) s (also between two vowels, never *ss) s (also between two vowels, never *ss)
/t/ t t t
Etymological final -t
(silent in Modern Aragonese)		 Written as in Medieval Aragonese, Catalan and Occitan
Ex: sociedat, debant, chent		 Not written
Ex: soziedá, debán, chen		 Written as in Medieval Aragonese, Catalan and Occitan
Ex: sociedat, devant, gent
/u, w/ u u u
/jʃ/ (Eastern dialects)
/ʃ/ (Western dialects)		 ix as unifying grapheme for all dialects
Ex: baixo		 x
Ex: baxo
  • ix (Eastern dialects)
  • x (Western dialects)
    Ex: baixo (Eastern) = baxo (Western)
/j/
  • y initial and between vowels
  • i in other cases
  • y initial and between vowels
  • i in other cases
  • y initial and between vowels
  • i in other cases
/θ/
  • z before a, o, u
  • c before e, i (in non-international words and in certain words of Greek or Arabic origin)
  • z in final position (but tz as a grapheme reflecting the t+s that became ts in Benasquese in various plurals and verb forms)


Ex: zona, Provenza, fetz, centro, servicio, realizar, verdatz

 z
Ex: zona, Probenza, fez, zentro, serbizio, realizar, berdaz
  • z before a, o, u, in initial position
  • ç before a, o, u, in inner position
  • z in final position
  • c before e, i
  • z in international formations (learned Greek words and loans that have z in their etyma)
    Ex: zona, Provença, fez, centro, servício, realizar, verdaz
Learned Greco-Roman words Assimilatory tendencies not written
Ex: dialecto, extension, and lexico		 Assimilatory tendencies written
Ex: dialeuto, estensión, but lecsico		 Not all assimilatory tendencies written
Ex: dialecto, extension, and lexico
Accent mark for stress
(accented vowel in bold)		 Spanish model, but with the possibility for oxytones to not be accented
Ex:
  • historia, gracia, servicio
  • mitolochía, cheografía, María, río
  • atención
  • choven, cantaban
 Spanish model
Ex:
  • istoria, grazia, serbizio
  • mitolochía, cheografía, María, río
  • atenzión
  • choben, cantaban
 Portuguese, Catalan and Occitan model
Ex:
  • história, grácia, servício
  • mitologia, geografia, Maria, rio
  • atencion
  • joven, cantavan

Grammar

Aragonese grammar has a lot in common with Occitan and Catalan,[14] but also Spanish.

Articles

The definite article in Aragonese has undergone dialect-related changes, with definite articles in Old Aragonese similar to their present Spanish equivalents. There are two main forms:

Masculine Feminine
Singular el la
Plural els/es las/les

These forms are used in the eastern and some central dialects.

Masculine Feminine
Singular lo/ro/o la/ra/a
Plural los/ros/os las/ras/as

These forms are used in the western and some central dialects.[15]

Lexicology

Neighboring Romance languages have influenced Aragonese. Catalan and Occitan influenced Aragonese for many years. Since the 15th century, Spanish has most influenced Aragonese; it was adopted throughout Aragon as the first language, limiting Aragonese to the northern region surrounding the Pyrenees. French has also influenced Aragonese; Italian loanwords have entered through other languages (such as Catalan), and Portuguese words have entered through Spanish. Germanic words came with the conquest of the region by Germanic peoples during the fifth century, and English has introduced a number of new words into the language.

Gender

Words that were part of the Latin second declension—as well as words that joined it later on—are usually masculine:

  • FILIU(M) > fillo (son)
  • SCIURU + OLU(M) > esquiruelo (squirrel)

Words that were part of the Latin first declension are usually feminine:

  • FILIA(M) > filla (daughter).

Some Latin neuter plural nouns joined the first declension as singular feminine nouns:

  • FOLIA > fuella (leaf).

Words ending in -or are feminine:

  • a honor, a calor, a color, and (in Medieval Aragonese) la amor

The names of fruit trees usually end in -era (a suffix derived from Latin -ARIA) and are usually feminine:

The genders of river names vary:

  • Many ending in -a are feminine: a Cinca/a Cinga, a Cinqueta, a Garona, L'Arba, a Noguera, a Isuela, La Uecha, La Uerva, etc. The last was known as río de la Uerba during the 16th century.
  • Many from the second and the third declension are masculine: L'Ebro, O Galligo, O Flumen, L'Alcanadre.

Pronouns

Just like most other Occitano-Romance languages, Aragonese has partitive and locative clitic pronouns derived from the Latin inde and ibi: en/ne and bi/i/ie; unlike Ibero-Romance.

Such pronouns are present in most major Romance languages (Catalan en and hi, Occitan ne and i, French en and y, and Italian ne and ci/vi).

En/ne is used for:

  • Partitive objects: No n'he visto como aquello ("I haven't seen anything like that", literally 'Not (of it) I have seen like that').
  • Partitive subjects: En fa tanto de mal ("It hurts so much", literally '(of it) it causes so much of pain')
  • Ablatives, places from which movements originate: Se'n va ra memoria ("Memory goes away", literally '(away from [the mind]) memory goes')

Bi/hi/ie is used for:

  • Locatives, where something takes place: N'hi heba uno ("There was one of them"), literally '(Of them) there was one')
  • Allatives, places that movements go towards or end: Vés-be ('Go there (imperative)')

Literature
Main article: Aragonese-language literature

Aragonese was not written until the 12th and 13th centuries; the history Liber Regum,[16] Razón feita d'amor,[16] Libre dels tres reys d'orient,[16] and Vida de Santa María Egipcíaca date from this period,[16][17] there is also an Aragonese version of the Chronicle of Morea, differing also in its content and written in the late 14th century called Libro de los fechos et conquistas del principado de la Morea.

Early modern period

Since 1500, Spanish has been the cultural language of Aragon; many Aragonese wrote in Spanish, and during the 17th century the Argensola brothers went to Castile to teach Spanish.[18] Aragonese became a popular village language.[19] During the 17th century, popular literature in the language began to appear. In a 1650 Huesca literary contest, Aragonese poems were submitted by Matías Pradas, Isabel de Rodas and "Fileno, montañés"., July 2016 Missing or empty |title= (help)

Contemporary literature

The 19th and 20th centuries have seen a renaissance of Aragonese literature in several dialects. In 1844, Braulio Foz' novel Vida de Pedro Saputo was published in the Almudévar (southern) dialect. The 20th century featured Domingo Miral's costumbrist comedies and Veremundo Méndez Coarasa's poetry, both in Hecho (western) Aragonese; Cleto Torrodellas' poetry and Tonón de Baldomera's popular writings in the Graus (eastern) dialect and Arnal Cavero's costumbrist stories and Juana Coscujuela' novel A Lueca, historia d'una moceta d'o Semontano, also in the southern dialect.

Aragonese in modern education

The 1997 Aragonese law of languages stipulated that Aragonese (and Catalan) speakers had a right to the teaching of and in their own language.[20] Following this, Aragonese lessons started in schools in the academic year 1997/98.[20] It was originally taught as an extra-curricular, non-evaluable voluntary subject in four schools.[21] However, whilst legally schools can choose to use Aragonese as the language of instruction, as of the academic year 2013/14, there are no recorded instances of this option being taken in primary or secondary education.[21] In fact, the only current scenario in which Aragonese is used as the language of instruction is in the university course of Aragonese Philology, which is optional, taught over the summer and still only given in Aragonese in some of the lectures.[21]

Pre-school education

In pre-school education, students whose parents wish them to be taught Aragonese receive between thirty minutes to one hour of Aragonese lessons a week.[21] In the 2014/15 academic year there were 262 students recorded in pre-school Aragonese lessons.[21]

Primary school education

The subject of Aragonese now has a fully developed curriculum in primary education in Aragon.[21] Despite this, in academic year 2014/2015 there were only seven Aragonese teachers in the region across both pre-primary and primary education and none hold permanent positions, whilst the number of primary education students receiving Aragonese lessons was 320.[21]

See also

References
  1. Perez, R. (2017-02-21). "El aragonés: la lengua romance que ya solo hablan el 1% de los aragoneses" [Aragonese: the Romance language that only 1% of Aragonese already speak]. ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  2. Endangered Languages Project data for Aragonese.
  3. Report about Census of population 2011 of Aragonese Sociolinguistics Seminar and University of Zaragoza
  4. Languages Act of Aragon Official Bulletin of Aragon
  5. Ley 10/2009, de 22 de diciembre, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas propias de Aragón. BOE núm. 30, de 4 de febrero de 2010, páginas 9875 a 9887
  6. Ley 3/2013, de 9 de mayo, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas y modalidades lingüísticas propias de Aragón. BOE núm. 138, de 10 de junio de 2013, páginas 43654 a 43662
  7. Aragonese at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  8. Gramatica Basica de l'Aragonés. Edicions Dichitals de l'Academia de l'Aragonés: Estudio de Filología. 2017.
  9. Simón, Javier (2016). Fonética y fonología del aragonés: una asignatura pendiente. Universidad de Zaragoza.
  10. Propuesta Ortografica de l'Academia de l'Aragonés (PDF), 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-11
  11. Normas graficas de l'aragonés (PDF). 1987. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-10-14.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  12. Aragonese in Aljamiado literature
  13. Some orthographic details related to local dialects are not listed.
  14. Tomás Arias, Javier, autor. Elementos de lingüística contrastiva en aragonés: estudio de algunas afinidades con gascón, catalán y otros romances. OCLC 986734598.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. Nagore, Francho (1989). Gramática de la Lengua Aragonesa. Mira Editores.
  16. Enguita Utrilla, José María (1991). I Curso sobre lengua y literatura en Aragón (Edad Media) (in Spanish). Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico. ISBN 9788478200917.
  17. La vida de Santa Maria Egipciaca: a fourteenth-century translation into Old Castilian from Latin of a work by Paul the Deacon
  18. Alazet: Revista de filología. 5. 1993 https://books.google.com/books?id=fSVKAAAAYAAJ&q=hermanos+argensola+ense%C3%B1ar+castellano. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. Vespertino Rodríguez, Antonio, El aragonés de la literatura aljamiado-morisca (PDF)
  20. Huguet, Dr Ángel; Lapresta, Cecilio; Madariaga, José M. (2008-11-01). "A Study on Language Attitudes Towards Regional and Foreign Languages by School Children in Aragon, Spain". International Journal of Multilingualism. 5 (4): 275–293. doi:10.1080/14790710802152412. ISSN 1479-0718. S2CID 144326159.
  21. Martínez Cortés, Juan Pablo; Paricio Martín, Santiago J. (2017). "The Aragonese language in education in Spain (Mercator dossier)" (PDF). Regional Dossiers Series. ISSN 1570-1239.

Further reading
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.