Richard Mulcahy

Richard James Mulcahy (10 May 1886 – 16 December 1971) was an Irish Fine Gael politician and army general who served as Minister for Education from 1948 to 1951 and from 1954 to 1957, Minister for the Gaeltacht from June 1956 to October 1956, Leader of the Opposition from 1944 to 1948, Leader of Fine Gael from 1944 to 1959, Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1927 to 1932 and Minister for Defence from January to April 1919 and from 1922 to 1924. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1918 to 1938 and from 1943 to 1961.

Richard Mulcahy
Leader of the Opposition
In office
9 June 1944  18 February 1948
PresidentSeán T. O'Kelly
TaoiseachÉamon de Valera
Preceded byW. T. Cosgrave
Succeeded byÉamon de Valera
Leader of Fine Gael
In office
2 June 1944  21 March 1959
Preceded byW. T. Cosgrave
Succeeded byJames Dillon
President of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
In office
14 August 1922  19 May 1924
Preceded byMichael Collins
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Ministries
Minister for Education
In office
2 June 1954  20 March 1957
TaoiseachJohn A. Costello
Preceded bySeán Moylan
Succeeded byJack Lynch
In office
18 February 1948  13 June 1951
TaoiseachJohn A. Costello
Preceded byThomas Derrig
Succeeded bySeán Moylan
Minister for the Gaeltacht
In office
2 June 1956  24 October 1956
TaoiseachJohn A. Costello
Preceded byNew office
Succeeded byPatrick Lindsay
Minister for Local Government and Public Health
In office
23 June 1927  9 March 1932
PresidentW. T. Cosgrave
Preceded bySéamus Burke
Succeeded bySeán T. O'Kelly
Minister for Defence
In office
10 January 1922  19 March 1924
PresidentW. T. Cosgrave
Preceded byCathal Brugha
Succeeded byW. T. Cosgrave (acting)
In office
22 January 1919  1 April 1919
PresidentW. T. Cosgrave
Preceded byNew office
Succeeded byCathal Brugha (acting)
Constituencies represented
Teachta Dála
In office
February 1948  October 1961
ConstituencyTipperary South
In office
May 1944  February 1948
ConstituencyTipperary
In office
June 1938  June 1943
ConstituencyDublin North-East
In office
August 1923  July 1937
ConstituencyDublin North
In office
May 1921  August 1923
ConstituencyDublin North-West
In office
December 1918  June 1922
ConstituencyDublin Clontarf
Personal details
Born
Richard James Mulcahy

(1886-05-10)10 May 1886
Waterford, Ireland
Died16 December 1971(1971-12-16) (aged 85)
Dublin, Ireland
Resting placeLittleton, County Tipperary, Ireland
NationalityIrish
Political partyFine Gael
Spouse(s)
(m. 19201971)
Children6, including Neillí
Alma materUniversity College Dublin
Military service
AllegianceIrish Free State
Branch/serviceIrish Volunteers
Irish Republican Brotherhood
Irish Republican Army
National Army
Years of service1913–1924
RankGeneral
Chief of Staff
Battles/warsEaster Rising
Irish War of Independence
Irish Civil War
Military intelligence file for Richard Mulcahy

He was an army general and commander-in-chief of the Irish Republican Army. He later served in the cabinets of W. T. Cosgrave and John A. Costello. He fought in the 1916 Easter Rising, served as Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army during the War of Independence and became commander of the pro-treaty forces in the Irish Civil War after the death of Michael Collins.

Early life and 1916 Rising

Richard (Dick) Mulcahy was born in Manor Street, Waterford, in 1886. He was educated at Mount Sion Christian Brothers School and later in Thurles, County Tipperary, where his father was the postmaster. One of his grandmothers was a Quaker who was disowned by her wealthy family for marrying a Catholic.

Mulcahy joined the Royal Mail (Post Office Engineering Dept.) in 1902, and worked in Thurles, Bantry, Wexford and Dublin. He was a member of the Gaelic League, and joined the Irish Volunteers at the time of their formation in 1913. He was also a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood.

He was second-in-command to Thomas Ashe (who would later die on hunger strike) in an encounter with the armed Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) at Ashbourne, County Meath during the Easter Rising in 1916—one of the few stand-out victories won by republicans in that week, and generally credited to Mulcahy's grasp of tactics. In his book on the Rising, Charles Townshend principally credits Mulcahy with the defeat of the RIC at Ashbourne, for conceiving and leading a flanking movement on the RIC column that had engaged with the Irish Volunteers. Arrested after the Rising, Mulcahy was interned at Knutsford and at the Frongoch internment camp in Wales until his release on 24 December 1916.

War of Independence and Civil War

Mulcahy and his wife Min in 1922

On his release Mulcahy immediately rejoined the republican movement, and became commandant of the Dublin Brigade of the Irish Volunteers. He was elected to the First Dáil in the 1918 general election for Dublin Clontarf. He was then named Minister for Defence in the new (alternative) government and later Assistant Minister for Defence.[1] In March 1919, he became IRA chief of staff, a position he held until January 1922.

He and Michael Collins were largely responsible for directing the military campaign against the British during the War of Independence. During this period of upheaval in 1919 he married Mary Josephine (Min) Ryan, sister of Kate and Phyllis Ryan, the successive wives of Seán T. O'Kelly; her brother was James Ryan. O'Kelly and James Ryan both later served in Fianna Fáil governments.

Mulcahy supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. The Provisional Government appointed him Minister of Defence once again,[2] during the subsequent Civil War after the death of Collins in 1922.

He earned notoriety through his order that anti-Treaty activists captured carrying arms were liable for execution. A total of 77 anti-Treaty prisoners were executed by the Provisional Government. Mulcahy served as Minister for Defence in the new Free State government from January 1924 until March 1924, but resigned in protest because of the sacking of the Army Council after criticism by the Executive Council over the handling of the 'Army Mutiny', when some National Army War of Independence officers almost revolted after Mulcahy demobilised many of them at the end of the Civil War. He re-entered the cabinet as Minister for Local Government and Public Health in 1927.

Post-independence politician

During his period on the backbenches of Dáil Éireann his electoral record fluctuated. He was elected as TD for Dublin North-West at the 1921 and 1922 general elections. He moved to Dublin North for the election the following year, and was re-elected there in four further elections: June 1927, September 1927, 1932 and 1933.[3]

Dublin North was abolished for the 1937 election, at which Mulcahy was defeated in the new constituency of Dublin North-East. However, he secured election to Seanad Éireann as a Senator, the upper house of the Oireachtas, representing the Administrative Panel. The 2nd Seanad sat for less than two months, and at the 1938 general election he was elected to the 10th Dáil as a TD for Dublin North-East. Defeated again in the election of 1943, he secured election to the 4th Seanad by the Labour Panel.

Leader of Fine Gael

Commemorative relief of General Richard Mulcahy at Collins Barracks, Dublin

After the resignation of W. T. Cosgrave as Leader of Fine Gael in 1944, Mulcahy became party leader while still a member of the Seanad. Thomas F. O'Higgins was parliamentary leader of the party in the Dáil at the time and Leader of the Opposition. Facing his first general election as party leader, Mulcahy drew up a list of 13 young candidates to contest seats for Fine Gael. Of the eight who ran, four were elected. He had successfully cast aside the Cosgrave legacy of antipathy to constituency work, travelling the country on an autocycle and bringing new blood into the party. He was returned again to the 12th Dáil as TD for Tipperary at the 1944 general election. While Fine Gael's decline had been slowed, its future was still in doubt.

Following the 1948 general election—at which, following boundary changes, Mulcahy was elected for Tipperary South—the dominant Fianna Fáil party finished six seats short of a majority. However, it was 37 seats ahead of Fine Gael, and conventional wisdom suggested that Fianna Fáil was the only party that could possibly form a government. Just as negotiations got under way, however, Mulcahy realised that if Fine Gael, the Labour Party, the National Labour Party, Clann na Poblachta and Clann na Talmhan banded together, they would have only one seat fewer than Fianna Fáil—and that if they could get support from seven independents, they would be able to form a government. He played a leading role in persuading the other parties to put aside their differences and join forces to consign the then Taoiseach, Fianna Fáil leader Éamon de Valera, to the opposition benches.

Mulcahy initially seemed set to become Taoiseach in a coalition government. However, he was not acceptable to Clann na Poblachta's leader, Seán MacBride. Many Irish republicans had never forgiven Mulcahy for his role in the Civil War executions carried out under the Cosgrave government in the 1920s. Consequently, MacBride let it be known that he and his party would not serve under Mulcahy. Without Clann na Poblachta, the other parties would have had 57 seats between them—17 seats short of a majority in the 147-seat Dáil. According to Mulcahy, the suggestion that another person serve as Taoiseach came from Labour leader William Norton. Mulcahy stepped aside and encouraged his party colleague John A. Costello, a former Attorney General, to become parliamentary leader of Fine Gael and the coalition's candidate for Taoiseach. For the next decade, Costello served as the party's parliamentary leader while Mulcahy remained nominal leader of the party.

Mulcahy went on to serve as Minister for Education under Costello from 1948 until 1951. Another coalition government came to power at the 1954 election, with Mulcahy once again stepping aside to become Minister for Education in the Second Inter-Party Government. The government fell in 1957, but Mulcahy remained as Fine Gael leader until October 1959. In October the following year, he told his Tipperary constituents that he did not intend to contest the next election.

Family

Richard Mulcahy married Min Ryan, former fiancée of Seán Mac Diarmada, in 1920, and lived in a flat in Oakley House, Ranelagh.[4] Min, a member of the Cumann na mBan Executive, had herself been involved in nationalist activity at the time of the Rising.[5] One of his sons, Risteárd Mulcahy, was for many years a cardiologist in Dublin. His daughter Neillí Mulcahy (1925–2012) was one of Ireland's leading fashion designers. She designed the uniforms for Aer Lingus in 1962.[6] Another son was the structural engineer and visual artist Seán Mulcahy (1926–2018).[7]

Richard Mulcahy died from natural causes in Dublin on 16 December 1971, at the age of 85.

See also

References

  1. "Richard Mulcahy". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  2. Irish Bureau of Military History, MA, WS 450. McCoole, p.86.
  3. "Richard Mulcahy". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  4. Brian Feeney, Sinn Fein: A Hundred Turbulent Years, p.57. McCoole, No Ordinary Women, 75.
  5. www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie WS Ref #: 541, Witness: Nancy Wyse Power, Officer, Cumann na mBan, 1914–21
  6. Neilli – career details
  7. The Seán & Rosemarie Mulcahy Collection Bequest

Bibliography

Oireachtas
New constituency Sinn Féin Teachta Dála for Dublin Clontarf
19181921
Constituency abolished
New constituency Sinn Féin Teachta Dála for Dublin North-West
19211923
Constituency abolished
New constituency Cumann na nGaedheal Teachta Dála for Dublin North
19231937
Constituency abolished
Preceded by
James Larkin
(Independent)
Fine Gael Teachta Dála for Dublin North-East
19381943
Succeeded by
James Larkin
(Labour Party)
Preceded by
Richard Stapleton
(Labour Party)
Fine Gael Teachta Dála for Tipperary
19441948
Constituency abolished
New constituency Fine Gael Teachta Dála for Tipperary South
19481961
Succeeded by
Patrick Hogan
(Fine Gael)
Political offices
New office Minister for Defence
Jan–Apr 1919
Succeeded by
Cathal Brugha
Preceded by
Cathal Brugha
Minister for Defence
1922–1924
Succeeded by
W. T. Cosgrave
Preceded by
Ernest Blythe
Minister for Local Government and Public Health
1927–1932
Succeeded by
Seán T. O'Kelly
Preceded by
Thomas Derrig
Minister for Education
1948–1951
Succeeded by
Seán Moylan
Preceded by
Seán Moylan
Minister for Education
1954–1957
Succeeded by
Jack Lynch
New office Minister for the Gaeltacht
1956
Succeeded by
Patrick Lindsay
Party political offices
Preceded by
W. T. Cosgrave
Leader of Fine Gael
1944–1959
Succeeded by
James Dillon
Preceded by
Thomas F. O'Higgins
(acting)
Leader of the Opposition
1944–1948
Succeeded by
Éamon de Valera
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