Russian Railways

Russian Railways (Russian: ОАО «Российские железные дороги» (ОАО «РЖД»), romanized: OAO Rossiyskie zheleznye dorogi (OAO RZhD)) is a Russian fully state-owned vertically integrated railway company, both managing infrastructure and operating freight and passenger train services.

Not to be confused with Rail transport in Russia or Rail transport in the Soviet Union.

JSCo RZD
Native name
ОАО «РЖД»
TypeOpen joint-stock company
IndustryRailways
PredecessorMinistry of Railways of the Russian Federation (1992-2004)
Founded18 September 2003 (2003-09-18)
HeadquartersRed Gates Square,
Moscow
,
Russia
Area served
Russia
Key people
Oleg Belozyorov (General director)
Arkady Dvorkovich (Chairman of the Board)[1]
ServicesRail transport, Cargo
Revenue$38.6 billion[2] (2017)
$3.47 billion[2] (2017)
$2.39 billion[2] (2017)
Total assets$76.6 billion[2] (2017)
Total equity$41.3 billion[2] (2017)
OwnerRussian Government (100%)[3]
Number of employees
740,315[4] (2017)
WebsiteRussian Railways (English)

The company was established on 18 September 2003, when a decree was passed to separate the upkeep and operation of the railways from the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation.[5] RZD is based in Moscow at Novaya Basmannaya str., 2. The operating units of the central part of the staff are at Kalanchevskaya str., 35.[6]

Railways in Crimea are controlled by Crimea Railway, a separate company.[7]

History
Main articles: History of rail transport in Russia and Soviet Railways

Background and 2003 reform
The old RZD logo

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation inherited 17 of the 32 regions of the former Soviet Railways (SZD).[8]

By 1998, total freight traffic was half the 1991 figure.[8] Government investment in the railway system was greatly curtailed, and passenger fares were no longer subsidized.[8] Though increasingly inefficient, the Russian railway system avoided major reform into the 1990s.[8] A Structural Reform Program, focused on restructuring the railway sector within 10 years, was ultimately approved in 2001.[9]

In 2003, the Federal Law on Railway Transport divided the Ministry of Railways into the Federal Railway Transport Agency (FRTA) and Russian Railways (RZD).[10] The reform also required RZD to provide access to railway infrastructure to other carriers and operators.[10] As the law requires carriers to provide service to customers anywhere in Russia, RZD retained its dominant position.[10]

Later in 2003, the Decree No. 585 established RZD as a joint stock company, making it a holding in charge of 63 subsidiaries, including TransContainer, RailTranAuto, Rail Passenger Directorate, Russian Troika, TransGroup, and Refservis.[10] RZD acquired 987 companies (95% in asset value) out of the 2046 that had formed the MR system.[11] Gennady Fadeyev, the Railways Minister, became the company's first president.[12]

The reform saw the creation of a new market segment following the privatization of the network's rolling stock. The company divided the bulk of its wagon fleet between two new operating companies, Freight One (which was later privatised) and Freight Two (renamed Federal Freight in 2012), and private players such as GlobalTrans also entering the market.

2000s
An old car (probably from the Soviet period) designed in the new corporate livery of Russian Railways

In 2003, RZD launched a project to replace the narrow gauge on Sakhalin Railway to the broad gauge used in the rest of Russia, which it formally completed in August 2019.[13] The share of privately owned wagons in the freight transport increased to one-third of the total by 2005.[10] On 18 May 2006, the company signed an agreement with Siemens for the delivery of eight high-speed trains.[14]

On 23 May 2007, Russian Railways adopted a new corporate style which changed fundamentally the way the Company presented itself visually to the outside world. The change of corporate identity underwent several stages during the 2007–2010 period.[15] The final version of the logo was designed by BBDO Branding.[16]

Also, commissioned by BBDO Branding The Agency HardCase Design created a family of corporate fonts RussianRail, consisting of 15 fonts. In the new company logo Sans-serif RussianRail Grotesque Medium was used. In 2008, the new logo of Russian Railways became a runner-up for the international design competition WOLDA '08 award.[17]

Strategy 2030, an investment plan to expand and modernize the railway network, was approved by the Russian government in 2008.[18] Since 2008, as part of the structural reform of rail transport, with separation of the services infrastructure of transportation activity and the emergence of a competitive environment, Russian Railways has been transformed into a vertically oriented holding company.[19]

In 2009, the investment budget was 262.8 billion rubles (excluding VAT), of which 47.4 billion for projects related to the preparation and staging of the Olympic Games in Sochi; 58.7 billion for the renovation of the rolling stock (including supply of Sapsan trains).

2010s
2005-2010 modernization program of Russian Railways

In 2010, Federal Passenger Company was established as a fully owned subsidiary of Russian Railways, providing long-distance passenger services both in Russia and abroad.[20] By the end of 2013 it operated all long-distance routes, except for high-speed Sapsan lines, which are operated by RZD.[20]

Platzkart carriages

RZD issued its first dollar-denominated bond in 2010, raising $1.5 billion.[21] On October 28, 2011, the Joint Stock Company Freight One, a subsidiary of Russian Railways, sold 75% of its shares minus two shares for 125.5 billion rubles (about 4 billion $) to Independent Transport Company owned by Vladimir Lisin.[19] Thus, Lisin as Russia's largest operator of rolling stock acquired control of a quarter of the freight market.[22]

As part of its reform efforts, RZD massively reduced its workforce, from 2.2 million in the 1990s to 934,000 people in 2012.[20] In 2012 it became one of the three largest transport companies in the world.[23]

According to a Reuters inquiry, RZD procurement activities in 2012 amounted to $22.5 billion; part of this was awarded to private contractors with no genuine operations in de facto noncompetitive tenders.[24] Some of the company addresses listed on the tenders turned out to be private apartments, car repair shops or department stores.[24] It was alleged that the contractors were actually shell companies, used to convey billions of dollars in tenders to close associates of Yakunin, president of RZD.[25]

Zheldoripoteka, RZD's real estate arm, was revealed to have sold land plots located close to railway stations in major cities to the son of Russian Railways president Vladimir Yakunin.[26] Far East Land Bridge, a company partnered with a Russian Railways subsidiary, was also linked to Yakunin's son.[27]

On 16 October 2012, Russian Railways has completed competitive negotiations with potential buyers of the remaining 25-percent plus 1 share stake in JSC Freight One. The best binding offer was received from the Independent Transport Company LLC. The assets were sold for 50 billion rubles.[28]

In early November 2012, Russian Railways announced the purchase of 75% of the French logistics company Gefco SA. The total value of the transaction was 800 million euros, the seller being PSA Peugeot Citroen, the parent company of Gefco.[29] A program to modernize the Baikal-Amur Magistrale was launched in 2013, costing the equivalent of £4 billion by 2018.[30]

In 2015, RZD International won a €1.2 billion contract to electrify the Garmsar–Inche Bourun line in Iran.[31]

In August 2015, company president Vladimir Yakunin was dismissed,[32] allegedly because of poor performance and mismanagement.[33] Yakunin was replaced by Oleg Belozyorov.[32]

RZD International began works on the reconstruction of the Serbian Vinarci – Djordjevo line in 2016.[34] The Moscow Central Circle railway, designed and managed by Roszheldorproject, an RZD subsidiary, opened in September 2016.[35] In July 2018, the company announced plans to phase out third-class carriages on long-distance trains by 2025.[36]

Future projects

Planned projects

In March 2016, RZD approved an updated version of high-speed rail development program until 2030. The 5 trillion ruble program includes the construction of Moscow–Kazan–Yekaterinburg, Moscow–Adler and Moscow–Saint Petersburg high-speed lines, as well as other high-speed lines connecting regional cities.[37]

The construction program is divided into three stages. Until 2020 Russian Railways plans to put into operation the high-speed rail sections linking Moscow–Kazan (1.2 trillion rubles), Moscow–Tula (268.6 billion rubles), Chelyabinsk–Yekaterinburg (122.6 billion rubles), Tula–Belgorod (86.8 billion rubles), Yekaterinburg–Nizhny Tagil (12.9 billion rubles) and Novosibirsk–Barnaul (62.3 billion rubles). The project design of the largest container port in Ust-Luga for reception and distribution of containerized freight on China–Europe route is also part of the program.[37]

Between 2021 and 2025 RZD plans to build Rostov–Krasnodar–Adler, Tula–Voronezh high-speed rail and the extension of Kazan-Yelabuga high-speed rail, as well as other regional high-speed rail links.[37]

During the 2026-2030 third phase of the program, Russian Railways will build Moscow–Saint Petersburg high-speed rail section; the railway line will be extended from Yelabuga to Yekaterinburg, and from Voronezh to Rostov-on-Don.[37]

Proposed projects

In March 2015, at a meeting of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladimir Yakunin presented an ambitious new transport route called the Trans-Eurasian Belt Development (TEPR) which would go "through Russia with a mega road and high-speed rail network to link Asia with Europe' and "with the opportunity to go to Chukotka and Bering Strait and then to the American continent"[38] to Alaska, "making overland trips from Britain to the US (via the Channel Tunnel) a possibility."[39]

Owners and management
Vladimir Yakunin, former president of Russian Railways

The Russian Federation is the founder and sole shareholder of JSC Russian Railways. On behalf of its shareholders the powers are exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation.[40] It approves the President of the Company, forms the Board of Directors annually and approves the annual reports.[41]

An IPO for the company was considered in 2012,[42] but it was pushed back to after 2020.[43]

The Chairman of the Board of Directors of JSC Russian Railways is Oleg Belozerov.[44] Before him, the position was occupied by Kirill Androsov from September 2011 till June 2015.,[45] and previously by Alexander Zhukov – from July 20, 2004 to September 2011 and Viktor Khristenko – from October 16, 2003 – July 20, 2004.

Gennady Fadeev was President of JSC Russian Railways from 23 September 2003 – 14 June 2005. He was succeeded by Vladimir Yakunin – from 14 June 2005 to 20 August 2015. Oleg Belozyorov has been president of the company since 20 August 2015.[1]

Subsidiaries

As of December 2013, Russian Railways has controlling interests in the following companies:[20]

  • Federal Passenger Company (100%);
  • Gefco S.A. (75%);
  • Federal Freight (100%);
  • TransContainer (50.6%);
  • Refservice (100%);
  • RailTransAuto (51%);
  • High-speed Rail Lines (100%);
  • RZDstroy (100%);
  • Roszheldorproject (55.56%);
  • RZD Trading Company (50% + 1)
  • TransTeleCom (100%);
  • Zhilsotsipoteka (100%);
  • Zheldoripoteka (100%);
  • TransWoodService (100%);
  • BetElTrans (100%);
  • First Nonmetallic Company (100%);
  • Zeleznodorozhnaya Torgovaya Kompaniya (100%);
  • Wagon Repair Company – 1 (100%);
  • Wagon Repair Company – 2 (100%);
  • Wagon Repair Company – 3 (100%);
  • Kaluga Plant Remputmash (100%);
  • Incorporated Electrotechnical Plants (50 + 1).

Activities
RZD staff during a presidential visit to a maintenance depot

The main activities of Russian Railways involve freight and passenger traffic. In Russia, railways carry 42% of the total cargo traffic, and about 33% of passenger traffic.[23] Some passenger categories, such as pensioners, members of parliament, and holders of Soviet and Russian state decorations, receive free or subsidized tickets.

Freight traffic

In 2013 railways carried nearly 90% of Russia's freight, excluding pipelines.[46][47] In 2014, railway infrastructure and locomotive services accounted for 74% of the company's total revenue.[48]

The cost of freight tariff is determined by the Federal Tariff Service at net cost or higher.

Long-distance travel

Russian Railways has a near-monopoly on long-distance train travel, with its subsidiary, Federal Passenger Company, accounting for 90% of total passenger turnover in 2017.[49] Passenger transportation accounted for 10.6% of the company's revenue in 2017.[50] The long-distance passenger fleet includes 19,386 rail cars as of 2017, with an average age of 19.1 years.[51] Over 60% of long-distance passengers travel in third-class sleeping carriages.[51]

The long-distance rail passenger business is under increasing competition from airlines, due to their aggressive domestic pricing policies and generally shorter travel times for routes under 1,000 km.[52] International rail passenger traffic dropped from 19.4 million passengers in 2013 to 6.8 million in 2017.[52]

In 2005–2010, JSC Russian Railways has launched a program to introduce new high-speed trains.[53] The first train, Sapsan, commenced service in December 2009 and connects Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod and is operated with trains manufactured by the German company Siemens.[54]

The second train, Allegro, has run from Saint Petersburg to Helsinki via Vyborg since December 2010 and is owned and operated together with the Finnish VR Group.

Sapsan was the most successful passenger train of JSC Russian Railways with occupancy rate of 84.5% (according to RZD in 2010) and profitability of 30% (although capital costs were not included in its calculation).[55]

Fares on long distance trains
Allegro train ticket

Passenger tariffs (except for travelling in the stateroom, sleeping and VIP-cars) are approved by the State, represented by the Federal Tariff Service with social orientation of its traffic operations below cost. Passenger fare is divided into two components: «ticket» (which includes the cost of transport infrastructure, locomotive traction and the Station component) and «reserved seat» (service of transport company, which is the owner of the car). Since 2003, the flexible schedule tariffs (FST) to travel on long-distance trains is used:

  • in the period of keen demand the rate is above the annual average by 5–20% (earlier it was up to +45%)
  • approximately the third part of the year the base rate is active
  • during the periods of low passenger's traffic the rate is lower by 5–20%. On certain days of the year (from 1 to 3 days, at different times on such days as 31.12, 01.01 and dates around the 9 May) the index of 45–50% is valid when tickets are twice cheaper.

FST is calculated in such a way as to stimulate passengers to undertake a trip on the date with the lowest index. In 2010 and 2011, the average weighted index for calendar periods was 0.97 and the average volume of passenger traffic — 1.00. According to the JSC Russian Railways statement, the passenger transportation — except for some highly profitable directions — is unprofitable. These losses are partly compensated from the budget, and for the most part — with the help of cross-subsidies by income from freight.

Suburban passenger companies
See also: Central Suburban Passenger Company
RZD staff at the launch of the Lastochka train on the Saint Petersburg-Vyborg route

Since 2009, the company is not a direct carrier of suburban passengers. Suburban transport is now operated by passenger companies founded by the executive agencies of the Russian Federation, Russian Railways and private investors.[56] As of 2016, there are 25 suburban passenger companies (SPC), and Russian Railways owns a majority stake in 19 of them.[57]

Especially for the SPC a zero tariff for the use of railway infrastructure was introduced. Russian Railways receives 25 billion rubles subsidies as compensation annually from the State.[58] Commuter traffic in the whole network increased in 2011 on 5.6% and is about 878.33 million people.[56] Passenger turnover rail in the Russian regions ranges from 5% to 30% in total passenger traffic.[58]

Sponsorship

Since February 2016 Russian Railways is the sponsor of Rodina Kirov, a bandy team in the Russian Bandy Super League.[59]

Assets

Infrastructure
Российские железные дороги (РЖД)
Russian Railways (RZD)
Overview
Reporting markRZD, RZhD
Locale Russia
Dates of operation2004–present
Technical
Track gauge
  • 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in)
  • 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) (from Kaliningrad to Russian-Polish border)
Electrification3 kV DC, 25 kV AC Main
Length85,500 km (53,100 mi)

As of December 31, 2009, the total operational length of railway is 85 281 km, including the track gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) — 84 446 km, the length of continuous welded rails 74.4 thousand km, the railway network operated by 166 975 switches, 138 tunnels and 30,727 bridges.

The length of lines equipped with automatic block (AB) and centralized control, is 62,055 km, or 72.9%. Devices of railway automation and remote control on the Russian railway network served with 203 distance signaling, centralization and blocking and with one technical center of automation and remote control.

The following Railways belong to RZD:[60]

 Russia:

 Abkhazia:

 Armenia

RZD also manages a 50% share in Ulaanbaatar Railways on behalf of the Russian government.[63]

Rolling stock

Traction rolling stock includes diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, electric trains, diesel trains, railcars, railway handcar, other self-propelled equipment and non-tractive rolling stock — different cars (passenger, freight) and a special rolling stock.

The main producer of passenger cars (95%) is Tver Carriage Works.

At the end of 2012, the rolling stock inventory included 20,618 locomotives, including 2,543 electric passenger locomotives, 578 diesel passenger locomotives, 7,837 electric freight locomotives, 3,556 diesel freight locomotives, 6,104 shunting locomotives.[64]

In 2017 RZD purchased 459 locomotives, including four EP1M, 13 EP2K, 19 TEP70BS and four EP20 passenger units, as well as 84 2ES6, 10 2ES10, 51 2ES5K, 45 3ES5K, four 3ES4K, 86 2TE25KM, and five 4ES5K freight units.[65]

In 2013, the RZD holding owned 252,900 freight cars, including 54,200 owned directly by Russian Railways, with the rest owned by company subsidiaries and affiliates, such as Federal Freight and TransContainer.[66]

Performance indicators

Annually JSC Russian Railways carries over 1 billion passengers and 1 billion tons of freight.

Kind
of activity		 Indicator 2005 2007 2008 2009
Freight
traffic		 Freight (trln tn. km). 1.85 2.31 2.4 2.27
To last year +3.1% +5%
Freight (bln tn.). 1.40 1.34 1.30 1.11
To last year +4%
Passenger
traffic		 Passenger turnover (trl pass. km) 118.9 174.1 176 153.6
To last year +3.8% +1%
Passengers (mln pass.) 1352.8 1296 ~1100
To last year +2.5%
Attendants (ths people) 1127 1099 1075

In 2011, freight traffic of Russian Railways totaled about 1.4 billion tons. Passenger traffic for the year 2011 reached 992.4 million people.[23]

Financial performance indicators under IFRS Russian Railways in 2005–2010
Indicators 2005 2006[67] 2007[68] 2008[69] 2009[70] 2010[71]
Income 749 bln rb. 877.9 bln rb. 1.016 trl rb. 1.203 trl rb. 1.126 trl rb. 1.334 trl rb.
Operating cost 684.7 bln rb. 821.5 bln rb. 1.089 trl rb. 1.013 bln rb. 1.135 bln rb.
Operating income 194.7 bln rb. 194.6 bln rb. 113.9 bln rb. 113.3 bln rb. 198.9 bln rb.
EBITDA 267.5 bln rb.
Net income 114 bln rb. 139.8 bln rb. 144.9 bln rb. 76.4 bln rb. 121.3 bln rb. 208.3 bln rb.

The average salary on the network in October 2011 — 31 thousand rubles a month.[72] Loading volume for the year 2012 amounted to 1 billion 274.7 million tons (+2.7% compared to 2011), the share in the total turnover of the country (except pipelines) — 85.5%. In 2012, the network carried 1 bln 56.7 million passengers (+6.4% compared to 2011). Net income from the basic activities using Russian GAAP was in 2012 almost 5.3 billion rubles, which is a decrease compared to 2011 (13.7 billion rubles) of almost 3 times.[73]

In total, Russian Railways receives 112 billion roubles (around US$1.5 billion) annually from the government.[74]

See also

References
  1. "Структура ОАО "РЖД" - ОАО "РЖД"". Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  2. http://eng.rzd.ru/statice/public/en?STRUCTURE_ID=4224&layer_id=4516&refererLayerId=4518&id=381.
  3. "{title}". Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  4. "В РЖД решили уволить почти 30 тыс. сотрудников к 2025 году". РБК. June 28, 2018. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  5. "History". Russian Railways. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  6. "Contacts - Russian Railways". Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  7. "Russia will launch direct railway transport service to Crimea". Railway PRO Communication Platform. April 22, 2014. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  8. Avdakov, Igor Yurievich (September 1999). "Russian Rail Reforms" (PDF). Japan Railway & Transport Review. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  9. Pittman, Russell (February 2011). "Blame the Switchman? Russian Railways Restructuring After Ten Years" (PDF). Economic Analysis Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  10. "Case Study: Russian Railways" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  11. "History - Russian Railways". Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  12. "Press Review". The Moscow Times. 24 September 2003. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  13. http://press.rzd.ru/news/public/ru?STRUCTURE_ID=654&layer_id=4069&refererLayerId=4065&refererVpId=1&refererPageId=704&id=94410
  14. Thurner, Thomas; Gershman, Mikhail (2014). "Catching the Runaway Train Innovation Management in Russian Railways". Journal of Technology Management & Innovation. 9 (3): 158–168. doi:10.4067/S0718-27242014000300012.
  15. "ОАО "РЖД"". Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  16. Сазонтов, РГ DEPOT WPF, Семен Слива, Юрий. "BBDO Branding подрезало крылья РЖД - Sostav.ru: Сотка". Archived from the original on December 17, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  17. "logo at wolda.org". Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  18. "RZD adopts long-range development strategy". Railway Gazette. January 22, 2008. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  19. "Reform - Russian Railways". Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  20. Bruce, Murray (June 2014). "Railway Sector Reform Programme" (PDF). European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  21. Wilson, Harry (22 February 2011). "Russian Railways will sell sterling debt to upgrade network". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  22. "Ежедневная деловая газета РБК - главные новости дня в России и в мире". Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  23. "РЖД собираются увеличить свою инвестпрограмму до 460 млрд рублей". Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  24. Busvine, Douglas (23 May 2014). "Comrade Capitalism: Hidden Tracks". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  25. "Bombardier and the Putin connection". The Globe and Mail. 16 December 2016. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  26. Busvine, Douglas (25 July 2012). "Special Report: Russian Railways' family connections". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  27. Oliphant, Roland (9 October 2015). "Vladimir Putin 'fires close ally Vladimir Yakunin after son applied for British citizenship'". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  28. "Russian Railways to sell Freight One stake to Lisin - Reuters". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  29. "Russian Railways in Gefco talks". 21 September 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  30. "Russian Railways completes the second bore of BAM's Baikal Tunnel". Global Rail News. 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  31. "International rail insights from Sochi". Rail Engineer. 12 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  32. Kramer, Andrew E. (21 August 2015). "Head of Russian Railways, Close to Putin, Resigns". New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  33. Adomanis, Mark (4 July 2016). "COMMENT: Russian Railways – the good, the bad, and the ugly". BNE Intellinews. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  34. "Serbia: RZD International launched works on Vinarci – Djordjevo". Railway PRO Communication Platform. 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  35. "Moscow's new ring". Rail Engineer. 5 December 2017. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  36. "Russian Railways Says Goodbye to Historic Carriages". The Moscow Times. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  37. "Russia - RailExport.gov". Export.gov. 25 December 2016. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  38. Smith, Oliver (March 25, 2015). "Russia is considering plans for a 12,400-mile superhighway from London to Alaska". The Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 27, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
  39. "The structure, at eng.rzd.ru". Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  40. "Share capital, at eng.rzd.ru". Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  41. "Russian Railways Considers London IPO". The Moscow Times. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  42. "No Privatization for Russian Railways Until 2020, Deputy Prime Minister Claims". The Moscow Times. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  43. http://www.rzd.ru/ent/public/ru?STRUCTURE_ID=5185&layer_id=5554&refererLayerId=5553&id=1133
  44. "Андросов Кирилл Геннадьевич, at rzd.ru". Archived from the original on February 14, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  45. Chris Lo (May 1, 2013). "Russian railways: connecting a growing economy". railway-technology.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2014. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
  46. Courtney Weaver (June 17, 2013). "Russian rail freight proves a worthy investment". Financial Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
  47. "Russian Railways Calls For More Government Support". The Moscow Times. May 4, 2014. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  48. "Passenger transportation" (PDF). Concise Annual Report 2017. Russian Railways. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  49. "Business model". 2017 Annual Report. Russian Railways. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  50. "2017 Annual Report" (PDF). Federal Passenger Company. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  51. "Market Overview". Federal Passenger Company 2017 Annual Report. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  52. "High-speed trains, at eng.rzd.ru". Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  53. "Press Releases". www.siemens.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  54. Ведомости (October 26, 2010). ""Сапсан" стал самым прибыльным проектом РЖД". Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  55. "СМИ об РЖД - Пресс-Центр". Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  56. "Suburban transportation infrastructure". 2016 Annual Report. Russian Railways. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  57. "Регионы хотят лишить права занижать цену билетов на электрички". Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  58. "Google Translate". Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  59. "Territorial Branches". Russian Railways. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  60. "Абхазия отдает РФ в управление желдорогу и аэропорт - Багапш". РИА Новости (in Russian). 15 May 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  61. "Armenia confirms rail concession award". Railway Gazette. January 18, 2008. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  62. "Russia: Ulaanbaatar Railways to become part of the Russia-Mongolia-China economic corridor". UIC Communications. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  63. "2012 Annual Report". Russian Railways. p. 63. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  64. "Russian Railways purchased 459 new locomotives in 2017". Russian Railways. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  65. "2013 Annual Report". Russian Railways. p. 33. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  66. "Financial performance indicators, 2006". Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  67. "Financial performance indicators, 2007". Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  68. "Financial performance indicators, 2008". Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  69. "Financial performance indicators, 2009". Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  70. "Financial performance indicators, 2010". Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  71. "Региональные газеты". Archived from the original on March 21, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  72. "Пресс-релизы - Пресс-Центр". Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  73. "Government support for Russian Railways". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.

Further reading
  • Collins, D. N. "The Franco-Russian Alliance and Russian Railways, 1891-1914." Historical Journal 16, no. 4 (1973): 777-88. online.
  • Haywood, Richard M. "The question of a standard gauge for Russian railways, 1836-1860." Slavic Review 28.1 (1969): 72-80 online.
  • Starns, Karl Edward McDaniel. "The Russian Railways and Imperial Intersections in the Russian Empire." (Diss. 2013). online
  • Westwood, John Norton. A history of Russian railways (G. Allen and Unwin, 1964).
  • Westwood, J. Soviet railways to Russian railways (Springer, 2001).

In Russian
  • Госкомстат СССР (Gov't Statistical Committee ) "Народное хозяйство СССР: статистический ежегодник" (The national economy of the USSR, statistical yearbook),Финансы и статистика, Москва (various years till 1990).
  • Госкомстат СССР (Уманский, Л.), "Народное хозяйство СССР за 70 лет: юбилейный статистический ежегодник". Москва, "Финансы и статистика", 1987.
  • Госкомстат СССР "Транспорт и связь СССР: Статистический сборник" (USSR Transportation and Communications: statistics). Москва. 1990 (and other editions: 1967, 1972, etc.)
  • ЖТ = Железнодорожный Транспорт (Railroad Transportation) a monthly magazine published since 1826. The month designation is numeric; e.g. 10-1998 is the November issue.
  • Плакс, А.В. & Пупынин, В.Н., "Электрические железные дороги" (Electric Railroads), Москва, "Транспорт", 1993.
  • Резер, С.М., "Взаимодействие транспортных систем", Москва, "Наука", 1985.
  • Шадур, Л.А. ed., "Вагоны: конструкция, теория и расчёт" (Railroad cars: construction, theory and calculations), Москва, "Транспорт", 1980.
  • Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal government statistical service) "Транспорт в России" (Transportation in Russia) (annual) Available online
  • Филиппов, М.М. (editor), "Железные дороги. Общий курс" (Railroads, General Course) Москва, Транспорт, 3rd ed. 1981. 4th ed. 1991 with new editor: Уздин, М.М. .
  • Шафиркин, Б.И, "Единая транспортная система СССР и взаимодействие различных видов транспорта" (Unified Transportation System of the USSR and interaction of various modes of transportation), Москва, "Высшая школа", 1983.
  • Шадур. Л. А. (ed.), "Вагоны" (Railway cars), Moscow, "Транспорт", 1980.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.