SS.11

SS.11 is the designation of the Nord Aviation MCLOS wire-guided anti-tank missile. In American service, the missile was designated the AGM-22. The missile entered service with the French Army in 1956. Production of the SS.11/SS.12 series ceased some time in the 1980s, by which time over 170,000 had been sold.[1] The price of the SS.11 in the late 1960s was stated at approximately $1,900 U.S. dollars.[2]

SS.11
SS.11 at the U.S. Army Redstone testing ground
TypeMCLOS wire-guided anti-tank missile
Place of originFrance
Production history
DesignerNord Aviation
Designed1953
Produced1956 – mid 1980s
No. built180,000
Specifications
Mass30 kg
Length1190 mm
Diameter165 mm

Effective firing range500–3,000 m
WarheadType 140AC anti-armour
Warhead weight6.8 kg

Wingspan500 mm
Maximum speed 190 m/s
Guidance
system
MCLOS
External images
Nord SS.11
SS.11 firing from AMX-13 tank
SS.11 on ground mount
SS.11 Fitted to U.S. Army UH-1
SS.11 HEAT warhead

Development

Development of an improved version of the SS.10 (Nord-5203) began in 1953 as the Nord-5210. The missile was intended as a heavy version of the man-portable SS.10 for use from vehicles, ships and helicopters. The missile entered service with the French army as the designation SS.11. It was used as the first helicopter-mounted anti-tank missile in the world (on Alouette IIs).[3]

From 1962,[4] a "B" model of the missile was produced, which replaced some of the original electronics with solid state components. The transistorization improved response time and handling, which reduced the tendency to over-correct during flight.[3] This was the version used for the development of an infantry version, in which the operator carried three warheads and had a "waist belt fire-control," and three other men carried the missile minus its warhead.[2]

One of the most unusual uses of the SS.11 was that of probably the smallest anti-shipping missile in the world, with the Swedish Marines employing it in the anti-landing craft role for decades, until it was replaced by a specialized version of the AGM-114 Hellfire. It was also used by the Finnish coastal artillery for covering narrow channels in the archipelago, being replaced in this role by the Israeli SPIKE ER (Rannikko-Ohjus 06).

History

SS.11 anti-tank missile-launcher version of the French tank AMX-13

The first combat use of the SS.11 was in 1956 by the French Air Force, fired from a Dassault MD 311 light twin-engine transport, as a method of attacking fortified caves located in steep mountain gorges during the Algerian war. The combat experiment proved extremely successful and became standard on other French Air Force MD 311s stationed in the Algerian war theater.[5] From this early combat experience in Algeria with fixed wing aircraft firing the SS.11, the French Army took note and introduced the world's first specialized combat helicopter firing antitank missiles, based on the Alouette II and later the Alouette III that fired both the earlier surface-to-surface SS.11 and the AS.11 developed for air-to-surface firing from aircraft, both of which saw extensive combat in that conflict from 1958 to 1962.[6]

After the cancellation of the SSM-A-23 Dart in 1958, the United States began evaluating the SS.11, and accepted it into service in 1961 as the AGM-22A. The missile was deployed from UH-1B Huey helicopters using either the XM11 or M22 armament subsystems. In U.S. Army service, the SS.11 was used mainly to develop tactics employing antitank helicopters and to train future helicopter crews. In September 1965, 12 U.S. Army UH-1B helicopters belonging to a special unit, fitted with the XM-58 stabilized sight arrived in South Vietnam. One month later, they fired AGM-22s in combat.[7] In May 1972 in response to the North Vietnamese armor used in the Easter Offensive six UH-1s equipped with AGM-22s were deployed in Quang Tri Province. The system was rated moderately effective against tanks, but was extensively used against bunkers and fortified structures. All units were withdrawn to the U.S. by 31 October 1972.[8]

During the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, the Israeli Army was equipped with a large number of SS.11s supplied by France. SS.11s were used during the battle of Abu-Ageila.[9]

Shooting a missile from a SS.11 VLRA French in 1971.

In 1966, the French Navy did an evaluation of the SS.11(M) and SS.12(M) from the fast patrol boat La Combattante.[2] In 1966, the Libyan Navy ordered three fast patrol boats from Vosper Thornycroft (the Sebha, Sirte and Susa). Delivered in 1968, these were the first naval vessels to be armed with the SS.11(M) and AS.12(M) being armed with four on each side of the vessel's bridge;[10] the Libyan fast patrol boats proved that this was a very low-cost way to give long-range heavy firepower to small naval vessels. Other navies soon followed Libya and bought the SS.12(M) and SS.11(M) for their light naval vessels; among them Brunei, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Senegal, and Tunisia. NORD also developed a ten-missile trainable launcher for either the SS.11(M) or SS.12(M), which was sold in numbers due to its extremely cost-effective firepower for both light and medium size naval craft.[2]

During the Falklands War, both the British Army and the British Royal Marines used Westland Scouts armed with the SS.11.[11] On 14 June 1982, two Army and two Marine Scouts attacked Argentine positions on the south-west outskirts of Port Stanley. Of the ten missiles fired, nine hit their targets and one was lost due to a command wire breaking.[11]

Description

A variety of warheads are available for the missile:[3]

  • 140AC hollow-charge: 600 mm versus RHA
  • 140AP02 blast-fragmentation: 10 mm steel plate
  • 140AP59 anti personnel
  • 140CCN anti-shipping

On launch, the SNPE rocket booster, with two outlets on the side of the missile body, burns for 1.2 seconds, after which the Sophie sustainer engine, with single outlet in the rear of the missile body burns for 20 seconds.[2]

Unlike the earlier SS.10, which steered similarly to an airplane with small flight controls called "spoilers" located on the missiles wings, the SS.11 is steered in flight by a unique system developed by NORD for France's first air-to-air missile, the AA.20, called TVC (thrust vectoring control) in which four small vanes are located around the sustainer's exhaust, which under command momentarily push into the sustainer's thrust causing the missile to move in the direction commanded. Since the missile spins slowly in flight by having the four swept wings slightly offset, a gyroscope is needed to determine the missile's relative orientation to the ground, that is, up, down and right, left. Unlike the earlier spoiler flight control, TVC is a far more precise method of controlling a missile in flight. TVC has been copied by other missile designs, including the Russians with their 9M14 Malyutka (NATO name: AT-3 Sagger) and the Euromissile HOT and MILAN developed by joint venture of the French and Germans.[2]

Due to the manual nature of the guidance, called MCLOS, where the operator had to first gain control of the missile and bring it into his line of sight with the target, engagements of targets at short range were poor, but beyond 500 meters accuracy was good to excellent for a well trained operator. In 1967 (by which time NORD had been merged with Aerospatiale), a version of the SS.11, called Harpon, was developed with a much improved guidance system called SACLOS in which the missile is automatically tracked in flight and brought to the gunner's line of sight. This guidance system drastically increases the SS.11 accuracy, especially at engagement ranges of less than 500 meters.[2]

Models

  • SS.11/AGM-22: Surface-to-surface wire-guided anti-tank missile.
    • SS.11A1 XAGM-22A
    • SS.11B1 XAGM-22B: Much improved with transistors
    • SS.11B1 (training) XATM-22B
  • AS.11: Air-to-surface missile.
  • SS.11M: Maritime surface-to-surface wire-guided anti-ship missile.
  • HARPON: SS.11 version with SACLOS guidance replacing MCLOS. Entered production in 1967

Operators

See also

References

  1. FLIGHT International 15 November 1980, page 1888
  2. Bill Gunston, ROCKETS & MISSILES, page 239-240, Salamander Books Ltd 1978
  3. Helicopters at War - Blitz Editions, Page, 63, ISBN 1-85605-345-8
  4. R.T.Pretty & D.H.R. Archer. Jane's Weapon Systems 1969-70.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  5. COIN: French Counter-Insurgency Aircraft, 1946-1965 Pt.1
  6. Al J Venter's "THE CHOPPER BOYS - Helicopter Warfare in Africa" page 42, printed 1977 by Greenhill Books
  7. International Defense Review 1983/No. 3 "The Development of Helicopter Air to Ground Weapons" page 323 by Col. E. J. Everett-Heath
  8. "United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam 1972-1973 Command History Annex B" (PDF). United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. 15 July 1973. p. B-48. Retrieved 10 September 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. G.W. Gawrych. Key to the Sinai, The Battles for Abu-Ageila in the 1956 and 1967 Arab-Israeli Wars (PDF). Combat Studies Institute, Research Survey. p. 103.
  10. Jane's Fighting Ships 1976-77 page 214
  11. Burden 1986, pp.34-342
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