SS Polar Chief

Montcalm was built for the African Steamship Company and placed under the management of Elder Dempster Lines. On 3 September 1897, she made her maiden voyage from Avonmouth, Gloucestershire to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. On 13 November 1898, she was chartered to the Atlantic Transport Line. In 1899, a rebuild left her at 6,981 GRT. Montcalm made eleven trans-atlantic voyages between 1898 and 1900. On 5 April 1900, she sailed from Liverpool for Cape Town as a transport ship in support of the Second Boer War. Montcalm then made six return voyages from Cape Town to New Orleans, carrying horses or mules. In June 1902, she was placed in service on the Avonmouth - Montreal route.[2] In 1903, she passed to Elder Dempster Lines when that company absorbed the African Steamship Company.[4]

In August 1914, Montcalm was requisitioned by the Admiralty. She was initially used as a troopship carrying members of the British Expeditionary Force. In October 1914, she was converted to a dummy battleship, mimicking HMS Audacious,[2] whose name she carried. It was intended that she be used as a blockship in 1915, but she was used as a depot ship.[4] On 9 January 1916, she was transferred to the control of the British Shipping Controller and placed under the management of Frederick Leyland Ltd, Liverpool.[1] The United Kingdom Official Number 106869 was allocated.[3] Between August and October 1916 she was converted to a tanker and placed under the management of Lane and MacAndrews.

On 18 November 1916 she entered service with the Royal Fleet Auxiliary as RFA Crenella,[1] under the management of the Anglo Saxon Petroleum Company.[2]

On 26 November 1917, Crenella was on a voyage from Queenstown to Montreal when she was torpedoed by U-101 when 146 nautical miles (270 km) west of Queenstown,[5] at 49°47′N 10°58′W. Crenella was in ballast for this voyage.[6] Although damaged in the attack, Crenella managed to reach port.[5] The United States Navy's O'Brien-class destroyer USS Cushing assisted in damaged control and escorted Crenella back to Queenstown.[7] In 1919, Crenella was sold to the Anglo Saxon Petroleum Co Ltd.[4] On 19 October 1920, she was sold to the Velefa Shipping Co Ltd, London,[2] and placed under the management of Runciman & Co Ltd although she was then laid up.[4]

In 1923, Crenella was sold to Christian Nielson & Co, Larvik,[8] Norway and renamed Rey Alfonso. She was used as a whale oil depot ship.[4]

In 1925, she was sold to H M Wrangell & Co, Haugesund and in 1927 she was sold to the Anglo-Norse Company, Tønsberg. Rey Alfonso was renamed Anglo-Norse. She was placed under the management of Hans Borge.

Later in 1925, she was sold to the Falkland Whaling Company and renamed Polar Chief.[2] At this time she was 7,166 GRT, 5,512 NRT. Her port of registry was Jersey.[3] Polar Chier was rebuilt as a pelagic whaler in Gothenburg, Sweden. She was placed under the management of the South Georgia Company.

Polar Chief was laid up during the 1930 whaling season.[2] She was then returned to service.[4] By 1934, the Code Letters QFMT had been allocated.[9] These were changed to GFMT in 1937.[10] In 1939, her she was recorded as 8,040 GRT and 6,279 NRT.[11] Polar Chief was laid up at Tønsburg in September 1939, but managed to escape to the United Kingdom before the German invasion of Norway in April 1940.[4] In April 1941, Polar Chief was requisioned by the MoWT.[1] She was placed under the management of Christian Salvesen & Co Ltd, Leith.[12]

Polar Chief was a member of Convoy HX 156, which departed Halifax, Nova Scotia on 22 October 1941 and arrived at Liverpool on 5 November.

Polar Chief was renamed Empire Chief in November 1941.[13] On 16 January 1942, Empire Chief ran aground at Reykjavík, Iceland. She was refloated on 7 March and temporary repairs were made before she was towed back to the United Kingdom in May 1942.[4] Empire Chief was a member of Convoy HX 251, which departed New York on 7 August 1943. She was carrying fuel oil and armoured fighting vehicles. She was also a member of Convoy HX 266, which departed New York on 13 November 1943. Empire Chief was carrying fuel oil and depth charges.[14]

In 1946, Empire Chief was returned to the Falkland Whaling Co Ltd and regained her former name Polar Chief. She served until 1952, arriving on 29 April at Dalmuir, West Dunbartonshire for scrapping by W H Arnott Young Ltd.[8] In July 1952, her hulk was towed to Troon,[4] where final demolition was completed by West of Scotland Shipbreaking Co Ltd.[8]