SS Sierra Cordoba (1913)

During World War I Sierra Cordoba supplied German raiders in the South Atlantic and Pacific.[5] On 23 November 1914 Sierra Cordoba had arrived in Montevideo with captured crews from the liner La Correntina and the French barque Union sunk by SS Kronprinz Wilhelm.[6] The presence of German merchant vessels and the types of cargoes being loaded in neutral South American ports was taken as indication of German naval activity with Sierra Cordoba being loaded with coal at Montevideo on 22 November 1914 seen as significant.[7]

Dresden, after escaping at the Battle of the Falkland Islands on 8 December, was sheltering in the waters south of the Straits of Magellan with British forces under Rear Admiral Archibald Stoddart actively searching for her location.[8] Sierra Cordoba was then known to be a raider supply ship and had cleared Montevideo, supposedly for Callao, Peru on 18 December with supplies of coal and water.[8][9] On 26 December in "Snug Bay"[note 4] Admiral Stoddart found Sierra Cordoba but could take no action beyond briefly boarding due to the fact a Chilean destroyer was observing his movements and it was presumed Chileans were observing the merchant vessel for neutrality violations.[8] Sierra Cordoba joined Dresden and continued to supply the cruiser until 14 February 1915 when Dresden put to sea.[9][10] Both ships moved northward off the coast of Chile, with the cruiser coaling several times, until Sierra Cordoba was dismissed after spending three days coaling the raider before heading into Valparaiso for coal.[11] Sierra Cordoba departed Valparaiso on 7 March, coaled Dresden at Juan Fernández Islands 9 March, and eventually put into Callao as the cruiser had been sunk five days after the meeting.[12][13]

The ship was detained by Peru 17 March 1917 and renamed Callao.[14][15] The Peruvian government turned Callao over to the United States Shipping Board (USSB) whereupon she was towed from Lima by the dredge Culebra to Balboa, Panama in October 1918 to be the first of five seized German vessels to be repaired by the Panama Canal Company's Mechanical Division correcting damage from long internment and sabotage done by their German crews.[16][17] Sabotage included firing the boilers at full capacity without water in an effort to destroy them, prevented only by the superheating tubes, but still causing extensive damage, and damage to the engines.[16] Repairs, including a completely new electrical system, were completed with the ship ready for sea on 5 April 1919.[17][18] Callao transited the canal, loaded cargo at Cristobal and cleared for New York on 8 April.[3] The USSB transferred Callao to U.S. Navy to be commissioned USS Callao (ID-4036) 26 April 1919, making two round trips to France to return personnel, whereupon she decommissioned 20 September 1919 at Norfolk, Virginia.[14] Callao, then located at New York, was offered for sale at auction 7 November 1921 by USSB.[2]

On 9 December 1941 Ruth Alexander arrived in Manila from San Francisco to learn of the war coming to the Pacific.[22] The ship survived three weeks of bombing in the harbor before attempting to escape on 28 December to Australia or any safe port.[23][24] Manila had been declared an open city on 26 December, yet had been subject to massive air attacks and multiple waves of Japanese naval aircraft directed against the port and shipping on 27 December that continued on 28 December.[25] The government and military, except for rear echelons of Army headquarters, had already evacuated to Bataan and Corregidor.[26] Captain F. P. Willarts left under cover of darkness short seventeen men, all to become prisoners of war of which three died (two aboard the Japanese prisoner transport Arisan Maru), who were left ashore in the hurried escape.[27][28] The ship was heading toward Borneo in the Dutch East Indies, an area already under attack and partially occupied by Japanese forces.[23][24][29] During the transit from Manila to Balikpapan the ship was bombed and damaged by a Japanese flying boat in Makassar Strait on 31 December 1941, finally sinking on 2 January.[30]

Forty-eight survivors were rescued by a Dutch Dornier 24 on the day of the attack.[31] A later account noted the Dutch bomber pilot had landed intent on a mass rescue and had dumped his bomb load, taken on survivors in three rafts to find the fourth, landed again picking up the occupants and taken off with fifty-five persons aboard including the seven bomber crew members.[23] Survivors were landed at Tarakan where they remained a day before being flown to Balikpapan where another day was spent before being evacuated by ship to Surabaya arriving 4 January 1942.[24] All crew but one still in hospital, who was taken prisoner of war and released September 1945, were evacuated by steamer about 24 January before the Japanese took Java in March.[24] A Navy press release, number 26 of 9 January 1942, noted the ship had been abandoned and declared a total loss with one crew member killed and four injured.[32]