Silwad

Silwad was inhabited in the early Ottoman era.[5] In the spring of 1697, Henry Maundrell noted two "Arab villages," first "Geeb" and then "Selwid," both on the west side of the road on the way south from Nablus to Jerusalem.[6] Edward Robinson identified these two villages as Jibiya and Silwad.[7]

In 1838, Selwad was noted as a Muslim village in the District of Beni Murrah, north of Jerusalem.[8]

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 counted 205 houses and a population of 817 in Silwad, though the population count included men, only.[9][10]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as being situated on a hill, and having ancient tombs and a fine spring.[11]

In 1896 the population of Silwad was estimated to be about 1,845 persons.[12]

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Silwad had a population of 1,344, all Muslim,[13] increasing in the 1931 census to 1631 Muslims and 4 Christians, in a total of 380 houses.[14]

In the 1945 statistics the population was 1,910 Muslims,[15] while the total land area was 14,186 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[16] Of this, 12,909 were plantations and irrigable land, 2,496 for cereals,[17] while 72 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[18]

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Silwad came under Jordanian rule.

Jordan confiscated lands of Silwad and nearby Ein Yabrud for the construction of a military camp before the Six-Day War.[19]

The Jordanian census of 1961 found 3,215 inhabitants.[20]

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Silwad has been under Israeli occupation. Only 1.7 % of village land belongs to Area A in the Oslo II Accord, while 37.7% is defined as Area B, and the remaining 60.6 % is Area C.[21][22]

The economy of Silwad is based on farming as well as handicrafts.

The Jordanian buildings formed the initial basis of the Israeli settlement of Ofra founded in 1975.[19] Plans for further expansion of Ofra in this land in 2011 resulted in legal challenges and public dispute.[19] According to ARIJ, Israel has confiscated 988 dunams of land from Silwad for the construction of Ofra.[21]

Silwad villagers have petitioned the High Court to be allowed to farm their traditional lands to which they had been denied access for a decade. They requested the right to access to some 3,100 dunams, a quarter of Silwad's lands of which has been blocked by settlers. Land that has been blocked from cultivation in this way includes property of villagers from Taybeh, Ein Yabrud and Deir Jarir. The IDF blocked Silwad villagers from accessing their farming lands when under escort from peace activists; these lands cannot be entered directly from the village itself but only via the Israeli settlement of Ofra. The incident occurred after they had obtained permission to enter it, under escort from volunteers of Yesh Din.[23]

A 22-year-old Silwad bricklayer, Thaer Hamad, according to a local report, used his grandfather's WW2 Jordanian army bolt action Mauser and 30 rounds to fire from a nearby hill, at Wadi Haramiya on an Israeli checkpoint, near the settlements of Ofra and Shilo,[24] killing 7 soldiers and three civilian settlers.[25][26] He let one settler woman and her two children pass unharmed. He told one person of his deed, word leaked out and he was eventually arrested in October 2004, put on trial and sentenced to 11 life sentences. Thaer had seen one of his uncle's (Nabil Hammad), killed when he was a child,[24] during the First Intifada, and another shot dead by Israeli forces during the Al-Aqsa Intifada.[27][28][29][30] Robi Danelin, the mother of one of the dead soldiers, who said her son had served reluctantly in the West Bank, wrote a letter of reconciliation to Hamad's family. Her letter was rebuffed by Thaer, who brusquely dismissed what he described as an equation between casualties among soldiers in an army of occupation and martyrs killed in the course of their struggle for freedom.[27] The episode formed the basis for the plot of Najwa Najjar's 2014 film, Eyes of a Thief.[31]

Orwa Abd al-Wahhab Hammad (14[24]/17), a US citizen who came from New Orleans to the West Bank when he was 6, and was a cousin of Thaer Hamad,[24] was shot dead with a bullet to the neck which exited from his head[32][33] during a demonstration in the village, reportedly by an Israeli sniper. He was the second such teenager killed by IDF live fire in the West Bank in 8 days, the 10th since the beginning of 2014, adding to the total of 34 Palestinian victims of IDF gunfire at civilians in the West Bank since mid-June.[24][32][33] In various reports IDF sources state he was shot when he threw a bomb,[33] or that an adult was shot when he lit a molotov cocktail fuse and was readying himself to throw it on Route 60.[24][34][35] His cousin said he was among a group of rock-throwing Palestinians.[24]

• Khaled Mashal, leader of Hamas
• Qadura Fares, Political leader of Fatah