Sphingomonas

Sphingomonas was defined in 1990 as a group of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic, strictly aerobic bacteria. They possess ubiquinone 10 as their major respiratory quinone, contain glycosphingolipids (GSLs), specifically ceramide,[2] instead of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their cell envelopes, and typically produce yellow-pigmented colonies.[3]

Sphingomonas
Scientific classification
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Sphingomonas
Species

Sphingomonas abaci
Sphingomonas adhaesiva
Sphingomonas aerolata
Sphingomonas aerophila[1] Sphingomonas aestuarii
Sphingomonas alaskensis
Sphingomonas alpina
Sphingomonas aquatilis
Sphingomonas aromaticivorans
Sphingomonas asaccharolytica
Sphingomonas astaxanthinifaciens
Sphingomonas aurantiaca
Sphingomonas azotifigens
Sphingomonas baekryungensis
Sphingomonas capsulata
Sphingomonas canadensis[1]
Sphingomonas changbaiensis
Sphingomonas chlorophenolica
Sphingomonas chungbukensis
Sphingomonas cloacae
Sphingomonas cynarae
Sphingomonas daechungensis[1]
Sphingomonas desiccabilis
Sphingomonas dokdonensis
Sphingomonas echinoides
Sphingomonas elodea
Sphingomonas endophytica
Sphingomonas faeni
Sphingomonas fennica
Sphingomonas flava[1]
Sphingomonas formosensis
Sphingomonas gei[1]
Sphingomonas gimensis[1]
Sphingomonas ginsengisoli
Sphingomonas ginsenosidimutans
Sphingomonas glacialis
Sphingomonas guangdongensis[1]
Sphingomonas haloaromaticamans
Sphingomonas hankookensis
Sphingomonas herbicidovorans
Sphingomonas histidinilytica
Sphingomonas indica
Sphingomonas insulae
Sphingomonas japonica
Sphingomonas jaspsi
Sphingomonas jejuensis
Sphingomonas jinjuensis
Sphingomonas kaistensis
Sphingomonas koreensis
Sphingomonas kyeonggiensis[1]
Sphingomonas kyungheensis[1]
Sphingomonas lacus[1]
Sphingomonas laterariae
Sphingomonas leidyi
Sphingomonas macrogoltabidus
Sphingomonas mali
Sphingomonas melonis
Sphingomonas molluscorum
Sphingomonas morindae[1]
Sphingomonas mucosissima
Sphingomonas naasensis[1]
Sphingomonas natatoria
Sphingomonas oligoaromativorans[1]
Sphingomonas oligophenolica
Sphingomonas oryziterrae
Sphingomonas panni
Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis
Sphingomonas paucimobilis
Sphingomonas phyllosphaerae
Sphingomonas pituitosa
Sphingomonas polyaromaticivorans
Sphingomonas pruni
Sphingomonas pseudosanguinis[1]
Sphingomonas psychrolutea[1]
Sphingomonas rosa
Sphingomonas roseiflava
Sphingomonas rubra
Sphingomonas sanguinis
Sphingomonas sanxanigenens
Sphingomonas sediminicola
Sphingomonas soli
Sphingomonas starnbergensis
Sphingomonas stygia
Sphingomonas subarctica
Sphingomonas suberifaciens
Sphingomonas subterranea
Sphingomonas taejonensis
Sphingomonas terrae
Sphingomonas trueperi
Sphingomonas ursincola
Sphingomonas vulcanisoli[1]
Sphingomonas wittichii
Sphingomonas xenophaga
Sphingomonas xinjiangensis[1]
Sphingomonas yabuuchiae
Sphingomonas yantingensis[1]
Sphingomonas yanoikuyae
Sphingomonas yunnanensis Sphingomonas zeae[1]

By 2001, the genus included more than 20 species that were quite diverse in terms of their phylogenetic, ecological, and physiological properties. As a result, Sphingomonas was subdivided into different genera: Sphingomonas, Sphingobium, Novosphingobium, Sphingosinicella, and Sphingopyxis. These genera are commonly referred to collectively as sphingomonads. The sphingomonads are widely distributed in nature, having been isolated from many different land and water habitats, as well as from plant root systems, clinical specimens, and other sources; this is due to their ability to survive in low concentrations of nutrients, as well as to metabolize a wide variety of carbon sources. Numerous strains have been isolated from environments contaminated with toxic compounds, where they display the ability to use the contaminants as nutrients.[3]

Some of the sphingomonads (especially Sphingomonas paucimobilis) also play a role in human disease, primarily by causing a range of mostly nosocomial, non-life-threatening infections that typically are easily treated by antibiotic therapy.[4][5] In contrast, the seed-endophytic strain Sphingomonas melonis ZJ26 that can be naturally enriched in certain rice cultivars, confers diseases resistance against a bacterial pathogen and is vertically transmitted among plant generations via their seeds. [6]

Due to their biodegradative and biosynthetic capabilities, sphingomonads have been used for a wide range of biotechnological applications, from bioremediation of environmental contaminants to production of extracellular polymers such as sphingans (e.g., gellan, welan, and rhamsan) used extensively in the food and other industries.[7] The shorter carbohydrate moiety of GSL compared to that of LPS results in the cell surface being more hydrophobic than that of other Gram-negative bacteria, probably accounting for both Sphingomonas' sensitivity to hydrophobic antibiotics and its ability to degrade hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.[3] One strain, Sphingomonas sp. 2MPII, can degrade 2-methylphenanthrene.[8] In May 2008, Daniel Burd, a 16-year-old Canadian, won the Canada-Wide Science Fair in Ottawa after discovering that Sphingomonas can degrade over 40% of the weight of plastic bags (Polyethylene) in less than three months.[9]

A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 expressing a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) has also been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli. This is the first report of bioprecipitation of uranium under alkaline conditions.[10]

References

  1. LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de
  2. Minamino, Miki; Sakaguchi, Ikuyo; Naka, Takashi; Ikeda, Norikazu; Kato, Yoshiko; Tomiyasu, Ikuko; Yano, Ikuya; Kobayashi, Kazuo (2003). "Bacterial ceramides and sphingophospholipids induce apoptosis of human leukaemic cells". Microbiology. 149 (8): 2071–2081. doi:10.1099/mic.0.25922-0. PMID 12904547.
  3. Sphingomonas, Microbewiki
  4. Ryan MP, Adley CC (2010). "Sphingomonas paucimobilis: a persistent Gram-negative nosocomial infectious organism". J Hosp Infect. 75 (3): 153–7. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2010.03.007. PMID 20434794.
  5. Sphingomonas paucimobilis Bloodstream Infections Associated with Contaminated Intravenous Fentanyl, Lisa L. Maragakis, Romanee Chaiwarith, Arjun Srinivasan, Francesca J. Torriani, Edina Avdic, Andrew Lee, Tracy R. Ross, Karen C. Carroll, and Trish M. Perl, Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 15, No. 1, January 2009
  6. Matsumoto H, Fan X, Wang Y, Kusstatscher P, Duan J, Wu S, et al. (January 2021). "Bacterial seed endophyte shapes disease resistance in rice". Nature Plants. 7: 60–72. doi:10.1038/s41477-020-00826-5.
  7. Yabuuchi E, Kosako Y (2015). "Sphingomonas". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–39. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00924. ISBN 9781118960608.
  8. G.M. Ni'matuzahroh; M. Gilewicz; M. Guiliano & J.C. Bertrand (May 1999). "In-vitro study of interaction between photooxidation and biodegradation of 2-methylphenanthrene by Sphingomonas sp 2MPII". Chemosphere. 38 (11): 2501–2507. Bibcode:1999Chmsp..38.2501N. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00456-1. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 10204235.
  9. TheRecord.com—CanadaWorld—WCI student isolates microbe that lunches on plastic bags
  10. K.S. Nilgiriwala; A. Alahari; A. S. Rao & S.K. Apte (Sep 2008). "Cloning and Overexpression of Alkaline Phosphatase PhoK from Sphingomonas sp. Strain BSAR-1 for Bioprecipitation of Uranium from Alkaline Solutions" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (17): 5516–5523. doi:10.1128/AEM.00107-08. ISSN 1098-5336. PMC 2546639. PMID 18641147.
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