Square tiling honeycomb
In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the square tiling honeycomb is one of 11 paracompact regular honeycombs. It is called paracompact because it has infinite cells, whose vertices exist on horospheres and converge to a single ideal point at infinity. Given by Schläfli symbol {4,4,3}, it has three square tilings, {4,4}, around each edge, and six square tilings around each vertex, in a cubic {4,3} vertex figure.[1]
Square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Hyperbolic regular honeycomb Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbols | {4,4,3} r{4,4,4} {41,1,1} |
Coxeter diagrams | |
Cells | {4,4} |
Faces | square {4} |
Edge figure | triangle {3} |
Vertex figure | cube, {4,3} |
Dual | Order-4 octahedral honeycomb |
Coxeter groups | , [4,4,3] , [43] , [41,1,1] |
Properties | Regular |
A geometric honeycomb is a space-filling of polyhedral or higher-dimensional cells, so that there are no gaps. It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions.
Honeycombs are usually constructed in ordinary Euclidean ("flat") space, like the convex uniform honeycombs. They may also be constructed in non-Euclidean spaces, such as hyperbolic uniform honeycombs. Any finite uniform polytope can be projected to its circumsphere to form a uniform honeycomb in spherical space.
Rectified order-4 square tiling
It is also seen as a rectified order-4 square tiling honeycomb, r{4,4,4}:
{4,4,4} | r{4,4,4} = {4,4,3} |
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Symmetry
The square tiling honeycomb has three reflective symmetry constructions:
It also contains an index 6 subgroup [4,4,3*] ↔ [41,1,1], and a radial subgroup [4,(4,3)*] of index 48, with a right dihedral-angled octahedral fundamental domain, and four pairs of ultraparallel mirrors:
This honeycomb contains
Related polytopes and honeycombs
The square tiling honeycomb is a regular hyperbolic honeycomb in 3-space. It is one of eleven regular paracompact honeycombs.
11 paracompact regular honeycombs | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
{6,3,3} |
{6,3,4} |
{6,3,5} |
{6,3,6} |
{4,4,3} |
{4,4,4} | ||||||
{3,3,6} |
{4,3,6} |
{5,3,6} |
{3,6,3} |
{3,4,4} |
There are fifteen uniform honeycombs in the [4,4,3] Coxeter group family, including this regular form, and its dual, the order-4 octahedral honeycomb, {3,4,4}.
{4,4,3} |
r{4,4,3} |
t{4,4,3} |
rr{4,4,3} |
t0,3{4,4,3} |
tr{4,4,3} |
t0,1,3{4,4,3} |
t0,1,2,3{4,4,3} |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
{3,4,4} |
r{3,4,4} |
t{3,4,4} |
rr{3,4,4} |
2t{3,4,4} |
tr{3,4,4} |
t0,1,3{3,4,4} |
t0,1,2,3{3,4,4} |
The square tiling honeycomb is part of the order-4 square tiling honeycomb family, as it can be seen as a rectified order-4 square tiling honeycomb.
[4,4,4] family honeycombs | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
{4,4,4} |
r{4,4,4} |
t{4,4,4} |
rr{4,4,4} |
t0,3{4,4,4} |
2t{4,4,4} |
tr{4,4,4} |
t0,1,3{4,4,4} |
t0,1,2,3{4,4,4} | |||
It is related to the 24-cell, {3,4,3}, which also has a cubic vertex figure. It is also part of a sequence of honeycombs with square tiling cells:
{4,4,p} honeycombs | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Space | E3 | H3 | |||||||||
Form | Affine | Paracompact | Noncompact | ||||||||
Name | {4,4,2} | {4,4,3} | {4,4,4} | {4,4,5} | {4,4,6} | ...{4,4,∞} | |||||
Coxeter |
|||||||||||
Image | |||||||||||
Vertex figure |
{4,2} |
{4,3} |
{4,4} |
{4,5} |
{4,6} |
{4,∞} |
Rectified square tiling honeycomb
Rectified square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb Semiregular honeycomb |
Schläfli symbols | r{4,4,3} or t1{4,4,3} 2r{3,41,1} r{41,1,1} |
Coxeter diagrams | |
Cells | {4,3} r{4,4} |
Faces | square {4} |
Vertex figure | triangular prism |
Coxeter groups | , [4,4,3] , [3,41,1] , [41,1,1] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive |
The rectified square tiling honeycomb, t1{4,4,3},
It is similar to the 2D hyperbolic uniform triapeirogonal tiling, r{∞,3}, with triangle and apeirogonal faces.
Truncated square tiling honeycomb
Truncated square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbols | t{4,4,3} or t0,1{4,4,3} |
Coxeter diagrams | |
Cells | {4,3} t{4,4} |
Faces | square {4} octagon {8} |
Vertex figure | triangular pyramid |
Coxeter groups | , [4,4,3] , [43] , [41,1,1] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The truncated square tiling honeycomb, t{4,4,3},
Bitruncated square tiling honeycomb
Bitruncated square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbols | 2t{4,4,3} or t1,2{4,4,3} |
Coxeter diagram | |
Cells | t{4,3} t{4,4} |
Faces | triangle {3} square {4} octagon {8} |
Vertex figure | digonal disphenoid |
Coxeter groups | , [4,4,3] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The bitruncated square tiling honeycomb, 2t{4,4,3},
Cantellated square tiling honeycomb
Cantellated square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbols | rr{4,4,3} or t0,2{4,4,3} |
Coxeter diagrams | |
Cells | r{4,3} rr{4,4} {}x{3} |
Faces | triangle {3} square {4} |
Vertex figure | isosceles triangular prism |
Coxeter groups | , [4,4,3] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The cantellated square tiling honeycomb, rr{4,4,3},
Cantitruncated square tiling honeycomb
Cantitruncated square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbols | tr{4,4,3} or t0,1,2{4,4,3} |
Coxeter diagram | |
Cells | t{4,3} tr{4,4} {}x{3} |
Faces | triangle {3} square {4} octagon {8} |
Vertex figure | isosceles triangular pyramid |
Coxeter groups | , [4,4,3] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The cantitruncated square tiling honeycomb, tr{4,4,3},
Runcinated square tiling honeycomb
Runcinated square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbol | t0,3{4,4,3} |
Coxeter diagrams | |
Cells | {3,4} {4,4} {}x{4} {}x{3} |
Faces | triangle {3} square {4} |
Vertex figure | irregular triangular antiprism |
Coxeter groups | , [4,4,3] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The runcinated square tiling honeycomb, t0,3{4,4,3},
Runcitruncated square tiling honeycomb
Runcitruncated square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbols | t0,1,3{4,4,3} s2,3{3,4,4} |
Coxeter diagrams | |
Cells | rr{4,3} t{4,4} {}x{3} {}x{8} |
Faces | triangle {3} square {4} octagon {8} |
Vertex figure | isosceles-trapezoidal pyramid |
Coxeter groups | , [4,4,3] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The runcitruncated square tiling honeycomb, t0,1,3{4,4,3},
Runcicantellated square tiling honeycomb
The runcicantellated square tiling honeycomb is the same as the runcitruncated order-4 octahedral honeycomb.
Omnitruncated square tiling honeycomb
Omnitruncated square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbol | t0,1,2,3{4,4,3} |
Coxeter diagram | |
Cells | tr{4,4} {}x{6} {}x{8} tr{4,3} |
Faces | square {4} hexagon {6} octagon {8} |
Vertex figure | irregular tetrahedron |
Coxeter groups | , [4,4,3] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The omnitruncated square tiling honeycomb, t0,1,2,3{4,4,3},
Omnisnub square tiling honeycomb
Omnisnub square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbol | h(t0,1,2,3{4,4,3}) |
Coxeter diagram | |
Cells | sr{4,4} sr{2,3} sr{2,4} sr{4,3} |
Faces | triangle {3} square {4} |
Vertex figure | irregular tetrahedron |
Coxeter group | [4,4,3]+ |
Properties | Non-uniform, vertex-transitive |
The alternated omnitruncated square tiling honeycomb (or omnisnub square tiling honeycomb), h(t0,1,2,3{4,4,3}),
Alternated square tiling honeycomb
Alternated square tiling honeycomb | |
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Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb Semiregular honeycomb |
Schläfli symbol | h{4,4,3} hr{4,4,4} {(4,3,3,4)} h{41,1,1} |
Coxeter diagrams | |
Cells | {4,4} {4,3} |
Faces | square {4} |
Vertex figure | cuboctahedron |
Coxeter groups | , [3,41,1] [4,1+,4,4] ↔ [∞,4,4,∞] , [(4,4,3,3)] [1+,41,1,1] ↔ [∞[6]] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive, quasiregular |
The alternated square tiling honeycomb, h{4,4,3},
Cantic square tiling honeycomb
Cantic square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbol | h2{4,4,3} |
Coxeter diagrams | |
Cells | t{4,4} r{4,3} t{4,3} |
Faces | triangle {3} square {4} octagon {8} |
Vertex figure | rectangular pyramid |
Coxeter groups | , [3,41,1] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The cantic square tiling honeycomb, h2{4,4,3},
Runcic square tiling honeycomb
Runcic square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbol | h3{4,4,3} |
Coxeter diagrams | |
Cells | {4,4} r{4,3} {3,4} |
Faces | triangle {3} square {4} |
Vertex figure | square frustum |
Coxeter groups | , [3,41,1] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The runcic square tiling honeycomb, h3{4,4,3},
Runcicantic square tiling honeycomb
Runcicantic square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbol | h2,3{4,4,3} |
Coxeter diagrams | |
Cells | t{4,4} tr{4,3} t{3,4} |
Faces | square {4} hexagon {6} octagon {8} |
Vertex figure | mirrored sphenoid |
Coxeter groups | , [3,41,1] |
Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The runcicantic square tiling honeycomb, h2,3{4,4,3},
Alternated rectified square tiling honeycomb
Alternated rectified square tiling honeycomb | |
---|---|
Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
Schläfli symbol | hr{4,4,3} |
Coxeter diagrams | |
Cells | |
Faces | |
Vertex figure | triangular prism |
Coxeter groups | [4,1+,4,3] = [∞,3,3,∞] |
Properties | Nonsimplectic, vertex-transitive |
The alternated rectified square tiling honeycomb is a paracompact uniform honeycomb in hyperbolic 3-space.
See also
References
- Coxeter The Beauty of Geometry, 1999, Chapter 10, Table III
- Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. ISBN 0-486-61480-8. (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296)
- The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays (1999), Dover Publications, LCCN 99-35678, ISBN 0-486-40919-8 (Chapter 10, Regular Honeycombs in Hyperbolic Space) Table III
- Jeffrey R. Weeks The Shape of Space, 2nd edition ISBN 0-8247-0709-5 (Chapter 16-17: Geometries on Three-manifolds I,II)
- Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript
- N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966
- N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2018) Chapter 13: Hyperbolic Coxeter groups
- Norman W. Johnson and Asia Ivic Weiss Quadratic Integers and Coxeter Groups PDF Can. J. Math. Vol. 51 (6), 1999 pp. 1307–1336