Convex uniform honeycomb

In geometry, a convex uniform honeycomb is a uniform tessellation which fills three-dimensional Euclidean space with non-overlapping convex uniform polyhedral cells.

The alternated cubic honeycomb is one of 28 space-filling uniform tessellations in Euclidean 3-space, composed of alternating yellow tetrahedra and red octahedra.

Twenty-eight such honeycombs are known:

the familiar cubic honeycomb and 7 truncations thereof;
the alternated cubic honeycomb and 4 truncations thereof;
10 prismatic forms based on the uniform plane tilings (11 if including the cubic honeycomb);
5 modifications of some of the above by elongation and/or gyration.

They can be considered the three-dimensional analogue to the uniform tilings of the plane.

The Voronoi diagram of any lattice forms a convex uniform honeycomb in which the cells are zonohedra.

History

1900: Thorold Gosset enumerated the list of semiregular convex polytopes with regular cells (Platonic solids) in his publication On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions, including one regular cubic honeycomb, and two semiregular forms with tetrahedra and octahedra.
1905: Alfredo Andreini enumerated 25 of these tessellations.
1991: Norman Johnson's manuscript Uniform Polytopes identified the list of 28.[1]
1994: Branko Grünbaum, in his paper Uniform tilings of 3-space, also independently enumerated all 28, after discovering errors in Andreini's publication. He found the 1905 paper, which listed 25, had 1 wrong, and 4 being missing. Grünbaum states in this paper that Norman Johnson deserves priority for achieving the same enumeration in 1991. He also mentions that I. Alexeyev of Russia had contacted him regarding a putative enumeration of these forms, but that Grünbaum was unable to verify this at the time.
2006: George Olshevsky, in his manuscript Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs, along with repeating the derived list of 11 convex uniform tilings, and 28 convex uniform honeycombs, expands a further derived list of 143 convex uniform tetracombs (Honeycombs of uniform 4-polytopes in 4-space).[2]

Only 14 of the convex uniform polyhedra appear in these patterns:

three of the five Platonic solids,
six of the thirteen Archimedean solids, and
five of the infinite family of prisms.

Names

This set can be called the regular and semiregular honeycombs. It has been called the Archimedean honeycombs by analogy with the convex uniform (non-regular) polyhedra, commonly called Archimedean solids. Recently Conway has suggested naming the set as the Architectonic tessellations and the dual honeycombs as the Catoptric tessellations.

The individual honeycombs are listed with names given to them by Norman Johnson. (Some of the terms used below are defined in Uniform 4-polytope#Geometric derivations for 46 nonprismatic Wythoffian uniform 4-polytopes)

For cross-referencing, they are given with list indices from Andreini (1-22), Williams(1-2,9-19), Johnson (11-19, 21–25, 31–34, 41–49, 51–52, 61-65), and Grünbaum(1-28). Coxeter uses δ₄ for a cubic honeycomb, hδ₄ for an alternated cubic honeycomb, qδ₄ for a quarter cubic honeycomb, with subscripts for other forms based on the ring patterns of the Coxeter diagram.

Compact Euclidean uniform tessellations (by their infinite Coxeter group families)

Fundamental domains in a cubic element of three groups.

Family correspondences

The fundamental infinite Coxeter groups for 3-space are:

The ${\tilde {C}}_{3}$ , [4,3,4], cubic, (8 unique forms plus one alternation)
The ${\tilde {B}}_{3}$ , [4,3^1,1], alternated cubic, (11 forms, 3 new)
The ${\tilde {A}}_{3}$ cyclic group, [(3,3,3,3)] or [3^[4]], (5 forms, one new)

There is a correspondence between all three families. Removing one mirror from ${\tilde {C}}_{3}$ produces ${\tilde {B}}_{3}$ , and removing one mirror from ${\tilde {B}}_{3}$ produces ${\tilde {A}}_{3}$ . This allows multiple constructions of the same honeycombs. If cells are colored based on unique positions within each Wythoff construction, these different symmetries can be shown.

In addition there are 5 special honeycombs which don't have pure reflectional symmetry and are constructed from reflectional forms with elongation and gyration operations.

The total unique honeycombs above are 18.

The prismatic stacks from infinite Coxeter groups for 3-space are:

The ${\tilde {C}}_{2}$ × ${\tilde {I}}_{1}$ , [4,4,2,∞] prismatic group, (2 new forms)
The ${\tilde {H}}_{2}$ × ${\tilde {I}}_{1}$ , [6,3,2,∞] prismatic group, (7 unique forms)
The ${\tilde {A}}_{2}$ × ${\tilde {I}}_{1}$ , [(3,3,3),2,∞] prismatic group, (No new forms)
The ${\tilde {I}}_{1}$ × ${\tilde {I}}_{1}$ × ${\tilde {I}}_{1}$ , [∞,2,∞,2,∞] prismatic group, (These all become a cubic honeycomb)

In addition there is one special elongated form of the triangular prismatic honeycomb.

The total unique prismatic honeycombs above (excluding the cubic counted previously) are 10.

Combining these counts, 18 and 10 gives us the total 28 uniform honeycombs.

The C^~₃, [4,3,4] group (cubic)

The regular cubic honeycomb, represented by Schläfli symbol {4,3,4}, offers seven unique derived uniform honeycombs via truncation operations. (One redundant form, the runcinated cubic honeycomb, is included for completeness though identical to the cubic honeycomb.) The reflectional symmetry is the affine Coxeter group [4,3,4]. There are four index 2 subgroups that generate alternations: [1⁺,4,3,4], [(4,3,4,2⁺)], [4,3⁺,4], and [4,3,4]⁺, with the first two generated repeated forms, and the last two are nonuniform.

C3 honeycombs
Space group	Fibrifold	Extended symmetry	Extended diagram	Order	Honeycombs
Pm3m (221)	4⁻:2	[4,3,4]		×1	₁, ₂, ₃, ₄, ₅, ₆
Fm3m (225)	2⁻:2	[1⁺,4,3,4] ↔ [4,3^1,1]	↔	Half	₇, ₁₁, ₁₂, ₁₃
I43m (217)	4^o:2	[[(4,3,4,2⁺)]]		Half × 2	₍₇₎,
Fd3m (227)	2⁺:2	[[1⁺,4,3,4,1⁺]] ↔ [[3^[4]]]	↔	Quarter × 2	₁₀,
Im3m (229)	8^o:2	[[4,3,4]]		×2	₍₁₎, ₈, ₉

[4,3,4], space group Pm3m (221)
Reference Indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram and Schläfli symbol	Cell counts/vertex and positions in cubic honeycomb						Frames (Perspective)	Vertex figure	Dual cell
Reference Indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram and Schläfli symbol	(0)	(1)	(2)	(3)	Alt	Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	Vertex figure	Dual cell
J_11,15 A₁ W₁ G₂₂ δ₄	cubic (chon) t₀{4,3,4} {4,3,4}				(8) (4.4.4)				octahedron	Cube,
J_12,32 A₁₅ W₁₄ G₇ O₁	rectified cubic (rich) t₁{4,3,4} r{4,3,4}	(2) (3.3.3.3)			(4) (3.4.3.4)				cuboid	Square bipyramid
J₁₃ A₁₄ W₁₅ G₈ t₁δ₄ O₁₅	truncated cubic (tich) t_0,1{4,3,4} t{4,3,4}	(1) (3.3.3.3)			(4) (3.8.8)				square pyramid	Isosceles square pyramid
J₁₄ A₁₇ W₁₂ G₉ t_0,2δ₄ O₁₄	cantellated cubic (srich) t_0,2{4,3,4} rr{4,3,4}	(1) (3.4.3.4)	(2) (4.4.4)		(2) (3.4.4.4)				oblique triangular prism	Triangular bipyramid
J₁₇ A₁₈ W₁₃ G₂₅ t_0,1,2δ₄ O₁₇	cantitruncated cubic (grich) t_0,1,2{4,3,4} tr{4,3,4}	(1) (4.6.6)	(1) (4.4.4)		(2) (4.6.8)				irregular tetrahedron	Triangular pyramidille
J₁₈ A₁₉ W₁₉ G₂₀ t_0,1,3δ₄ O₁₉	runcitruncated cubic (prich) t_0,1,3{4,3,4}	(1) (3.4.4.4)	(1) (4.4.4)	(2) (4.4.8)	(1) (3.8.8)				oblique trapezoidal pyramid	Square quarter pyramidille
J_21,31,51 A₂ W₉ G₁ hδ₄ O₂₁	alternated cubic (octet) h{4,3,4}				(8) (3.3.3)	(6) (3.3.3.3)			cuboctahedron	Dodecahedrille
J_22,34 A₂₁ W₁₇ G₁₀ h₂δ₄ O₂₅	Cantic cubic (tatoh) ↔	(1) (3.4.3.4)		(2) (4.6.6)	(2) (3.6.6)				rectangular pyramid	Half oblate octahedrille
J₂₃ A₁₆ W₁₁ G₅ h₃δ₄ O₂₆	Runcic cubic (ratoh) ↔	(1) cube		(3) (3.4.4.4)	(1) (3.3.3)				tapered triangular prism	Quarter cubille
J₂₄ A₂₀ W₁₆ G₂₁ h_2,3δ₄ O₂₈	Runcicantic cubic (gratoh) ↔	(1) (3.8.8)		(2) (4.6.8)	(1) (3.6.6)				Irregular tetrahedron	Half pyramidille
Nonuniform_b	snub rectified cubic sr{4,3,4}	(1) (3.3.3.3.3)	(1) (3.3.3)		(2) (3.3.3.3.4)	(4) (3.3.3)			Irr. tridiminished icosahedron
Nonuniform	Trirectified bisnub cubic 2s₀{4,3,4}	(3.3.3.3.3)	(4.4.4)	(4.4.4)	(3.4.4.4)
Nonuniform	Runcic cantitruncated cubic sr₃{4,3,4}	(3.4.4.4)	(4.4.4)	(4.4.4)	(3.3.3.3.4)

[[4,3,4]] honeycombs, space group Im3m (229)
Reference Indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram and Schläfli symbol	Cell counts/vertex and positions in cubic honeycomb			Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	Vertex figure	Dual cell
Reference Indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram and Schläfli symbol	(0,3)	(1,2)	Alt	Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	Vertex figure	Dual cell
J_11,15 A₁ W₁ G₂₂ δ₄ O₁	runcinated cubic (same as regular cubic) (chon) t_0,3{4,3,4}	(2) (4.4.4)	(6) (4.4.4)				octahedron	Cube
J₁₆ A₃ W₂ G₂₈ t_1,2δ₄ O₁₆	bitruncated cubic (batch) t_1,2{4,3,4} 2t{4,3,4}	(4) (4.6.6)					(disphenoid)	Oblate tetrahedrille
J₁₉ A₂₂ W₁₈ G₂₇ t_0,1,2,3δ₄ O₂₀	omnitruncated cubic (otch) t_0,1,2,3{4,3,4}	(2) (4.6.8)	(2) (4.4.8)				irregular tetrahedron	Eighth pyramidille
J_21,31,51 A₂ W₉ G₁ hδ₄ O₂₇	Quarter cubic honeycomb ht₀ht₃{4,3,4}	(2) (3.3.3)	(6) (3.6.6)				elongated triangular antiprism	Oblate cubille
J_21,31,51 A₂ W₉ G₁ hδ₄ O₂₁	Alternated runcinated cubic (same as alternated cubic) ht_0,3{4,3,4}	(4) (3.3.3)	(4) (3.3.3)	(6) (3.3.3.3)			cuboctahedron
Nonuniform	2s_0,3{(4,2,4,3)}
Nonuniform_a	Alternated bitruncated cubic h2t{4,3,4}	(4) (3.3.3.3.3)		(4) (3.3.3)
Nonuniform	2s_0,3{4,3,4}
Nonuniform_c	Alternated omnitruncated cubic ht_0,1,2,3{4,3,4}	(2) (3.3.3.3.4)	(2) (3.3.3.4)	(4) (3.3.3)

B^~₃, [4,3^1,1] group

The ${\tilde {B}}_{3}$ , [4,3] group offers 11 derived forms via truncation operations, four being unique uniform honeycombs. There are 3 index 2 subgroups that generate alternations: [1⁺,4,3^1,1], [4,(3^1,1)⁺], and [4,3^1,1]⁺. The first generates repeated honeycomb, and the last two are nonuniform but included for completeness.

The honeycombs from this group are called alternated cubic because the first form can be seen as a cubic honeycomb with alternate vertices removed, reducing cubic cells to tetrahedra and creating octahedron cells in the gaps.

Nodes are indexed left to right as 0,1,0',3 with 0' being below and interchangeable with 0. The alternate cubic names given are based on this ordering.

B3 honeycombs
Space group	Fibrifold	Extended symmetry	Extended diagram	Order	Honeycombs
Fm3m (225)	2⁻:2	[4,3^1,1] ↔ [4,3,4,1⁺]	↔	×1	₁, ₂, ₃, ₄
Fm3m (225)	2⁻:2	<[1⁺,4,3^1,1]> ↔ <[3^[4]]>	↔	×2	₍₁₎, ₍₃₎
Pm3m (221)	4⁻:2	<[4,3^1,1]>		×2	₅, ₆, ₇, ₍₆₎, ₉, ₁₀, ₁₁

[4,3^1,1] uniform honeycombs, space group Fm3m (225)
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams	Cells by location (and count around each vertex)				Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams	(0)	(1)	(0')	(3)	Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
J_21,31,51 A₂ W₉ G₁ hδ₄ O₂₁	Alternated cubic (octet) ↔			(6) (3.3.3.3)	(8) (3.3.3)			cuboctahedron
J_22,34 A₂₁ W₁₇ G₁₀ h₂δ₄ O₂₅	Cantic cubic (tatoh) ↔	(1) (3.4.3.4)		(2) (4.6.6)	(2) (3.6.6)			rectangular pyramid
J₂₃ A₁₆ W₁₁ G₅ h₃δ₄ O₂₆	Runcic cubic (ratoh) ↔	(1) cube		(3) (3.4.4.4)	(1) (3.3.3)			tapered triangular prism
J₂₄ A₂₀ W₁₆ G₂₁ h_2,3δ₄ O₂₈	Runcicantic cubic (gratoh) ↔	(1) (3.8.8)		(2) (4.6.8)	(1) (3.6.6)			Irregular tetrahedron

<[4,3^1,1]> uniform honeycombs, space group Pm3m (221)
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams ↔	Cells by location (and count around each vertex)				Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams ↔	(0,0')	(1)	(3)	Alt	Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
J_11,15 A₁ W₁ G₂₂ δ₄ O₁	Cubic (chon) ↔	(8) (4.4.4)						octahedron
J_12,32 A₁₅ W₁₄ G₇ t₁δ₄ O₁₅	Rectified cubic (rich) ↔	(4) (3.4.3.4)		(2) (3.3.3.3)				cuboid
J_12,32 A₁₅ W₁₄ G₇ t₁δ₄ O₁₅	Rectified cubic (rich) ↔	(2) (3.3.3.3)		(4) (3.4.3.4)				cuboid
J₁₃ A₁₄ W₁₅ G₈ t_0,1δ₄ O₁₄	Truncated cubic (tich) ↔	(4) (3.8.8)		(1) (3.3.3.3)				square pyramid
J₁₄ A₁₇ W₁₂ G₉ t_0,2δ₄ O₁₇	Cantellated cubic (srich) ↔	(2) (3.4.4.4)	(2) (4.4.4)	(1) (3.4.3.4)				obilique triangular prism
J₁₆ A₃ W₂ G₂₈ t_0,2δ₄ O₁₆	Bitruncated cubic (batch) ↔	(2) (4.6.6)		(2) (4.6.6)				isosceles tetrahedron
J₁₇ A₁₈ W₁₃ G₂₅ t_0,1,2δ₄ O₁₈	Cantitruncated cubic (grich) ↔	(2) (4.6.8)	(1) (4.4.4)	(1) (4.6.6)				irregular tetrahedron
J_21,31,51 A₂ W₉ G₁ hδ₄ O₂₁	Alternated cubic (octet) ↔	(8) (3.3.3)			(6) (3.3.3.3)			cuboctahedron
J_22,34 A₂₁ W₁₇ G₁₀ h₂δ₄ O₂₅	Cantic cubic (tatoh) ↔	(2) (3.6.6)		(1) (3.4.3.4)	(2) (4.6.6)			rectangular pyramid
Nonuniform_a	Alternated bitruncated cubic ↔	(2) (3.3.3.3.3)		(2) (3.3.3.3.3)	(4) (3.3.3)
Nonuniform_b	Alternated cantitruncated cubic ↔	(2) (3.3.3.3.4)	(1) (3.3.3)	(1) (3.3.3.3.3)	(4) (3.3.3)			Irr. tridiminished icosahedron

A^~₃, [3^[4])] group

There are 5 forms[3] constructed from the ${\tilde {A}}_{3}$ , [3^[4]] Coxeter group, of which only the quarter cubic honeycomb is unique. There is one index 2 subgroup [3^[4]]⁺ which generates the snub form, which is not uniform, but included for completeness.

A3 honeycombs
Space group	Fibrifold	Square symmetry	Extended symmetry	Extended diagram	Extended group	Honeycomb diagrams
F43m (216)	1^o:2	a1	[3^[4]]		${\tilde {A}}_{3}$	(None)
Fm3m (225)	2⁻:2	d2	<[3^[4]]> ↔ [4,3^1,1]	↔	${\tilde {A}}_{3}$ ×2₁ ↔ ${\tilde {B}}_{3}$	₁, ₂
Fd3m (227)	2⁺:2	g2	[[3^[4]]] or [2⁺[3^[4]]]	↔	${\tilde {A}}_{3}$ ×2₂	₃
Pm3m (221)	4⁻:2	d4	<2[3^[4]]> ↔ [4,3,4]	↔	${\tilde {A}}_{3}$ ×4₁ ↔ ${\tilde {C}}_{3}$	₄
I3 (204)	8^−o	r8	[4[3^[4]]]⁺ ↔ [[4,3<sup>+</sup>,4]]	↔	½ ${\tilde {A}}_{3}$ ×8 ↔ ½ ${\tilde {C}}_{3}$ ×2	_(*)
Im3m (229)	8^o:2	r8	[4[3^[4]]] ↔ [[4,3,4]]	↔	${\tilde {A}}_{3}$ ×8 ↔ ${\tilde {C}}_{3}$ ×2	₅

[[3^[4]]] uniform honeycombs, space group Fd3m (227)
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams	Cells by location (and count around each vertex)		Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams	(0,1)	(2,3)	Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
J_25,33 A₁₃ W₁₀ G₆ qδ₄ O₂₇	quarter cubic (batatoh) ↔ q{4,3,4}	(2) (3.3.3)	(6) (3.6.6)			triangular antiprism

<[3^[4]]> ↔ [4,3^1,1] uniform honeycombs, space group Fm3m (225)
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams ↔	Cells by location (and count around each vertex)			Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams ↔	0	(1,3)	2	Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
J_21,31,51 A₂ W₉ G₁ hδ₄ O₂₁	alternated cubic (octet) ↔ ↔ h{4,3,4}		(8) (3.3.3)	(6) (3.3.3.3)			cuboctahedron
J_22,34 A₂₁ W₁₇ G₁₀ h₂δ₄ O₂₅	cantic cubic (tatoh) ↔ ↔ h₂{4,3,4}	(2) (3.6.6)	(1) (3.4.3.4)	(2) (4.6.6)			Rectangular pyramid

[2[3^[4]]] ↔ [4,3,4] uniform honeycombs, space group Pm3m (221)
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams ↔	Cells by location (and count around each vertex)		Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams ↔	(0,2)	(1,3)	Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
J_12,32 A₁₅ W₁₄ G₇ t₁δ₄ O₁	rectified cubic (rich) ↔ ↔ ↔ r{4,3,4}	(2) (3.4.3.4)	(1) (3.3.3.3)			cuboid

[4[3^[4]]] ↔ [[4,3,4]] uniform honeycombs, space group Im3m (229)
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams ↔ ↔	Cells by location (and count around each vertex)		Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
Referenced indices	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagrams ↔ ↔	(0,1,2,3)	Alt	Solids (Partial)	Frames (Perspective)	vertex figure
J₁₆ A₃ W₂ G₂₈ t_1,2δ₄ O₁₆	bitruncated cubic (batch) ↔ ↔ 2t{4,3,4}	(4) (4.6.6)				isosceles tetrahedron
Nonuniform_a	Alternated cantitruncated cubic ↔ ↔ h2t{4,3,4}	(4) (3.3.3.3.3)	(4) (3.3.3)

Nonwythoffian forms (gyrated and elongated)

Three more uniform honeycombs are generated by breaking one or another of the above honeycombs where its faces form a continuous plane, then rotating alternate layers by 60 or 90 degrees (gyration) and/or inserting a layer of prisms (elongation).

The elongated and gyroelongated alternated cubic tilings have the same vertex figure, but are not alike. In the elongated form, each prism meets a tetrahedron at one triangular end and an octahedron at the other. In the gyroelongated form, prisms that meet tetrahedra at both ends alternate with prisms that meet octahedra at both ends.

The gyroelongated triangular prismatic tiling has the same vertex figure as one of the plain prismatic tilings; the two may be derived from the gyrated and plain triangular prismatic tilings, respectively, by inserting layers of cubes.

Referenced indices	symbol	Honeycomb name	cell types (# at each vertex)	vertex figure
J₅₂ A_2' G₂ O₂₂	h{4,3,4}:g	gyrated alternated cubic (gytoh)	tetrahedron (8) octahedron (6)	triangular orthobicupola
J₆₁ A_? G₃ O₂₄	h{4,3,4}:ge	gyroelongated alternated cubic (gyetoh)	triangular prism (6) tetrahedron (4) octahedron (3)
J₆₂ A_? G₄ O₂₃	h{4,3,4}:e	elongated alternated cubic (etoh)	triangular prism (6) tetrahedron (4) octahedron (3)
J₆₃ A_? G₁₂ O₁₂	{3,6}:g × {∞}	gyrated triangular prismatic (gytoph)	triangular prism (12)
J₆₄ A_? G₁₅ O₁₃	{3,6}:ge × {∞}	gyroelongated triangular prismatic (gyetaph)	triangular prism (6) cube (4)

Prismatic stacks

Eleven prismatic tilings are obtained by stacking the eleven uniform plane tilings, shown below, in parallel layers. (One of these honeycombs is the cubic, shown above.) The vertex figure of each is an irregular bipyramid whose faces are isosceles triangles.

The C^~₂×I^~₁(∞), [4,4,2,∞], prismatic group

There are only 3 unique honeycombs from the square tiling, but all 6 tiling truncations are listed below for completeness, and tiling images are shown by colors corresponding to each form.

Indices	Coxeter-Dynkin and Schläfli symbols	Honeycomb name	Plane tiling
J_11,15 A₁ G₂₂	{4,4}×{∞}	Cubic (Square prismatic) (chon)	(4.4.4.4)
	r{4,4}×{∞}
	rr{4,4}×{∞}
J₄₅ A₆ G₂₄	t{4,4}×{∞}	Truncated/Bitruncated square prismatic (tassiph)	(4.8.8)
J₄₅ A₆ G₂₄	tr{4,4}×{∞}	Truncated/Bitruncated square prismatic (tassiph)	(4.8.8)
J₄₄ A₁₁ G₁₄	sr{4,4}×{∞}	Snub square prismatic (sassiph)	(3.3.4.3.4)
Nonuniform	ht_0,1,2,3{4,4,2,∞}

The G^~₂xI^~₁(∞), [6,3,2,∞] prismatic group

Indices	Coxeter-Dynkin and Schläfli symbols	Honeycomb name	Plane tiling
J₄₁ A₄ G₁₁	{3,6} × {∞}	Triangular prismatic (tiph)	(3⁶)
J₄₂ A₅ G₂₆	{6,3} × {∞}	Hexagonal prismatic (hiph)	(6³)
J₄₂ A₅ G₂₆	t{3,6} × {∞}	Hexagonal prismatic (hiph)	(6³)
J₄₃ A₈ G₁₈	r{6,3} × {∞}	Trihexagonal prismatic (thiph)	(3.6.3.6)
J₄₆ A₇ G₁₉	t{6,3} × {∞}	Truncated hexagonal prismatic (thaph)	(3.12.12)
J₄₇ A₉ G₁₆	rr{6,3} × {∞}	Rhombi-trihexagonal prismatic (rothaph)	(3.4.6.4)
J₄₈ A₁₂ G₁₇	sr{6,3} × {∞}	Snub hexagonal prismatic (snathaph)	(3.3.3.3.6)
J₄₉ A₁₀ G₂₃	tr{6,3} × {∞}	truncated trihexagonal prismatic (otathaph)	(4.6.12)
J₆₅ A_11' G₁₃	{3,6}:e × {∞}	elongated triangular prismatic (etoph)	(3.3.3.4.4)
J₅₂ A_2' G₂	h3t{3,6,2,∞}	gyrated tetrahedral-octahedral (gytoh)	(3⁶)
J₅₂ A_2' G₂	s2r{3,6,2,∞}	gyrated tetrahedral-octahedral (gytoh)	(3⁶)
Nonuniform	ht_0,1,2,3{3,6,2,∞}

Enumeration of Wythoff forms

All nonprismatic Wythoff constructions by Coxeter groups are given below, along with their alternations. Uniform solutions are indexed with Branko Grünbaum's listing. Green backgrounds are shown on repeated honeycombs, with the relations are expressed in the extended symmetry diagrams.

Coxeter group	Extended symmetry	Honeycombs		Chiral extended symmetry	Alternation honeycombs
[4,3,4]	[4,3,4]	6	₇ \| ₈ ₉ \| ₂₅ \| ₂₀	[1⁺,4,3⁺,4,1⁺]	(2)	_b
	[2⁺[4,3,4]] =	(1)	₂₂	[2⁺[(4,3⁺,4,2⁺)]]	(1)	₆
	[2⁺[4,3,4]]	1	₂₈	[2⁺[(4,3⁺,4,2⁺)]]	(1)	_a
	[2⁺[4,3,4]]	2	₂₇	[2⁺[4,3,4]]⁺	(1)	_c
[4,3^1,1]	[4,3^1,1]	4	₇ \| ₁₀ \| ₂₈
	[1[4,3^1,1]]=[4,3,4] =	(7)	₂₂ \| ₇ \| ₂₂ \| ₇ \| ₉ \| ₂₈ \| ₂₅	[1[1⁺,4,3^1,1]]⁺	(2)	₆ \| _a
	[1[4,3^1,1]]=[4,3,4] =	(7)	₂₂ \| ₇ \| ₂₂ \| ₇ \| ₉ \| ₂₈ \| ₂₅	[1[4,3^1,1]]⁺ =[4,3,4]⁺	(1)	_b
[3^[4]]	[3^[4]]	(none)
	[2⁺[3^[4]]]	1	₆
	[1[3^[4]]]=[4,3^1,1] =	(2)	₁₀
	[2[3^[4]]]=[4,3,4] =	(1)	₇
	[(2⁺,4)[3^[4]]]=[2⁺[4,3,4]] =	(1)	₂₈	[(2⁺,4)[3^[4]]]⁺ = [2⁺[4,3,4]]⁺	(1)	_a

Examples

All 28 of these tessellations are found in crystal arrangements.

The alternated cubic honeycomb is of special importance since its vertices form a cubic close-packing of spheres. The space-filling truss of packed octahedra and tetrahedra was apparently first discovered by Alexander Graham Bell and independently re-discovered by Buckminster Fuller (who called it the octet truss and patented it in the 1940s). . Octet trusses are now among the most common types of truss used in construction.

Frieze forms

If cells are allowed to be uniform tilings, more uniform honeycombs can be defined:

Families:

${\tilde {C}}_{2}$ x $A_{1}$ : [4,4,2] Cubic slab honeycombs (3 forms)
${\tilde {G}}_{2}$ x $A_{1}$ : [6,3,2] Tri-hexagonal slab honeycombs (8 forms)
${\tilde {A}}_{2}$ x $A_{1}$ : [(3,3,3),2] Triangular slab honeycombs (No new forms)
${\tilde {I}}_{1}$ x $A_{1}$ x $A_{1}$ : [∞,2,2] = Cubic column honeycombs (1 form)
$I_{2}(p)$ x ${\tilde {I}}_{1}$ : [p,2,∞] Polygonal column honeycombs
${\tilde {C}}_{2}$ x ${\tilde {C}}_{2}$ x $A_{1}$ : [∞,2,∞,2] = [4,4,2] - = (Same as cubic slab honeycomb family)

Examples (partially drawn)
Cubic slab honeycomb	Alternated hexagonal slab honeycomb	Trihexagonal slab honeycomb

(4) 4³: cube (1) 4⁴: square tiling	(4) 3³: tetrahedron (3) 3⁴: octahedron (1) 3⁶: hexagonal tiling	(2) 3.4.4: triangular prism (2) 4.4.6: hexagonal prism (1) (3.6)²: trihexagonal tiling

Scaliform honeycomb

A scaliform honeycomb is vertex-transitive, like a uniform honeycomb, with regular polygon faces while cells and higher elements are only required to be orbiforms, equilateral, with their vertices lying on hyperspheres. For 3D honeycombs, this allows a subset of Johnson solids along with the uniform polyhedra. Some scaliforms can be generated by an alternation process, leaving, for example, pyramid and cupola gaps.[4]

Euclidean honeycomb scaliforms
Frieze slabs			Prismatic stacks
s₃{2,6,3},	s₃{2,4,4},	s{2,4,4},	3s₄{4,4,2,∞},


(1) 3.4.3.4: triangular cupola (2) 3.4.6: triangular cupola (1) 3.3.3.3: octahedron (1) 3.6.3.6: trihexagonal tiling	(1) 3.4.4.4: square cupola (2) 3.4.8: square cupola (1) 3.3.3: tetrahedron (1) 4.8.8: truncated square tiling	(1) 3.3.3.3: square pyramid (4) 3.3.4: square pyramid (4) 3.3.3: tetrahedron (1) 4.4.4.4: square tiling	(1) 3.3.3.3: square pyramid (4) 3.3.4: square pyramid (4) 3.3.3: tetrahedron (4) 4.4.4: cube

Hyperbolic forms

The order-4 dodecahedral honeycomb, {5,3,4} in perspective

The paracompact hexagonal tiling honeycomb, {6,3,3}, in perspective

There are 9 Coxeter group families of compact uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic 3-space, generated as Wythoff constructions, and represented by ring permutations of the Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams for each family.

From these 9 families, there are a total of 76 unique honeycombs generated:

[3,5,3] : - 9 forms
[5,3,4] : - 15 forms
[5,3,5] : - 9 forms
[5,3^1,1] : - 11 forms (7 overlap with [5,3,4] family, 4 are unique)
[(4,3,3,3)] : - 9 forms
[(4,3,4,3)] : - 6 forms
[(5,3,3,3)] : - 9 forms
[(5,3,4,3)] : - 9 forms
[(5,3,5,3)] : - 6 forms

The full list of hyperbolic uniform honeycombs has not been proven and an unknown number of non-Wythoffian forms exist. One known example is in the {3,5,3} family.

Paracompact hyperbolic forms

There are also 23 paracompact Coxeter groups of rank 4. These families can produce uniform honeycombs with unbounded facets or vertex figure, including ideal vertices at infinity:

Simplectic hyperbolic paracompact group summary
Type	Coxeter groups	Unique honeycomb count
Linear graphs	\| \| \| \| \|	4×15+6+8+8 = 82
Tridental graphs	\|	4+4+0 = 8
Cyclic graphs	\| \| \| \| \| \| \|	4×9+5+1+4+1+0 = 47
Loop-n-tail graphs	\| \|	4+4+4+2 = 14

References

"A242941 - OEIS". oeis.org. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
George Olshevsky, (2006, Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs, Manuscript (Complete list of 11 convex uniform tilings, 28 convex uniform honeycombs, and 143 convex uniform tetracombs)
, A000029 6-1 cases, skipping one with zero marks
http://bendwavy.org/klitzing/explain/polytope-tree.htm#scaliform

John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, (2008) The Symmetries of Things, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 21, Naming the Archimedean and Catalan polyhedra and tilings, Architectonic and Catoptric tessellations, p 292–298, includes all the nonprismatic forms)
Branko Grünbaum, (1994) Uniform tilings of 3-space. Geombinatorics 4, 49 - 56.
Norman Johnson (1991) Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript
Williams, Robert (1979). The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure: A Source Book of Design. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-23729-X. (Chapter 5: Polyhedra packing and space filling)
Critchlow, Keith (1970). Order in Space: A design source book. Viking Press. ISBN 0-500-34033-1.
Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6
- (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380–407, MR 2,10] (1.9 Uniform space-fillings)
A. Andreini, (1905) Sulle reti di poliedri regolari e semiregolari e sulle corrispondenti reti correlative (On the regular and semiregular nets of polyhedra and on the corresponding correlative nets), Mem. Società Italiana della Scienze, Ser.3, 14 75–129. PDF
D. M. Y. Sommerville, (1930) An Introduction to the Geometry of n Dimensions. New York, E. P. Dutton, . 196 pp. (Dover Publications edition, 1958) Chapter X: The Regular Polytopes
Anthony Pugh (1976). Polyhedra: A visual approach. California: University of California Press Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-03056-7. Chapter 5. Joining polyhedra
Crystallography of Quasicrystals: Concepts, Methods and Structures by Walter Steurer, Sofia Deloudi (2009), p. 54-55. 12 packings of 2 or more uniform polyhedra with cubic symmetry

External links

Weisstein, Eric W. "Honeycomb". MathWorld.
Uniform Honeycombs in 3-Space VRML models
Elementary Honeycombs Vertex transitive space filling honeycombs with non-uniform cells.
Uniform partitions of 3-space, their relatives and embedding, 1999
The Uniform Polyhedra
Virtual Reality Polyhedra The Encyclopedia of Polyhedra
octet truss animation
Review: A. F. Wells, Three-dimensional nets and polyhedra, H. S. M. Coxeter (Source: Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. Volume 84, Number 3 (1978), 466-470.)
Klitzing, Richard. "3D Euclidean tesselations".
(sequence A242941 in the OEIS)

Fundamental convex regular and uniform honeycombs in dimensions 2-9
Space	Family	${\tilde {A}}_{n-1}$	${\tilde {C}}_{n-1}$	${\tilde {B}}_{n-1}$	${\tilde {D}}_{n-1}$	${\tilde {G}}_{2}$ / ${\tilde {F}}_{4}$ / ${\tilde {E}}_{n-1}$
E²	Uniform tiling	{3^[3]}	δ₃	hδ₃	qδ₃	Hexagonal
E³	Uniform convex honeycomb	{3^[4]}	δ₄	hδ₄	qδ₄
E⁴	Uniform 4-honeycomb	{3^[5]}	δ₅	hδ₅	qδ₅	24-cell honeycomb
E⁵	Uniform 5-honeycomb	{3^[6]}	δ₆	hδ₆	qδ₆
E⁶	Uniform 6-honeycomb	{3^[7]}	δ₇	hδ₇	qδ₇	2₂₂
E⁷	Uniform 7-honeycomb	{3^[8]}	δ₈	hδ₈	qδ₈	1₃₃ • 3₃₁
E⁸	Uniform 8-honeycomb	{3^[9]}	δ₉	hδ₉	qδ₉	1₅₂ • 2₅₁ • 5₂₁
E⁹	Uniform 9-honeycomb	{3^[10]}	δ₁₀	hδ₁₀	qδ₁₀
E^n-1	Uniform (n-1)-honeycomb	{3^[n]}	δ_n	hδ_n	qδ_n	1_k2 • 2_k1 • k₂₁

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[1] "A242941 - OEIS". oeis.org. Retrieved 2019-02-03.

[2] George Olshevsky, (2006, Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs, Manuscript (Complete list of 11 convex uniform tilings, 28 convex uniform honeycombs, and 143 convex uniform tetracombs)

[3] , A000029 6-1 cases, skipping one with zero marks

[4] ttp://bendwavy.org/klitzing/explain/polytope-tree.htm#scaliform