Tortoiseshell cat

Tortoiseshell is a cat coat coloring named for its similarity to tortoiseshell material. Like calicos, tortoiseshell cats are almost exclusively female.[1][2][3][4] Male tortoiseshells are rare and are usually sterile.[lower-alpha 1][6][4]

Short-haired tortoiseshell cat

Also called torties for short, tortoiseshell cats combine two colors other than white, either closely mixed or in larger patches.[2] The colors are often described as red and black, but the "red" patches can instead be orange, yellow, or cream,[2] and the "black" can instead be chocolate, gray, tabby, or blue.[2] Tortoiseshell cats with the tabby pattern as one of their colors are sometimes referred to as a torbie.[7]

"Tortoiseshell" is typically reserved for particolored cats with relatively small or no white markings. Those that are largely white with tortoiseshell patches are described as tricolor,[2] tortoiseshell-and-white (in the United Kingdom), or calico (in Canada and the United States).[8]

Tortoiseshell markings appear in many different breeds, as well as in non-purebred domestic cats.[8] This pattern is especially preferred in the Japanese Bobtail breed,[9] and exists in the Cornish Rex group.[10]

Patterns
A tortoiseshell with characteristic "split-face" pattern
Cat with a dilute tortoiseshell coat.

Tortoiseshell cats have particolored coats with patches of various shades of red and black, and sometimes white. The size of the patches can vary from a fine speckled pattern to large areas of color. Typically, the more white a cat has, the more solid the patches of color. Dilution genes may modify the coloring, lightening the fur to a mix of cream and blue, lilac or fawn; the markings on tortoiseshell cats are usually asymmetrical.[11]

Occasionally tabby patterns of black and brown (eumelanistic) and red (phaeomelanistic) colors are also seen. These patched tabbies are often called a tortie-tabby, a torbie or, with large white areas, a caliby.[11] Not uncommonly there will be a "split face" pattern with black on one side of the face and orange on the other, with a dividing line running down the bridge of the nose. Tortoiseshell coloring can also be expressed in the point pattern, referred to as a tortie point.[11]

Genetics
Main article: Cat coat genetics

Tortoiseshell and calico coats result from an interaction between genetic and developmental factors. The primary gene for coat color (B) for the colors brown, chocolate, cinnamon, etc., can be masked by the co-dominant gene for the orange color (O) which is on the X Chromosome and has two alleles, the orange (XO) and not-orange (Xo), that produce orange phaeomelanin and black eumelanin pigments, respectively. (NOTE: Typically, the X for the chromosome is assumed from context and the alleles are referred to by just the uppercase O for the orange, or lower case o for the not-orange.) The tortoiseshell and calico cats are indicated: Oo to indicate they are heterozygous on the O gene. The (B) and (O) genes can be further modified by a recessive dilute gene (dd) which softens the colors. Orange becomes cream, black becomes gray, etc. Various terms are used for specific colors, for example, gray is also called blue, orange is also called ginger. Therefore, a tortoiseshell cat may be a chocolate tortoiseshell or a blue/cream tortoiseshell or the like, based on the alleles for the (B) and (D) genes.

The cells of female cats, which like other mammalian females have two X chromosomes (XX), undergo the phenomenon of X-inactivation,[12][13] in which one or the other of the X-chromosomes is turned off at random in each cell in very early development. The inactivated X becomes a Barr body. Cells in which the chromosome carrying the orange (O) allele is inactivated express the alternative non-orange (o) allele, determined by the (B) gene. Cells in which the non-orange (o) allele is inactivated express the orange (O) allele. Pigment genes are expressed in melanocytes that migrate to the skin surface later in development. In bi-colored tortoiseshell cats, the melanocytes arrive relatively early, and the two cell types become intermingled, producing the characteristic brindled appearance consisting of an intimate mixture of orange and black cells, with occasional small diffuse spots of orange and black.

In tri-colored calico cats, a separate gene interacts developmentally with the coat color gene. This spotting gene produces white, unpigmented patches by delaying the migration of the melanocytes to the skin surface. There are a number of alleles of this gene that produce greater or lesser delays. The amount of white is artificially divided into mitted, bicolor, harlequin, and van, going from almost no white to almost completely white. In the extreme case, no melanocytes make it to the skin and the cat is entirely white (but not an albino). In intermediate cases, melanocyte migration is slowed, so that the pigment cells arrive late in development and have less time to intermingle. Observation of tri-color cats will show that, with a little white color, the orange and black patches become more defined, and with still more white, the patches become completely distinct. Each patch represents a clone of cells derived from one original cell in the early embryo.[14]

A male cat, like males of other therian mammals, has only one X and one Y chromosome (XY). That X chromosome does not undergo X-inactivation, and coat color is determined by which allele is present on the X. Accordingly, the cat's coat will be either entirely orange or non-orange. Very rarely (approximately 1 in 3,000[15]) a male tortoiseshell or calico is born; these typically have an extra X chromosome (XXY), a condition known in humans as Klinefelter syndrome, and their cells undergo an X-inactivation process like in females. As in humans, these cats often are sterile because of the imbalance in sex chromosomes. Some male calico or tortoiseshell cats may be chimeras, which result from fusion in early development of two (fraternal twin) embryos with different color genotypes; these torties can pass only one color to their offspring, not both, according to which of the two original embryos its testes are descended from. Others are mosaics, in which the XXY condition arises after conception and the cat is a mixture of cells with different numbers of X chromosomes.

  • A three-year-old Tortoiseshell Cat from Sweden
  • An 8 month old female tortoiseshell cat.
  • A domestic shorthair tortoiseshell cat. Individual white hairs and light-colored hair patches are visible, but they are small compared with the orange and black patches.
  • A female "torbie" cat with the characteristic tabby pattern and tortoiseshell coloration.
  • A tortoiseshell kitten with the "split face" pattern and black and white whiskers
  • Blue tortoiseshell Birman cat
  • An extreme case of slow melanocyte migration from the skin and fur of a Tri-color calico cat.
  • Domestic shorthair tortoiseshell with blue/cream coat characteristic of dilution gene
  • Long-haired dilute tortoiseshell with characteristic green eyes
  • Black and red mottling on the paw-pads of a tortoiseshell cat
  • The rear right foot of a tortoiseshell cat
  • a Tortoiseshell cat
  • A 6 year old Short-haired Tortoiseshell Cat
  • A tortoiseshell cat with a "split face" and a golden paw.
  • A two-year-old tortoiseshell cat

Folklore

In the folklore of several cultures, cats with tortoiseshell coloration are believed to bring good luck.[16] In Ireland, tortoiseshell cats are considered to bring good luck to their owners.[16] In the United States, tortoiseshells are sometimes referred to as money cats.[17] In Japan, tortoiseshell cats are considered to bring good luck against shipwrecks.[16] There are some additional interpretations of the luck of tortoiseshell cats, such as the one in England that describes an announcement of misfortune when a strange tortoiseshell cat enters a house.[16] Also in England, there is a dream interpretation of when a woman dreams of a tortoiseshell cat, the dream is a warning that she should take care of her so-called friends.[16]

One study found that tortoiseshell owners frequently believe their cats have increased attitude ("tortitude");[18] but little existing scientific evidence supports this.[19] One study found that there was not a relationship between coat color and tameness.[20] However, a 2015 study from the University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine surveying more than 1,200 cat guardians established links between a tortoiseshell coat pattern and a cat's inclination towards hissing, biting, chasing, and slapping/scratching their human companions.[21] According to celebrity cat expert Jackson Galaxy, tortoiseshell cats tend to have much more distinct personalities and are more sensitive to environmental stimuli.[22] Based on the varying study results, assumptions cannot be made between cat coat color and personality.[23] However, with some animals, such as domestic horses, silver foxes, deer mice, and rats, there are associations between personality and coat color and more research is needed to see if there is such an association in cats.[23]

See also

Notes
  1. "This is because the genes that code for this coat color are carried on the female, or X, chromosome. Tortoiseshells inherit one X chromosome carrying the gene for the color black from one parent and another X chromosome, carrying the gene for the color yellow or orange, from the other. Two X chromosomes mean that the kitten inheriting them will be female. In the rare case that a tortoiseshell is male, he has three chromosomes: two X's and a Y."[5]

References
  1. Centerwall, W. R.; Benirschke, K. (1975). "An animal model for the XXY Klinefelter's syndrome in man: Tortoiseshell and calico male cats". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 36 (9): 1275–1280. PMID 1163864.
  2. Centerwall, W.R.; Benirschke, K. (1973). "Male Tortoiseshell and Calico (T-C) Cats: Animal models of sex chromosome mosaics, aneuploids, polyploids, and chimerics". Journal of Heredity. 64 (5): 272–278. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108410. PMID 4798734.
  3. Atkins (2003), p. 61
  4. Feline dermatology. Noli, Chiara., Colombo, Silvia. Cham: Springer. 2020. ISBN 978-3-030-29836-4. OCLC 1159164563.CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. "Characteristics of Tortoiseshell Cats, by Leslie Carver". the nest. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  6. Atkins (2003), p.105
  7. King, Ingrid. "'Tortitude' – The Unique Personality of Tortoiseshell Cats", The Conscious Cat. consciouscat.net. August 17, 2009. Retrieved 2015-12-19
  8. Syufy, Franny. "More Cat Color Patterns: Calicos, Tortoiseshell, Tuxedo Cats". Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  9. "Breed Profile: Japanese Bobtail". Cat Fancier's Association. Archived from the original on 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
  10. Atkins (2003), p. 90
  11. "Cat Colors FAQ: Common Colors". fanciers.com. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  12. "X Chromosome: X Inactivation". Chromosomes and Cytogenetics. Nature Education. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
  13. "X-chromosome inactivation". Genetic Home Reference. Federal Government. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
  14. Robinson, Roy. Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians. Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann Medical 1991. ISBN 978-0-7506-3540-0
  15. Spadafori, Gina. "Feline Fallacies". The Pet Connection. VeterinaryPartner.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
  16. Bonnerjea, Biren (21 September 1935). "Cats in Folklore and Belief". Notes and Queries. CLXIX: 201–205 – via Oxford University Press.
  17. Finegan, Edward; Rickford, John (2004). "Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first Century". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  18. Lepper, Merry; Kass, Philip H.; Hart, Lynette A. (2002). "Prediction of Adoption Versus Euthanasia Among Dogs and Cats in a California Animal Shelter". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 5 (1): 29–42. doi:10.1207/S15327604JAWS0501_3. PMID 12738587.
  19. Sarah Zielinski. "Judging a Cat (Wrongly) by the Color of its Coat". Smithsonian. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  20. Umbelino, M. T. L. P. (2014). "Evaluation of the relation between tameness and coat color in cats". Dissertation, Universidade de Evora.
  21. Stelow, Elizabeth A.; Bain, Melissa J.; Kass, Philip H. (2016-01-02). "The Relationship Between Coat Color and Aggressive Behaviors in the Domestic Cat". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 19 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1080/10888705.2015.1081820. ISSN 1088-8705. PMID 26467020.
  22. de Funiak, David (2012). "Tortitude! Unfair Stereotype or Genetic Characteristic?". Tree House News. Tree House Humane Society. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  23. Personality in nonhuman animals. Vonk, Jennifer,, Weiss, Alexander, 1971-, Kuczaj, Stan A.,. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-319-59300-5. OCLC 999445759.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

Sources
  • Atkins, Carla. Cats: An Owner's Guide (2003). San Diego, California: Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 1-59223-097-0
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