Tragopogon porrifolius
Tragopogon porrifolius is a plant cultivated for its ornamental flower and edible root. It also grows wild in many places and is one of the most widely known species of the salsify genus, Tragopogon. It is commonly known as purple or common salsify, oyster plant, vegetable oyster, Jerusalem star,[3] Jack go to bed,[4] goatsbeard or simply salsify (although these last two names are also applied to other species, as well).
| Purple salsify | |
|---|---|
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| Species: | T. porrifolius |
| Binomial name | |
| Tragopogon porrifolius | |
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| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 343 kJ (82 kcal) |
18.6 g | |
| Dietary fiber | 3.3 g |
0.2 g | |
3.3 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Thiamine (B1) | 7% 0.08 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 18% 0.22 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 3% 0.5 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 7% 0.371 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 21% 0.277 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 7% 26 μg |
| Vitamin C | 10% 8 mg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 6% 60 mg |
| Iron | 5% 0.7 mg |
| Magnesium | 6% 23 mg |
| Manganese | 13% 0.268 mg |
| Phosphorus | 11% 75 mg |
| Potassium | 8% 380 mg |
| Sodium | 1% 20 mg |
| Zinc | 4% 0.38 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 77 g |
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| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central | |
Origin and distribution
Tragopogon porrifolius is a common biennial wildflower, native to southeast Europe and north Africa,[5] but introduced elsewhere, for example, into the British Isles (mainly in central and southern England),[6] other parts of northern Europe, North America, and southern Africa and in Australia. In the United States, it is now found growing wild in almost every state, including Hawaii, except in the extreme south-east.
Morphology
The plant grows to around 1.2 m (4 ft) in height.[7] As with other Tragopogon species, its stem is largely unbranched, and the leaves are somewhat grasslike. It exudes a milky juice from the stems. The taproots can become 15–30 cm (6–11 3⁄4 in) long and 2–5 cm (3⁄4–2 in) thick.[5]
In the UK it flowers from May to September, but in warmer areas such as California it can be found in bloom from April. The flower head is about 5 cm (2 in) across, and each is surrounded by green bracts which are longer than the petals (technically, the ligules of the ray flowers). The flowers are like that of Tragopogon pratensis, but are larger and dull purple, 3–5 cm (1 1⁄4–2 in) across. The flowers are hermaphroditic, and pollination is by insects.
The fruits are beaked achenes, rod-shaped with light ribs. They have hairs at one end that facilitate wind dispersal.[8] The achenes are 10–17 mm long and 1–3 mm wide without counting the beak, which is up to 55 mm in length.[5] When the fruits are formed fully, the hairs from the fruits give the appearance of a ball of fluff which gives the plant its name "goatsbeard".[9]
Cultivation
The root and the young shoots of T. porrifolius can be eaten (after being boiled).[10] The freshly grown leaves can be eaten cooked or raw.[5][9] Historically, the plant was cultivated for that purpose; it is mentioned by classical authors such as Pliny the Elder. Cultivation in Europe began in the 16th century in France and Italy. In the United Kingdom it was initially grown for its flower and later became a mildly popular vegetable in the 18th century but then declined in popularity. Presently the root is cultivated and eaten most frequently in France, Germany, Italy and Russia. However, in modern times it has tended to be replaced by Spanish salsify (Scorzonera hispanica) as a cultivated crop.
Cultivated varieties include 'White French', 'Gian French',[4] 'Mammoth Sandwich Island',[11][12] 'Improved Mammoth Sandwich Island', 'Blauetikett',[4] and 'Lüthy';[4] they are generally characterised by larger or better-shaped roots. To maintain the purity of the cultivar a distance of 500 ft (150 m) has to be met. When T. porrifolius is grown for seed, it is harvested in the second season from midsummer to early autumn to select for bolt resistance.[5] The root becomes discolored and spoils quickly if broken, which can easily happen since it is difficult to remove from the soil without damage.
Sowing and soil requirements
Salsify is grown similarly to other root vegetables like parsnip and carrots and thus require similar attention.[12][13] Sowing can be done in late summer or early winter[12] to foster an early growth.[11] Planting can also be done in early spring about 100 days before the first frosts in a well prepared soil, preferably a loam or silt-loam.[13] It should be done at the depth of 1.3 to 2 cm. Spacing between rows should be around 45 to 60 cm and the seeds should be separated by 3 cm approximately. This represent 12 g of seeds per 10 m of row for the cultivar 'Mammoth Sandwich Island'. A thinning to 5 cm between the plants is needed when the seedlings reach 5 cm.[12] T. porrifolius needs deep and loose soils which are not too dry for a good development of the taproot. Stony or waterlogged soils have negative effects on yields and hamper harvesting. Other root crops, legumes and cereals have been mentioned as possible preculture. T. porrifolius is a moderate feeder, therefore the application of fresh manure does not benefit yields. During the main growing period a good water supply prevents potential branching of the taproot.[14]
Climate requirements
There are no specific requirements known for the cultivation of T. porrifolius, but they have been successfully cultivated in temperate climate zones.[8] The seedlings need a temperature between 8-16 °C to germinate and the plant will freeze between -1.1 and -1.6 °C. T. porrifolius can cope with low temperatures and is not injured by light freezing.[14][15]
Growth and development
The seeds need 8–10 days of germination time. T. porrifolius is a biennial plant. In the first year only the vegetative parts of the plant are developed. In autumn, the energy is stored in the root system, which is depending on the variety more or less branched. In the second season the generative purple flowers evolve.[14] They bloom from early to mid summer.[8]
Harvest and storage
The harvest of the taproots should be from late autumn onwards (later than October in the Northern Hemisphere) and during winter. Harvesting after a frost is favoured to improve the taste of the root. After flowering, the taproot becomes stringy and inedible.[14] The taproots can be stored in traditional clamps although refrigerated storage has been recommended at 0 °C and 90-95% relative humidity for up to 2–4 months.[8][15]
Pests and diseases
Few pests or diseases affect T. porrifolius. White rust (Albugo tragopogonis) is the most common disease of T. porrifolius. Closely related wild species (e.g. Tragopogon pratensis), black salsify (Scorzonera hispanica), gerbera (Gerbera) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) are also found to be hosts of this fungus. At an early stage chlorotic spotting is visible on leaves and stems. These develop during the course of disease into small white blisters.
Occasional problems are reported with rust diseases caused by Puccinia hystericum, Puccinia jackyana and Puccinia scorzonera.[16] Mulching with oats, and the use of spring vetch (Vicia sativa) or blue tansy (Phacelia tanacetifolia) as cover crops reduces the number of fungi infecting seedlings and roots. The following fungi have been isolated from T. porrifolius seedlings and roots: Alternaria alternata, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.[17]
When the rows are planted too close together, powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoriacearum) can affect the plants.[15]
When the roots are left in the ground over winter, mice and voles may nibble them.[15]
Uses
A latex derived from the root can be used as a chewing gum.
As food
The plant is edible,[18] but the roots and leaves are most palatable when collected before the flower stalk is produced.[19] The root is noted for having a mild taste when uncooked, described as like asparagus or oysters, from which the plant derives its alternative name of oyster plant. The outer layers can be scraped off, with the root dipped in cold water to preserve its color.[19] If too tough for eating, they can be boiled with a pinch of baking soda and a change of water.[19] Raw young roots can be grated for use in salads, but older roots are better cooked. They can be added to soups, stews or stir-fries. Salsify purée (alone or including potato) is recommended with fish.[20]
The flowering shoots can be used like asparagus, either raw or cooked, and the flowers can be added to salad, while the sprouted seeds can be used in salads or sandwiches.
Raw salsify is 77% water, 19% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, raw salsify supplies 82 calories and moderate contents of riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, manganese, and phosphorus.
Phytochemicals
T. porrifolius contains polyphenol phytochemicals which are under preliminary research for their potential biological effects.[21] Tragopogon species are being studied at the biochemical level for their novel enzyme forms and genetic polymorphism.[22]
References
- Species Plantarum 2: 789. 1753. "Name - Tragopogon L." Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
Type Specimens: Tragopogon porrifolius
- The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 1 July 2016
- "J". Historical Common Names of Great Plains Plants. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Archived from the original on December 7, 2009. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
- Storl, Wolf-Dieter (2012). Bekannte und vergessene Gemüse : Ethnobotanik, Heilkunde und Anwendungen. Aarau: AT Verlag. ISBN 978-3-03800-672-5.
- Heistinger, Andrea (2013). The manual of seed saving: harvesting, storing, and sowing techniques for vegetables, herbs, and fruits. London: Timber Press Portland. ISBN 978-1-60469-382-9.
- Stace, Clive (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5. p. 707.
- Blamey, Marjorie; Fitter, Richard; Fitter, Alistair (2003). Wild Flowers of Britain and Ireland. London: A & C Black. pp. 294–295. ISBN 0-7136-5944-0.
- Heistinger, Andrea; Lerch, Franziska (2010). Handbuch Bio-Gemüse: Sortenvielfalt für den eigenen Garten. Ulmer. ISBN 978-3-8001-6950-4.
- Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 404. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
- Lyons, C. P. (1956). Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington (1st ed.). Canada: J. M. Dent & Sons. pp. 153, 196.
- Lloyd, John W. (February 1902). "Vegetables for a farmer's garden in northern Illinois" (PDF). University of Illinois: Agricultural Experiment Station. Circular No. 45: 1–5.
- Andersen, Craig R. (7 July 2011). "Home Gardening Series: Salsify" (PDF). Agriculture and Natural Resources – via Elsevier.
- BosweII, Victor R. (1957). "Vegetables". Yearbook of Agriculture: 692–698.
- Dachler, Michael (2017). Bildatlas Samen : Getreide, Pseudocerealien, Gemüse, Ölpflanzen, Eiweißpflanzen, Grünlandpflanzen, Gründüngung, Faserpflanzen, Farbstoffpflanzen, Arzneipflanzen, Gewürzpflanzen. Frankfurt am Main: DLG-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7690-0845-6.
- Joshi, Bal Krishna; Shrestha, Renuka. Working Groups of Agricultural PlantGenetic Resources (APGRs) in Nepal. Proceedings of National Workshop, 21-22 June 2018, Kathmandu. National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center. ISBN 978-9937-0-6000-4. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- Thompson, Anthony Keith (2015). Fruit and vegetables : harvesting, handling and storage (Third ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-65404-0. OCLC 904730845.
- Clements, David R.; Upadhyaya, Mahesh K.; Bos, Shelley J. (1999). "The biology of Canadian weeds. 110. Tragopogon dubius Scop., Tragopogon pratensis L., and Tragopogon porrifolius L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 79 (1): 153–163. doi:10.4141/P98-007.
- Fagan, Damian (2019). Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-4930-3633-2. OCLC 1073035766.
- Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
- "Salsify". Special Fruit NV. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- Spina, Michele; Cuccioloni, Massimiliano; Sparapani, Luca; Acciarri, Stefano; Eleuteri, Anna Maria; Fioretti, Evandro; Angeletti, Mauro (2008). "Comparative evaluation of flavonoid content in assessing quality of wild and cultivated vegetables for human consumption". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 88 (2): 294–304. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3089. ISSN 1097-0010.
- Soltis, Pamela S.; Liu, Xiaoxian; Marchant, D. Blaine; Visger, Clayton J.; Soltis, Douglas E. (5 August 2014). "Polyploidy and novelty: Gottlieb's legacy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 369 (1648): 20130351. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0351. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4071524. PMID 24958924.