Wanyan

The Wanyan (Chinese: 完颜; pinyin: Wányán; Manchu:ᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ Wanggiyan; Jurchen script: ) clan was among of the clans of the Heishui Mohe tribe living in the drainage region of the Heilong River during the time of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. Of the Heishui Mohe, the clan was counted by the Liao dynasty among the "uncivilized Jurchens" (生女真) indicating that the clan was not subject to the direct rule of the Liao emperors. Those Heishui Mohe clans ruled by the Liao dynasty were referred to as "civilized Jurchens" (熟女真). The Wanyan clan later founded the Jin dynasty.

This article is about the clan of the Heishui Mohe tribe. For the surname, see Wanggiya (surname).
Wanyan
CountryJin Empire (China)
Founded1115
FounderAguda
Final rulerHudun
TitlesEmperor of the Jin Empire
Estate(s)Palaces in Huining Prefecture and Zhongdu
Deposition1234

Origins

The origins of the clan are obscure. According to sources such as the History of Jin (Jinshi 金史) and the Research on the Origin of the Manchus (Manzhou yuanliu kao 滿洲源流考), the clan's progenitor Hanpu emigrated from the kingdom of Goryeo or Silla at the age of sixty.[1] However, controversy exists as to the ethno-cultural identity of Hanpu, and the factual validity of the story itself.

Founding of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty
A bixi stone originally erected on the grave of Wanyan Asikui (阿思魁, ?-1136), one of Aguda's generals, near modern-day Ussuriysk in 1193. The monument is now exhibited in Khabarovsk Regional Museum.

In 1115 AD, Wanyan Aguda, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan at the time, founded the Jurchen Jin dynasty. Before his death in 1123, he also ended the Liao dynasty. Two years later, his brother Wanyan Wuqimai invaded the Song dynasty and conquered northern China in the Jin–Song Wars. Thereafter the Jurchens became sinicized; this can be seen in the sinicization of the surname "Wanyan" to "Wang" in the official Jurchen historical records.

Downfall and in the modern day

The Jurchen Jin dynasty was destroyed in 1234 AD by an allied Mongol and Han Chinese (under the Southern Song dynasty) force. After their victory, both Mongol and Chinese entities declared that people with the surname "Wanyan" were considered to be related to the royal line of the Jurchen Jin dynasty, and therefore such individuals were to be executed immediately. For the sake of survival, those people with the surname "Wanyan" either changed the name to a Han Chinese form or moved to a remote area to avoid capture and execution. In present-day China, few descendants have kept the surname "Wanyan."

Notable figures

Males
  • Hafeng'a (哈丰阿), held a title of master commandant of light chariot (轻车都尉, pinyin: qingcheduwei)
  • Qing'en (庆恩), served as sixth rank literary official
Prince Consort
DatePrince ConsortPrincess
1609Chuoheluo (綽和絡)Šurhaci's seventh daughter (b. 1597) by secondary consort (Gūwalgiya)
1943Ailan (愛蘭; 1921–2005)Zaifeng's sixth daughter (Yunyu; 1919–1982) by secondary consort (Denggiya)

Females
Imperial Consort
Imperial ConsortEmperorSonsDaughters
Concubine JingKangxi Emperor
Consort ShuJiaqing Emperor
Consort Zhuang (d. 1811)
Princess Consort
Princess ConsortPrinceSonsDaughters
Secondary consortYunreng, Prince Limi7. Duke Hongtiao (1714–1774)
11. Hongbing (1720–1763)
MistressYunzhi, Prince Chengyin11. Hongyi (1715–1754)
Prince Yuntang5. Hongding (1711–1782)1. (1701–1725)
3. (1704–1727)
Yuntao, Prince Lüyi5. Lady (1740–1797)
Primary consortYunti, Prince Xunqin2. Prince Hongming (1705–1767)
4. Hongkai (1707–1759)
Secondary consortYongzhang, Prince Xun
Yongcheng, Prince Lüduan1. Mianhui, Prince Lü (1764–1796)2. Princess (1769–1787)
3. Princess (b. 1776)
Mian'en
Primary consort Mianke, Prince Zhuangxiang
MistressYicong, Prince Dunqin5. General Zaijin (1859–1896)

See also

References
  1. Original passage: 金之始祖諱函普，初從高麗來，年已六十餘矣. From Jinshi 金史, chapter 1; Zhonghua shuju edition (1974), p. 2. The same claim was later made in Chapter 7 of Research on the Origin of the Manchus (Manzhou yuanliu kao 滿洲源流考), which was presented to the Qing throne in 1777. That book referred to Hanpu as "Hafu" (哈富).
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